Battle of Madang

Battle of Madang
Part of World War II, Pacific War
Japanese prisoners of war at Madang, May 1944
Date February – April 1944 Location Madang, Territory of New Guinea Result Allied victory
Belligerents
Australia  United States	Japan
Commanders and leaders
George Vasey Allan Boase	Hatazō Adachi
Units involved
5th Division 7th Division 11th Division 32nd Infantry Division	18th Army

The Battle of Madang, fought between early February and late April 1944, was the break-out and pursuit phase of the Markham and Ramu Valley – Finisterre Range campaign, which was part of the wider New Guinea campaign of World War II. After overcoming the Japanese defences around Shaggy Ridge, the Australian forces descended the steep slopes of the Finisterre Mountains and pursued the withdrawing Japanese towards Bogadjim and then Madang on the north coast of New Guinea. There they linked up with US and Australian forces that had advanced along the coast from the Huon Peninsula, while the remnants of three Japanese divisions withdrew towards Wewak, where further fighting would take place throughout late 1944 and into 1945.

Prelude

After the defeat of the Japanese in the Battle of Shaggy Ridge in late January 1944, the remnants of the Japanese 78th Infantry Regiment, assigned to Lieutenant General Shigeru Katagiri's 20th Division, began a withdrawal towards Madang and then Wewak.^[1] This enabled the Australian Army forces to break through the Japanese positions in the Finisterre Mountains, which had been holding up their drive north. After a brief pause to bring up supplies, and to rotate troops as the Australian 11th Division under Major General Allan Boase replaced George Vasey's 7th Division, the Australians slowly advanced down the rugged, densely forested slopes of the Finisterres, pursuing the withdrawing Japanese towards Bogadjim on the northern coast, about 20 miles (32 km) away.^[2][3][4] At the same time, US and Australian troops advanced towards Madang from the west, about 40 miles (64 km) away.^[5]

Battle

In the early stages of the pursuit, the Australians sent long range patrols forward, while two battalions from the US 32nd Infantry Division landed around the Yalau Plantation.^[6] Throughout February and March, the Japanese 20th Division withdrew towards Madang, fighting a series of rearguard actions against the Australians that were advancing from Kankiryo.^[7] The going was tough for the troops of the 15th Brigade who advanced slowly towards Bogadjim. The 2/2nd Commando Squadron advanced from Orgoruna, linking up with the 57th/60th Infantry Battalion around Yaula on 4 April.^[8] Advancing along a motor road that had been laid by the Japanese, the Australians moved along an axis bounded by the Nuru River and Kabenau River. The withdrawing Japanese offered stiff resistance, but continued to withdraw, allowing the Australians to link up with US forces around Rimba. Bogadjim was eventually reached on 13 April.^[8]

At this point, the Australian command determined the need for a rotation of forces. When the commander of the 15th Brigade, Brigadier Heathcote Hammer learnt that his brigade was to be relieved by Brigadier Claude Cameron's 8th Brigade, he endeavoured to push towards Madang with all haste, in an effort to secure it before the prize went to Major General Alan Ramsay's 5th Division. The 57th/60th Infantry Battalion was ordered to cross the treacherous Gogol River, a fast-flowing torrent of water teeming with crocodiles.^[9] The 57th/60th attempted to outflank the Gogol River, sending a patrol to link up with two US Navy patrol boats. However, they were thwarted in their attempt to reach Madang first when troops from the 8th Brigade came ashore around Ort, about 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) south of Madang,^[9] effecting a link up between the 11th and 5th Divisions.^[10] The 5th Division had been advancing along the coast from Saidor, which had been secured by US and Australian forces in January – February 1944 by troops assigned to the Huon Peninsula campaign, who were pursuing the Japanese forces withdrawing from the peninsula.^[11]

Madang was subsequently taken on 24–25 April by troops from the 8th and 15th Brigades, with the 30th Infantry Battalion leading the way towards the airfield, advancing along the northern part of Astrolabe Bay to secure Madang,^[12] while a platoon from the 57th/60th entered the town. Resistance in the town was almost non existent. Several artillery rounds were fired, but they landed well awry of their intended target, while a short burst of machine-gun cracked inaccurately in the direction of the advancing troops. A small group of Japanese stragglers scattered on sighting the Australian platoon. Shortly afterwards, the 8th Brigade's headquarters entered Madang Harbour aboard several landing craft, escorted by the destroyer Vendetta and the corvette Bundaberg.^[13] The 30th pushed on to Alexishafen the following day.^[8]

The following day was Anzac Day, which saw the Australians consolidate their position around Madang. A follow up landing was made by the 37th/52nd Infantry Battalion on Karkar Island. Meanwhile, the 35th Infantry Battalion secured a large quantity of abandoned Japanese stores at Hansa Bay, and pushed patrols towards the Sepik River.^[10] The Bundaberg also landed a party of sailors on Sek Island, firing a heavy bombardment which wiped out the small group of defending Japanese.^[13]

Aftermath

With the capture of Madang, the Allies finally effectively secured the Huon Peninsula.^[14][8] In the aftermath of the campaign the Australian 5th Division was tasked with providing a garrison force for the north-east coast of New Guinea, patrolling the area around Madang, which would be built up as a base with the intention of being able to supply 35,000 troops for subsequent operations. Meanwhile, the bulk of the Australian first line combat troops were withdrawn to Australia for rest and re-organisation. The commitment of US troops from the 32nd Division to the fighting around Saidor – coupled with the dispatch of the 41st Division to the Salamaua campaign earlier in 1943 – represented a shift in the Allied strategy of giving the Australians autonomy of operations in New Guinea and from early 1944 until the end of the war, the US Army would assume primary responsibility for offensive operations in the Pacific.^[15]

The Japanese 18th Army was subsequently ordered to withdraw to Wewak in late March; as the 51st Division withdrew to the Wewak area, the 20th Division held Hansa Bay, and the 41st Division carried out rearguard operations around Madang throughout April.^[16] Severely depleted, in all, the three divisions only fielded about 20,000 troops.^[7] In late 1944, US troops carried out a landing at Aitape and began operations to isolate the Japanese garrison there, later clashing around the Driniumor River.^[1] They were subsequently relieved in late 1944 by Australian troops from the 6th Division, which launched the Aitape–Wewak campaign, fighting to secure the airfield and then clear the Japanese from the inland areas patrolling through the Torricelli and Prince Alexander mountain ranges until the end of the war in August 1945.^[17][18] Meanwhile, troops from the 8th Brigade remained in the Madang area until the end of the war.^[19]

After the war, the Australian Army issued a battle honour for "Madang" to the 30th Infantry Battalion for its advance along the northern part of Astrolabe Bay and its subsequent capture of Madang. It was the only unit to receive that honour.^[12]

References

Citations

Bibliography

• Bradley, Phillip (2004). On Shaggy Ridge—The Australian Seventh Division in the Ramu Valley: From Kaiapit to the Finisterres. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-555100-1. 
• Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles. Sydney, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-611-2. 
• Dean, Peter (2014). "Conclusion: 1943 and Beyond". In Dean, Peter. Australia 1943: The Liberation of New Guinea. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. pp. 285–290. ISBN 978-1-107-03799-1. 
• Dexter, David (1961). The New Guinea Offensives. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army VI. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 2028994. 
• Keogh, Eustace (1965). South West Pacific 1941–45. Melbourne, Victoria: Grayflower. OCLC 7185705. 
• Johnston, Mark (2007). The Australian Army in World War II. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-123-6. 
• Long, Gavin (1963). The Final Campaigns. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army VII. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 1297619. 
• Pratten, Garth (2014). "Applying the Principles of War: Securing the Huon Peninsula". In Dean, Peter. Australia 1943: The Liberation of New Guinea. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. pp. 255–284. ISBN 978-1-107-03799-1.