Beaumont race riot of 1943

The 1943 race riot in Beaumont, Texas, erupted on June 15 and ended two days later; attacks against blacks and their property were initiated by white workers from the Pennsylvania Shipyard in Beaumont following rumors that a white woman had been raped by a black man. This was the last of the wartime riots in which blacks and their property were exclusively the victims.^[1][2]

The city had become the destination for thousands of workers in the defense industry; from 1940 to 1943 the city had grown from 59,000 to 80,000 persons, with African Americans maintaining a proportion of roughly one third of the total.^[2] Workers were attracted to the buildup of high-paying jobs in the defense industry, concentrated at the shipyard, as Beaumont was located on the Neches River northeast of Houston on the Gulf Coast. A presidential Executive Order 8802 had prohibited racial and religious discrimination among defense contractors, and African Americans sought a share of opportunities in the high-paying jobs. New residents in Beaumont competed for jobs and housing in the crowded town, where whites had imposed segregated facilities, as was common across the South. There were also riots that summer in Detroit, Michigan; Mobile, Alabama; and Los Angeles, California; they were related to competition and tensions arising from the wartime build-up and migrations of workers to defense installations.

Background

In 1942, a worsening of socioeconomic conditions nationally aggravated interracial tensions in Beaumont. Economic restrictions limited available consumer goods, although defense workers had extra money to spend. President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced a policy to end discrimination in employment in the defense industries through his Executive Order 8802 of 1941; he wanted to encourage all American citizens to support the war effort. From 1940 to 1943 the city had grown more than 33% from 59,000 to 80,000 persons; both African American and whites flocked to the city for the industrial jobs. African Americans maintained their proportion of roughly one third of the total population through the increases.^[2]

Although social life was still segregated under state law and African Americans had been disenfranchised since the turn of the century, they were seeking the high-paying defense jobs at the port, as had thousands of white workers. The jobs were concentrated at the shipyards, which employed thousands of workers; Pennsylvania Shipyard was one of the largest, with 8500 workers.^{[1] [2]}

Racial animosity and friction during the Jim Crow era were not unusual, but wartime conditions made matters worse. More serious than the economic restrictions aggravating workers, were service problems caused by the huge increase in population. The city transportation could not keep up, and crowds added to the tensions between passengers on the segregated system. On June 30, 1942 there were confrontations on four separate buses in which blacks were forced to stand or take inferior seats under Jim Crow practices. In one altercation on July 27, Charles A. Reco, a black military policeman, was shot four times and clubbed by Beaumont police as they removed him from a bus following a minor complaint of his knees sticking into the 'white section.' His military unit protested to the US Dept. of Defense over the treatment by local police.^[1]

Four unrelated events amplified the mounting racial tensions in Beaumont. In the months before the riot, numerous atrocities were exacted upon African Americans in Houston, Texas and the surrounding counties. ^[3][1]

Rioting

In the immediate event, starting June 15, 1943, a white woman said she had been raped by a black man. Learning of the charge, white workers confronted blacks at the Pennsylvania Shipyard and violence erupted. About 2,000 white workers, joined by 1,000 more whites, advanced on the jail where suspects were held. By the time they reached the jail, the mob numbered 4,000. The woman was unable to identify any prisoners as her alleged assailant. Breaking into small groups, white mobs attacked and terrorized black neighborhoods near the jail in the central and north parts of the city, and destroyed 100 homes.^[2]

The mayor called in the Texas National Guard and acting governor A.M. Aikin, Jr., speaker pro tem of the State House, established a curfew and martial law. A total of about 1,800 guardsmen, 100 state highway police and 75 Texas Rangers were ordered in to the city. The state highway police closed off the town to prevent other whites from joining the violence. The armed forces declared it off limits for all military personnel.^[2] Black workers were banned from going to work, although the curfew was lifted by the end of June 16. Mayor Gary closed liquor stores, parks, and playgrounds to prevent any gathering of large crowds. After the mayor ended the curfew on June 16, the guardsmen left town.^[4]

Martial law was maintained by state units until June 20, during which more violence took place. By the end of the violence, one black man and one white man were dead, 50 persons were injured, and more than 200 were arrested. Another black man died from his injuries months later.^[1]

Aftermath

By June 20, a military tribunal had reviewed the cases of the 206 arrested. Twenty-nine cases were turned over to civil authorities on charges of assault and battery, unlawful assembly, and arson. The remainder of suspects were released. No one was prosecuted for the deaths that occurred during the riots. Gradually blacks were allowed to return to work and defense production was resumed.^[1]

References

Further reading

• Daniel Kryder, Divided Arsenal: Race and the American State During World War II, Cambridge University Press, 2001
• Ernest Obadele-Starks, Black Unionism in the Industrial South, Texas A&M University Press, 2001
• Glen Yeadon and John Hawkins, The Nazi Hydra in America: Suppressed History of a Century (Joshua Tree: Progressive Press, 2007)