Birchtown, Nova Scotia

Birchtown
Community
Birchtown Location of Birchtown, Nova Scotia
Coordinates: 43°44′40″N 65°22′57″W / 43.744444°N 65.3825°W / 43.744444; -65.3825[1]
Country	Canada
Province	Nova Scotia
County	Shelburne
Municipal district	Shelburne
Time zone	AST (UTC-4)
• Summer (DST)	ADT (UTC-3)
Postal code(s)	B0T 1W0
Area code(s)	902
Access Routes	Trunk 3

Birchtown is a community and National Historic Site in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located near Shelburne in the Municipal District of Shelburne County.^[2] (The two other significant Black Loyalist communities established in Nova Scotia were Brindley town and Tracadie.) Founded in 1783, it is famous as the largest settlement of Black Loyalists (African-American slaves who joined the British during the American Revolutionary War and gained freedom).

It was the largest free settlement of ethnic Africans in North America in the eighteenth century. The community was named after British Brigadier General Samuel Birch, an official who assisted in the evacuation of Black Loyalists from New York. (Also named after the general was a much smaller settlement of Black Loyalists in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia called Birchtown.)^[3]

Creation

Birchtown was first settled by Stephen Blucke, who has been referred to as "the true founder of the Afro-Nova Scotian community.^[4] Birchtown was the major settlement area of the African Americans known as Black Loyalists who escaped to the British lines during the American War of Independence. These were Africans who escaped from slavery and fought for the British during the war. The majority of Nova Scotian settlers who later immigrated to the new colony of Sierra Leone in 1792 were such African Americans who had lived first in Birchtown. Most Birchtown blacks entered Nova Scotia through the nearby town of Port Roseway, soon renamed Shelburne. Many of these African-American settlers were recorded in the Book of Negroes.

Part of a series on the
History of Nova Scotia
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Events
Port Royal established 1605 Conquest of Acadia 1710 Halifax established 1749 Bay of Fundy Campaign 1755 Fall of Louisbourg 1758 Representative Government established 1758 Burying the Hatchet ceremony 1761 First significant Scottish immigration 1773 Battle of Fort Cumberland 1776 Birchtown established 1783 Capture of USS Chesapeake 1813 Freedom of the Press 1835 First Acadian MLA elected 1837 Responsible Government established 1848 ‪Chesapeake Affair 1861 Co Op Movement begins 1861 ‪Anti-Confederation Party elected 1867 Saxby Gale 1869 Launch of William D. Lawrence 1873 First airplane in the British Commonwealth 1909 Halifax Explosion 1917 Nova Scotia [Women’s] Franchise Act 1918 Launch of Bluenose 1922 Coal Miners' Memorial Day 1925 Pugwash Conferences established 1957 Springhill mining disaster 1958 NS Human Rights Commission established 1967 Acadian Federation of Nova Scotia established 1968 First 'Treaty Day' 1986 Westray Mine explosion 1992 First Black MLA elected 1993 Mi'kmaq-Nova Scotia-Canada Tripartite Forum 1997 Viola Desmond Apology 2010
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They were issued passports which established their freedom; these were signed by General Birch, and became known as General Birch Certificates. The core of the settlement were five companies of the Black Pioneers who were Black Americans who helped the British forces during the American War of Independence. More than two thirds of the Blacks who immigrated to Canada were from the American South.

Birchtown was acknowledged as being the largest settlement of free African Americans in the world by newspapers in New York and in London. Birchtown's population grew further in July 1784 when free Blacks who lived in Shelburne were attacked by whites in the Shelburne Riots. Many blacks, such as the clergyman David George, fled to Birchtown for safety.

The departure for Sierra Leone

Poor land, inadequate supplies, harsh climate, discrimination and broken promises of assistance led many Birchtown residents to petition the British Government for a remedy, led by Thomas Peters. As a result of these grievances, many Birchtown residents chose to accept Britain's offer and join a 1792 migration to found a free ethnic African settlement in Sierra Leone in West Africa. The majority of blacks who left for Sierra Leone were from Birchtown.^[5] Of the blacks who left for Sierra Leone, 600 were from the Birchtown and Digby areas, 220 were from Preston, 200 were from New Brunswick, and 180 were from the Annapolis-Digby area. Fifty-five had been born into slavery in Virginia.

Later history

Although the population of Birchtown was greatly reduced by the migration to Sierra Leone, many settlers remained. They formed the ancestral basis of the Black Nova Scotian population of Shelburne County today. Employment opportunities in the nearby town of Shelburne attracted many families to move to Shelburne in later years.

Birchtown stayed as a small rural community of a few hundred based on farming, fishing and forestry. A two-room schoolhouse was built in 1829. A new eight-room school was built in 1959.^[6]

Birchtown was declared a National Historic Site in 1997. A seasonal museum complex commemorating the Black Loyalists was opened in that year by the Black Loyalist Heritage Society; it included the historic Birchtown school and church. The offices and archives of the museum were largely destroyed by an arson attack in 2006. The remaining archives were moved to temporary quarters on the site.

A new facility, the Black Loyalist Heritage Centre, opened its doors in June 2015; it tells the story of the Black Loyalists in America, Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone through their staff and interactive digital displays.^[7][8]

In literature

The community's history of being given freedom by the British was the subject to British historian Simon Schama's non-fiction book Rough Crossings, which won the National Book Critics Circle Award. Lawrence Hill wrote a novel, The Book of Negroes, whose fictional narrator, Aminata Diallo, resides in Birchtown and describes its founding.

Notable residents

• Stephen Blucke - "founder of Afro-Nova Scotian community"
• David George - African-American Baptist preacher who founded Silver Bluff Baptist Church
• Boston King
• John Marrant - the first African American preacher; a Methodist
• Moses Wilkinson - African American Methodist preacher

See also

• List of communities in Nova Scotia
• John Clarkson (abolitionist)
• Black Nova Scotians

References

External links

• Clarkson, Clarkson’s mission to America, 1791–1792, ed. and intro. C. B. Fergusson
• Birchtown, Destination Nova Scotia
• The Black Loyalist Heritage Society
• http://www.newsouthassoc.com/African%20American%20Archaeology%20Newsletters/Summer1994.html
• http://www.lawrencehill.com/freedom_bound.pdf
• http://nsgna.ednet.ns.ca/shelburne/main/BlackLoyalistHistory.php
• http://museum.gov.ns.ca/arch/sites/birch/loyalists.htm

		Welshtown
			Shelburne
		Birchtown
	Clyde River	Churchover

Coordinates: 43°44′40″N 65°22′57″W / 43.74444°N 65.38250°W / 43.74444; -65.38250