Beechcraft Starship

Model 2000 Starship
Role Executive transport
Manufacturer Beech Aircraft Corporation
Designer Beech Aircraft Corporation
First flight 15 February 1986
Status In limited use
Produced 1983–1995
Number built 53
Unit cost
US$ 3.9 million

The Beechcraft Starship is a twin-turboprop six- to eight-passenger pressurized business aircraft produced by Beech Aircraft Corporation (now Beechcraft).

Development

Development of the Starship began in 1979 when Beech decided to explore designs for a successor to its King Air line of turboprops that would fly faster and carry more passengers.[1] The design was originated by Beechcraft in January 1980 as Preliminary Design 330 (PD 330). On August 25, 1982, Beech contracted with Scaled Composites to refine the design and build an 85% scale proof-of-concept (POC) aircraft.[1][2] One of the significant changes made to the design by Scaled Composites was the addition of variable geometry to the canard.[3]

The POC aircraft first flew in August 1983.[4] This aircraft had no pressurization system, no certified avionics, and a different airframe design and material specifications than the planned production Model 2000. Only one POC was built and it has since been scrapped.[1]

Prototypes were produced even as development work was continuing—a system demanded by the use of composite materials, as the tooling required is very expensive and has to be built for production use from the outset. Beech built three airworthy full-scale prototypes. NC-1 was used for aerodynamic testing[4] and was the only Starship equipped with conventional electro-mechanical avionics.[5] NC-2 was used for avionics and systems testing and NC-3 was used for flight management system and powerplant testing.[4] NC-1 first flew on February 15, 1986.[4]

The program was delayed several times, at first due to underestimating the developmental complexity and manufacturing learning curve of the production composite construction, and later due to the technical difficulties of correcting a pitch damping problem and developing the stall-warning system. By the end of development, the Starship had grown larger in cabin volume than the King Air 350 while having the same gross ramp weight of 15,010 lb (6,808 kg). Starship development cost $300 million.[6] The first production Starship flew on April 25, 1989.[7][8]

Design

The Starship’s unusual design features canards and pusher propellers

The Starship is noteworthy for its carbon fiber composite airframe, canard design, lack of centrally located vertical tail, and pusher engine/propeller configuration.

Carbon fiber composite was used to varying degrees on military aircraft, but at the time the Starship was certified, no civilian aircraft certified by the US Federal Aviation Administration had ever used it so extensively. Beech chose carbon fiber composite for its durability and high strength-to-weight ratio. According to Beech, the Starship weighs less than it would have if it were built from aluminum. Nonetheless, the empty weight of production aircraft exceeded the target by several thousand pounds.[9][10][11]

Beech studied several configurations before settling on a canard configuration in early 1980.[12] As configured, the Starship is difficult to stall—the forward surface stalls before the main lifting surface, which allows the nose to drop and more-normal flight to resume.[13]

A traditionally located vertical tail would have transmitted propeller noise into the airframe.[14] In its place, directional stability and control is provided by rudders mounted in the winglets (Beechcraft called them tipsails) at the tips of the wings.[15][16]

Mounting the engines so that the propellers are facing rearward, pushing rather than pulling the aircraft, has the potential of a quieter ride since the propellers are further from the passengers and because vortices from the propeller tips do not strike the fuselage sides. However, the propellers are operating in a turbulent airflow in the pusher configuration (due to airflow past the wings moving aft in vortex sheets) and high-velocity exhaust gasses are discharged directly into the props, thus the resulting external propeller noise is more choppy and raucous than otherwise would be the case.[9]

Flight instrumentation for the Starship included a 14-tube Proline 4 AMS-850 "glass cockpit" supplied by Rockwell Collins, the first application of an all-glass cockpit in a business aircraft.[1]

Operational history

Beechcraft Starship

Beech sold only eleven Starships in the three years following its certification. Beech attributed the slow sales to the economic slowdown in the late-1980s, the novelty of the Starship, and the tax on luxury items that was in effect in the United States at the time. In an effort to stimulate demand, Beech began offering two-year leases on new Starships in 1991.[17]

The last Starship, NC-53, was produced in 1995. In 2003 Beechcraft said that supporting such a small fleet of airplanes was cost-prohibitive and began scrapping and incinerating the aircraft under its control. The aircraft were sent to the Evergreen Air Center located at the Pinal Airpark in Arizona for destruction. A number of these aircraft are currently in storage at Marana Regional Airport (KAVQ) 8 NM southeast of Pinal Airpark. Beech worked with owners of privately owned Starships to replace their airplanes with other Beech aircraft such as the Premier I jet.[18][19]

In 2004 Raytheon sold its entire inventory of Starship parts to a Starship owner for a fraction of its retail value.[20]

Beechcraft continues to offer support by phone.[21] Rockwell Collins has maintained full support for the AMS-850 avionics suite.

Variants

Model 115
Conceptual 85% scale prototype, one built by Scaled Composites.
Model 2000
Initial production version. 20 produced including three pre-production airworthy prototypes.[22][23]
Model 2000A
Beech did not serialize the 2000A as a distinct model and it was not issued a new FAA type certificate.[24][25]
The final 2000A configuration had tuning-fork-type noise dampers and improved insulation to reduce cabin noise and redesigned exhaust stacks for more efficient engine airflow. Stall strips placed on the front wing to enhance stall behavior were removed. Elimination of the stall strips reduced stall speed by up to 9 knots (10 mph; 17 km/h), which allows the 2000A to takeoff from shorter runways.[9] The 2000 had standpipes in the fuel tanks to artificially limit fuel capacity so the aircraft would meet a target payload weight. The standpipes were removed in the 2000A, increasing fuel capacity by 31 US gal (117 L).[25] Both the maximum ramp weight and takeoff weight were increased by 500 lb (227 kg) and zero fuel weight was increased 400 lb (181 kg).[25]
Beech produced a kit to upgrade serial numbers NC-4 through NC-28 to 2000A specifications.[25]

Aircraft on display

Beechcraft Starship NC-23 at the Pima Air and Space Museum, Tucson, Arizona.

Several Starships have been donated to museums since the decommissioning program began. The Kansas Aviation Museum received the first donated aircraft, NC-41, in August 2003[26][27] and the Beechcraft Heritage Museum in Tullahoma, TN, received the second donated aircraft, NC-49, in September 2003.[28][29] NC-42 was donated to the Museum of Flight in Seattle, WA, and is currently on loan to the Future of Flight at Paine Field in Everett, WA.[30] NC-27 was donated to Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon in late 2003 and is currently on static display.[31][32] NC-23 is on Airline Row at the Pima Air & Space Museum.[33] There is also a starship on display in Liberal, KS, at the Mid-America Air Museum. Aircraft NC-28 is on display at the Queensland Air Museum,[34] after it was used by the Queensland Institute for Aviation Engineering in Caloundra.[35][36] Aircraft NC-14 is on display outside at the Southern Museum of Flight.

Survivors

As of January 2010, nine Starships hold an active registration with the FAA. Three Starships are registered in Oklahoma (NC-29, NC-35 & NC-45), one in Texas (NC-50), one in Colorado (NC-51), and four are registered to Beechcraft in Wichita, Kansas (NC-2, NC-8, NC-19 & NC-24).[37] NC-51 was used as a chase plane during the re-entry phase of Burt Rutan's SpaceShipOne.[38] In October 2008 NC-29 was the first of the five remaining privately owned airworthy Starships to complete RVSM certification, returning the aircraft's service ceiling to the original FL410 limit.[39]

Evergreen Air Center sold 24 Starships back to private owners for $50,000 each. Most are being used for parts; however, one of these aircraft has since been made airworthy again.[20] Some former Starship parts have been used on the Epic turboprop kitplane.[40]

Salt Lake Community College used a Starship in their Aviation Maintenance program until late 2012 when it was quietly sold and scrapped for parts.[41]

Specifications (2000A)

Data from Flying Magazine,[9] NC-53 POH,[42] except where noted

General characteristics

Performance

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

References

Notes
  1. 1 2 3 4 "Beached Starship". Air & Space/Smithsonian (August/September 2004). ISSN 0886-2257. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
  2. ↑ "Beech buys Rutan technology" (PDF). Flight International (6 July 1985): 15. ISSN 0015-3710. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
  3. ↑ Popular Science, June 1984, pp. 74-77, 143,
  4. 1 2 3 4 Warwick p.24
  5. ↑ "Starship I set for first flight" (PDF). Flight International (15 February 1986): 14. ISSN 0015-3710. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
  6. ↑ "The Starship Diaries"
  7. ↑ "The Beech 2000 Starship 1". Airliners.net.
  8. ↑ "Starship History, Max E. Bleck Beech Aircraft Corporation"
  9. 1 2 3 4 McClellan, J. Mac. "Starship On A New Voyage" (PDF). Flying Magazine (June 1993): 70–80. ISSN 0015-4806. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
  10. ↑ Garrison, Peter. "Why the Beech Starship looks and flies the way it does" (PDF). Flying Magazine (June 1993): 82. ISSN 0015-4806. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
  11. ↑ Collins, Richard. "Rising Star" (PDF). AOPA Pilot (October 1990): 44–50. ISSN 0001-2084. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  12. ↑ Warwick, Graham. "Beech's enterprising Starship" (PDF). Flight International (3 May 1986): 18. ISSN 0015-3710. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  13. ↑ Abzug, Malcolm; Larrabee, E. Eugene (October 2005). Airplane Stability and Control. Cambridge University Press. pp. 252–253. ISBN 0-521-02128-6.
  14. ↑ Warwick, Graham. "Beech's enterprising Starship" (PDF). Flight International (3 May 1986): 22. ISSN 0015-3710. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  15. ↑ "NASA Quest - General Aviation Aircraft". Retrieved 2010-02-03.
  16. ↑ Siuru, William; Busick, John (October 1993). Future Flight: The Next Generation of Aircraft Technology. McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 165–167. ISBN 0-8306-4376-1.
  17. ↑ "Beech leases Starship in bid to boost sales", Flight International (flightglobal.com) 140 (4284), 11–17 September 1991: 19, ISSN 0015-3710, retrieved 2010-01-28
  18. ↑ Phillips, Edward. "Raytheon 'Toasts' Starships" (PDF). Aviation Week & Space Technology (June 30, 2003). ISSN 0005-2175. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  19. ↑ Moll, Nigel, "Bulk of Starship fleet headed to incinerator", Aviation International News (July 2003), ISSN 0887-9877, retrieved 2010-02-03
  20. 1 2 Howie, Bob (2009-10-20). "Owner stumbles into Starship support biz". AINonline. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
  21. ↑ "Hawker Beechcraft Technical Support Hotline" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2007. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
  22. ↑ "Beech to market six seat Starship" (PDF). Flight International (6–12 November 1991): 9. ISSN 0015-3710. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  23. ↑ "Starship 2000A details" (PDF). Flight International (3–9 June 1992): 19. ISSN 0015-3710. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  24. ↑ "Hawker Beechcraft Serialization 1945 thru 2010" (PDF). p. 61. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
  25. 1 2 3 4 "FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet No. A38CE" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-02-05.
  26. ↑ "Kansas Aviation Museum". Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  27. ↑ "FAA Registry Query - N8382S". Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  28. ↑ "Beechcraft Heritage Museum". Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  29. ↑ Dinell, David (2003-09-18). "Raytheon donates another Beech Starship". Wichita Business Journal (Wichita, KS). Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  30. ↑ "Beech Starship 1 Model 2000A - The Museum of Flight". Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  31. ↑ "Evergreen Aviation Museum Sees Over A Half a Million Visitors" (Press release). Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum. 2004-02-04. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  32. ↑ "Airliners.net". Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  33. ↑ "Pima Air Museum - Beechcraft Starship". Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  34. ↑ http://qam.com.au/?portfolio=beechcraft-2000a-starship-n786bp-cn-nc-28
  35. ↑ "Queensland Institute for Aviation Engineering". Retrieved 2010-01-20.
  36. ↑ "FAA Registry Query - N786BP". Retrieved 2010-01-20.
  37. ↑ "FAA Registry". Retrieved 2010-01-16.
  38. ↑ "Goleta Air & Space Museum". Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  39. ↑ "AeroMech Incorporated News". 7 October 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  40. ↑ Wischmeyer, Ed. "it's Epic!" (PDF). Kitplanes Magazine (August 2005). ISSN 0891-1851. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  41. ↑ "Salt Lake Community College Aviation Maintenance". Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 "Beechcraft Starship FAA Approved Airplane Flight Manual" (PDF).
Bibliography

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