Battle of Keresztes

Battle of Keresztes
Part of the Long War (Ottoman wars)
Battle of Keresztes, Ottoman miniature.
Date 24–26 October 1596 Location Mezőkeresztes (Turkish: Haçova), northern Hungary Result Decisive Ottoman victory[1]
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire[2] Crimean Khanate	Holy Roman Empire Transylvania Kingdom of Hungary [3]  Papal States  Spain  Saxony Bohemia Walloon and French mercenaries Serbs Cossacks Polish cavalry[4]
Commanders and leaders
Mehmed III Damat İbrahim Pasha Grand Vizier	Archduke Maximilian Sigismund of Transylvania
Strength
~100,000[5] Turks, and Tatar	~40,000[6]-50,000 30[7]-100 Cannons[6]
Casualties and losses
~20,000-30,000[8][9]	~12,000[10][11]-23,000[6]-30,000[12]

The Battle of Keresztes (Also known as the Battle of Mezőkeresztes) (Turkish: Haçova Muharebesi) took place on 24–26 October 1596. The battle was fought between a combined Habsburg-Transylvanian force and the Ottoman Empire near the village of Mezőkeresztes (Turkish: Haçova) in northern Hungary. The battle ended with a victory by the Ottoman Empire.

Background

On 23 June 1596, an Ottoman Army marched from the city of Constantinople. Commanded by Sultan Mehmed III, the army marched through Edirne, Filibe (now known as Plovdiv), Sofia and Niš to arrive at Belgrade on 9 August. On 20 August, the army crossed the River Sava by bridge and entered the Austrian territory of Siren. A war council was called at Slankamen Castle, and it was decided that they would begin a siege on the Hungarian fort of Eger (Erlau). The fort controlled the communication routes between Habsburg Austria and Transylvania, all of whom were in revolt against the Ottoman suzerainty.

However, news soon arrived that the Austrians had besieged and succeeded in taking over the Castle of Hatvan and had killed all the Ottomans housed there, including the women and children. The Ottoman Army started a siege on the fort of Eger on 21 September 1596, and by 12 October the castle had capitulated. As a retaliation to the Hatvan castle massacre, the defenders of this castle were all executed.

Not long after, Ottoman command received the report that a mixed army of Austrians and Transylvanians were advancing towards the Ottoman expeditionary force. A war council was conducted under Grand Vizier Damat Ibrahim Pasha. It was decided that the Ottoman Army should march out of the Erlau castle so as to meet the Austrians at a suitable battle terrain. The Sultan thought that the Ottoman army should disengage and return to Constantinople; it was with great difficulty that he was persuaded to engage the enemy forces.

Battle

The Ottoman army marched through several passageways of marshy terrain and reached Haçova (Turkish meaning: Plain of the Cross), exhausted after a long siege and a hard, long march. The two armies faced each other on the plains of Haçova (Hungarian: Mezőkeresztes). The Austrian-Transylvanian army, under the joint command of Archduke Maximillian III of Austria and prince Sigismund Bathory of Transylvania, was in position in fortified trenches. When the Ottoman army attacked the Austrian trenches, the Battle of Haçova commenced and continued for two days, from 25–26 October 1596. Early firearms (cannons, rifles) were used extensively in the battle. The Austrians, being entrenched around the old ruined church, succeeded in driving back the Ottoman assaults with a barrage of cannon and musket fire.

By the second day of battle the Ottoman Army appeared to have been defeated. According to the 17th Century Ottoman historian İbrahim Peçevi:

"The Christians broke through the Ottoman army, but the soldiers of the Islam had not yet felt the defeat. Then, they started to plunder and taking of booty at the command headquarters of the Ottomans. Under a few flags, a large group of Christian soldiers attacked the tent where the chests of gold money of the Ottoman Exchequer were kept. They killed and otherwise eliminated the Janissary and household cavalry soldiers guarding the State Treasury. The Christian soldiers got on the Treasury chests of gold coin and put up their flags of cross over them and started to dance around them."^[13]

Commander Sultan Mehmed III wanted to flee from the battlefield. However, first he asked for the opinion of his tutor, the high cleric Hoca Sadeddin Efendi, Efendi told the Sultan that he should continue the battle till the end. Heeding this advice, Sultan Mehmed III ordered that the battle should continue.^[13]

On the second day of the battle, the fighting intensified. Troops from the Austrian army had reached the Sultan's tent, which was surrounded by the viziers and the teachers at the Palace Pages School for protection. While some troops were trying to enter the Sultan's tent, the other Austrian army's soldiers disengaged, in search of booty and plunder instead of continuing the engagement. The Ottoman horse groomers, cooks, tent makers, camels minders retaliated against the plunderers with whatever arms they could find, including cooks' spoons, blocks of wood, hammers for tent making, adzes, and axes for cutting wood. The Austrians were surprised and retreated in confusion. The cries of "the Christian enemy is fleeing" were heard by the Ottoman troops still fighting what seemed like a losing battle on the frontline. The boost of morale allowed them to recover the battle. With a major action from the artillery, the Ottoman forces started another attack on the Austrians across the front and outflanked the Austrian-Transylvanian army, routing them.^[14]

Aftermath

Soon after victory, Mehmed III appointed Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha as the new Grand Vizier. He sent an imperial victory proclamation to Constantinople giving the news of the conquering of Egri (Erlau) Castle and the victory at the Battle of Haçova (Keresztes). This reached Constantinople in October and there were public celebrations and public meetings organized in the city. During these celebrations, four galleys full of state procured sugar from Egypt arrived at Constantinople harbor, which added "sweetness" to the news of a military victory. Mehmed III was awarded the epithet of 'Conqueror of Egri'.

The Sultan's army marched for a month, returning to Constantinople victorious. With the army in place, a great victory procession was organized. A victory procession and many accompanying spectacles were carried out. The poets of Constantinople wrote special works about the victory. In the streets and markets of the city, town-criers were sent to announce that the streets of the city would be decorated. The warehouses and stores were all decorated with 'valuable cloths'. This display of colour all across the city is described in a poem by the poet [Kemal]:

"All the shops of the city became colored due to conquerors wishes

Each of which were decorated as if it were the kerchief of the sweetheart”

Notes

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Mezőkeresztes.

• George C. Kohn, Dictionary of wars, Infobase Publishing, 2007
• Article in History Today, "Last-minute Turkish victory at Keresztes".
• Battle of Mezőkeresztes (Hungarian)
• Sakaoglu, Necdet [1999], Bu Mulkun Sultanlari (Sultans of this realm), Istanbul:Oglak. ISBN 975-329-299-6. (Turkish)
• Shaw, Stanford J. [1976] History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Vol.1 Empire of the Gazis, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29163-1.

Battles involving the Ottoman Empire by era Rise (1299–1453) Land battles Bapheus Dimbos Pelekanon Demotika Ihtiman Sırp Sındığı Maritsa Dubravnica Savra Pločnik Bileća Kosovo Rovine Nicopolis Ankara Çamurlu Zlatica Kunovica Varna Kosovo (2nd) Growth (1453–1606) Land battles Albulena Târgoviște Jajce Ohrid Vaslui Valea Albă Breadfield Otlukbeli Krbava Çaldıran Mercidabık Han Yunus Ridanieh Tlemcen Mohács Sokhoista Mostaganem Szigeth Çıldır Torches Wadi al Laban Sisak Călugăreni Giurgiu Keresztes Sevan Urmia Naval battles Zonchio Modon Diu Algiers (1516) Formentera Algiers (1529) Tunis Preveza Alborán Algiers (1541) Ponza Djerba Lepanto Stagnation (1606–1699) Land battles Cecora 1st Khotyn Candia Köbölkút Saint Gotthard Ladyzhyn Krasnobród Nemyriv 2nd Khotyn 2nd Vienna 2nd Mohács Slankamen Cenei Ustechko Lugos Ulaş Zenta Naval battles Cape Corvo Cape Celidonia Focchies 1st Dardanelles 2nd Dardanelles 3rd Dardanelles 4th Dardanelles Oinousses Andros Decline (1699–1792) Land battles Pruth Petrovaradin Banja Luka Grocka Stavunchany Aspindza Larga Yeghevārd Ganja Kozludzha Kagul Focşani Rymnik Măcin Naval battles Imbros Matapan Chesma 1st Kerch Strait 2nd Kerch Strait Kaliakra Dissolution (1792–1922) Up to 1900 Land battles Pyramids Abukir Arpachai Al-Safra Jeddah Čegar Alamana Gravia Erzurum Valtetsi Doliana Dragashani Sculeni Vasilika Peta Dervenakia Karpenisi Arachova Kamatero Phaleron Petra Kulevicha Algiers Konya Nezib Kurekdere Oltenitza Eupatoria Kızıl Tepe Shipka Pass Plevna Philippopolis Taşkesen Mouzaki Domokos Naval battles Athos Nauplia Samos Gerontas Navarino Sinop For the 20th century battles before 1914 see List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century For the battles in the World War I see List of Ottoman battles in the World War I Ottoman victories are in bold.