The Battle Hymn of the Republic

"The Battle Hymn of the Republic"

Cover of the 1862 sheet music for "The Battle Hymn of the Republic"
Lyrics	Julia Ward Howe, 1861
Music	William Steffe, 1856; arranged by James E. Greenleaf, C. S. Hall, and C. B. Marsh, 1861
Music sample
"The Battle Hymn of the Republic", performed by Frank C. Stanley, Elise Stevenson, and a mixed quartet in 1908.

"The Battle Hymn of the Republic", also known as "Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory" outside of the United States, is a song by American writer Julia Ward Howe using the music from the song "John Brown's Body". Howe's more famous lyrics were written in November 1861, and first published in The Atlantic Monthly in February 1862. The song links the judgment of the wicked at the end of time (Old Testament, Isaiah 63; New Testament, Rev. 19) with the American Civil War. Since that time, it has become an extremely popular and well-known American patriotic song.

History

Oh! Brothers

The "Glory, Hallelujah" tune was a folk hymn developed in the oral hymn tradition of camp meetings in the southern United States and first documented in the early 1800s. In the first known version, the text includes the verse "Oh! Brothers will you meet me(3X)/On Canaan's happy shore?"^[1] and chorus "There we'll shout and give him glory (3x)/For glory is his own";^[2] this developed into the familiar "Glory, glory, hallelujah" chorus by the 1850s. The tune and variants of these words spread across both the southern and northern United States.^[3]

As the "John Brown's Body" Song

At a flag-raising ceremony at Fort Warren, near Boston, on Sunday May 12, 1861, the John Brown song, using the well known "Oh! Brothers" tune and the "Glory, Hallelujah" chorus, was publicly played "perhaps for the first time". The American Civil War had begun the previous month.

In 1890, George Kimball wrote his account of how the 2nd Infantry Battalion of the Massachusetts militia, known as the "Tiger" Battalion, collectively worked out the lyrics to "John Brown's Body". Kimball wrote:

We had a jovial Scotchman in the battalion, named John Brown. ...and as he happened to bear the identical name of the old hero of Harper's Ferry, he became at once the butt of his comrades. If he made his appearance a few minutes late among the working squad, or was a little tardy in falling into the company line, he was sure to be greeted with such expressions as "Come, old fellow, you ought to be at it if you are going to help us free the slaves"; or, "This can't be John Brown—why, John Brown is dead." And then some wag would add, in a solemn, drawling tone, as if it were his purpose to give particular emphasis to the fact that John Brown was really, actually dead: "Yes, yes, poor old John Brown is dead; his body lies mouldering in the grave."^[4]

According to Kimball, these sayings became by-words among the soldiers and, in a communal effort—similar in many ways to the spontaneous composition of camp meeting songs described above—were gradually put to the tune of "Say, Brothers":

As originally published 1862 in The Atlantic Monthly

Finally ditties composed of the most nonsensical, doggerel rhymes, setting for the fact that John Brown was dead and that his body was undergoing the process of decomposition, began to be sung to the music of the hymn above given. These ditties underwent various ramifications, until eventually the lines were reached,—

"John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave,
His soul's marching on."

And,—

"He's gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord,
His soul's marching on."

These lines seemed to give general satisfaction, the idea that Brown's soul was "marching on" receiving recognition at once as having a germ of inspiration in it. They were sung over and over again with a great deal of gusto, the "Glory hallelujah" chorus being always added.^[4]

Some leaders of the battalion, feeling the words were coarse and irreverent, tried to urge the adoption of more fitting lyrics, but to no avail. The lyrics were soon prepared for publication by members of the battalion, together with publisher C. S. Hall. They selected and polished verses they felt appropriate, and may even have enlisted the services of a local poet to help polish and create verses.^[5]

The official histories of the old First Artillery and of the 55th Artillery (1918) also record the Tiger Battalion's role in creating the John Brown Song, confirming the general thrust of Kimball's version with a few additional details.^[6][7]

Creation of the "Battle Hymn"

Kimball's battalion was dispatched to Murray, Kentucky early in the Civil War, and Julia Ward Howe heard this song during a public review of the troops outside Washington on Upton Hill, Virginia. Rufus R. Dawes, then in command of Company "K" of the 6th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, stated in his memoirs that the man who started the singing was Sergeant John Ticknor of his company. Howe's companion at the review, the Reverend James Freeman Clarke,^[8] suggested to Howe that she write new words for the fighting men's song. Staying at the Willard Hotel in Washington on the night of November 18, 1861, Howe awoke with the words of the song in her mind and in near darkness wrote the verses to the "Battle Hymn of the Republic".^[9] Of the writing of the lyrics, Howe remembered:

I went to bed that night as usual, and slept, according to my wont, quite soundly. I awoke in the gray of the morning twilight; and as I lay waiting for the dawn, the long lines of the desired poem began to twine themselves in my mind. Having thought out all the stanzas, I said to myself, 'I must get up and write these verses down, lest I fall asleep again and forget them.' So, with a sudden effort, I sprang out of bed, and found in the dimness an old stump of a pen which I remembered to have used the day before. I scrawled the verses almost without looking at the paper.^[10]

Howe's "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" was first published on the front page of The Atlantic Monthly of February 1862. The sixth verse written by Howe, which is less commonly sung, was not published at that time. The song was also published as a broadside in 1863 by the Supervisory Committee for Recruiting Colored Regiments in Philadelphia.

Both "John Brown" and "Battle Hymn of the Republic" were published in Father Kemp's Old Folks Concert Tunes in 1874 and reprinted in 1889. Both songs had the same Chorus with an additional "Glory" in the second line: "Glory! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!"^[11]

Julia Ward Howe was the wife of Samuel Gridley Howe, the famed scholar in education of the blind. Samuel and Julia were also active leaders in anti-slavery politics and strong supporters of the Union. Samuel Howe was a member of the Secret Six, the group who funded John Brown's work.

Score

"Canaan's Happy Shore" has a verse and chorus of equal metrical length and both verse and chorus share an identical melody and rhythm. "John Brown's Body" has more syllables in its verse and uses a more rhythmically active variation of the "Canaan" melody to accommodate the additional words in the verse. In Howe's lyrics, the words of the verse are packed into a yet longer line, with even more syllables than "John Brown's Body". The verse still uses the same underlying melody as the refrain, but the addition of many dotted rhythms to the underlying melody allows for the more complex verse to fit the same melody as the comparatively short refrain.

One version of the melody, in C major, begins as below. This is an example of the mediant-octave modal frame.

Lyrics

Howe submitted the lyrics she wrote to The Atlantic Monthly, and it was first published in the February, 1862, issue of the magazine.^[12][13]

First published version

1. ^ Howe, Julia Ward. Battle hymn of the republic, Washington, D.C:Supervisory Committee for Recruiting Colored Regiments [n.d] http://www.loc.gov/item/amss001991/

* Many modern recordings of the Battle Hymn of the Republic utilize the lyric "As He died to make men holy, let us live to make men free" as opposed to the lyric originally written by Julia Ward Howe.

Other versions

Howe's original manuscript differed slightly from the published version. Most significantly, it included a final verse:

He is coming like the glory of the morning on the wave,

He is Wisdom to the mighty, He is Succour to the brave,

So the world shall be His footstool, and the soul of Time His slave,

Our God is marching on.

(Chorus)

Glory, glory, hallelujah!

Glory, glory, hallelujah!

Glory, glory, hallelujah.

Our God is marching on

Influence

Popularity and widespread use

In the years since the Civil War, "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" has been used frequently as an American patriotic song.^[14] This song is usually heard at the national conventions of both the Republican Party and Democratic Party, and is often sung at Presidential inaugurations.

The song was notably played on September 14, 2001 at the Washington National Cathedral and at St Paul's Cathedral in London during memorial services for the victims of the September 11 attacks. In 1994, it was played at the state funeral of Richard Nixon. It was also played at the state funeral of Ronald Reagan in 2004.

This was one of Sir Winston Churchill's favorite songs. At his request this song was played at his funeral in St Paul's Cathedral in 1965.

The Marine Corps Band performed it when Pope Benedict XVI was greeted on the South Lawn of the White House by President George W. Bush on April 16, 2008.

Recordings and public performances

Jaye P. Morgan recorded this song on her 1960 MGM Records album titled "Up North."

In 1960 the Mormon Tabernacle Choir won the Grammy Award for Best Performance by a Vocal Group or Chorus. The 45 rpm single record, which was arranged and edited by Columbia Records and Cleveland disk jockey Bill Randle, was an unlikely commercial success and reached #13 on Billboard's Hot 100 the previous autumn.^[15]

Joan Baez performed the song around 1962-63, and a live recording from a concert is featured in the album Joan Baez in Concert, Part 2

Judy Garland performed this song on her weekly television show in December 1963. She originally wanted to do a dedication show for President John F. Kennedy upon his assassination but CBS would not let her, so she performed the song without being able to mention his name.^[16]

Johnny Cash performed it on his musical variety show on September 27, 1969, closing the show with The Tennessee Three, The Carter Family, and The Statler Brothers.

Anita Bryant performed it January 17, 1971, at the halftime show of Super Bowl V.

The Beach Boys recorded the song on November 5, 1974 with lead vocals by Mike Love.^[17]

Andy Williams experienced commercial success in 1968 with an a cappella version recorded at Robert Kennedy's funeral. Backed by the St. Charles Borromeo choir, his version reached #11 on the adult contemporary chart and #33 on the Billboard Hot 100.^[18]

The Christian Heavy Metal band Stryper covered this song on their 1985 release "Soldiers Under Command" album.

Hosanna! Music used this hymn in the 20th album of Praise & Worship Series "Army Of God" with the worship leader Randy Rothwell recorded live in 1988

Whitney Houston performed this song at her March 31, 1991 concert to the troops called "Welcome Home Heroes" also in Shanghai and Beijing on July 22, and July 25, 2004 during the Soul Divas Tour.

The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir also sang this song at President Barack Obama's Second Presidential Inauguration Ceremony on January 21, 2013.

The children's Christian group Cedarmont Kids recorded a shorter, three-verse version of the song on their album "Songs Of America."

Cultural influences

Words from the first verse gave John Steinbeck's wife Carol Steinbeck the title of his 1939 masterpiece The Grapes of Wrath.^[19] The title of John Updike's In the Beauty of the Lilies also came from this song, as did Terrible Swift Sword and Never Call Retreat, two volumes in Bruce Catton's Centennial History of the Civil War. Terrible Swift Sword is also the name of a board wargame simulating the Battle of Gettysburg.^[20]

The lyrics of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" appear in Martin Luther King, Jr.'s sermons and speeches, most notably in his speech "How Long, Not Long" from the steps of the Alabama State Capitol building on March 25, 1965 after the 3rd Selma March, and in his final sermon "I've Been to the Mountaintop", delivered in Memphis, Tennessee on the evening of April 3, 1968, the night before his assassination. In fact, the latter sermon, King's last public words, ends with the first lyrics of the "Battle Hymn": "Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord."

Bishop Michael Curry of North Carolina, after his election as the first African-American Presiding Bishop of The Episcopal Church, gave a sermon to the Church's General Convention on July 3, 2015 in which the lyrics of The Battle Hymn framed the message of God's love. After the "Glory, Glory, Hallelujah, His truth is marching on," a letter of congratulations from President Obama was read.^[21]

The tune has played a role in many movies where patriotic music has been required, including the 1970 World War II war comedy Kelly's Heroes, and the 1999 sci-fi western Wild Wild West. The inscription, "Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the lord," is written at the feet of the sculpture of the fallen soldier at the American Cemetery in Normandy, France.

Other songs set to this tune

Some songs make use of both the melody and elements of the lyrics of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic", either in tribute or as a parody:

• "Marching Song of the First Arkansas" is a Civil War-era song that has a similar lyrical structure to "The Battle Hymn of the Republic". It has been described as "a powerful early statement of black pride, militancy, and desire for full equality, revealing the aspirations of black soldiers for Reconstruction as well as anticipating the spirit of the civil rights movement of the 1960s."^[22]
• The tune has been used with alternative lyrics numerous times. The University of Georgia's fight song, "Glory Glory to Old Georgia," is based on the patriotic tune, and has been sung at American college football games since 1909. Georgia Tech parodies this, with "To Hell with Georgia".^[23] Other college teams also use songs set to the same tune. One such is "Glory, Glory to Old Auburn" at Auburn University. Another is "Glory Colorado", traditionally played by the band and sung after touchdowns scored by the Colorado Buffaloes. "Glory Colorado" has been a fight song at the University of Colorado (Boulder) for more than one hundred years.
• The Allan Sherman parody, "The Ballad of Harry Lewis" also uses the music of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic."
• In 1901 Mark Twain wrote "The Battle Hymn of the Republic, Updated", with the same tune as the original, as a comment on the Philippine–American War. It was later recorded by the Chad Mitchell Trio.
• A modified version of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" was also used in the film American History X as Seth Ryan, played by Ethan Suplee, was driving his van and singing along to the lyrics while it was playing on the radio.^[24] Similarly, Oh! What a Lovely War has a scene in which some soldiers make up their own lyrics.
• "The Battle Hymn of Lt. Calley" is a 1971 song by Terry Nelson.
• "The Burning of the School" is a well-known parody of the song.
• Melanie Safka's song "Psychotherapy" is a parody of the song, with lyrics such as "Mine eyes have seen the glory of the theories of Freud".
• The United States Army paratrooper song, "Blood on the Risers", first sung in World War II, includes the lyrics "Gory, gory" in the lyrics, based on the original's "Glory, glory".
• A number of terrace songs (in association football) are sung to the tune in Britain. Most frequently, fans chant "Glory, Glory..." plus their team's name: the chants have been recorded and released officially as songs by Hibernian, Tottenham, Leeds United and Manchester United. Other chants include "We're not Brazil, we're Northern Ireland". The 1994 World Cup official song "Gloryland" interpreted by Daryl Hall and the Sounds of Blackness has the tune of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic".^[25] In Argentina the St. Alban's former Pupils Assn (Old Philomathian Club) used the tune for its "Glory Glory Philomathians" as well. Not heard often nowadays it is still a cherished song for the Old Philomathians.
• In Australia, the most famous version of the song is used by the South Sydney Rabbitohs an Australian rugby league Club – "Glory Glory to South Sydney". The song mentions all the teams in the competition when the song was written, and says what Souths did to them when they played. Each verse ends with, "They wear the Red and Green".^[26]
• American punk rock band Titus Andronicus incorporated lyrics from the hymn on their 2010 song "A More Perfect Union".
• On an episode of WWE Raw that took place prior to the Wrestlemania XXX rematch between The Undertaker and Brock Lesnar at SummerSlam, Paul Heyman sang a parody that references Lesnar conquering Taker's Wrestlemania streak.

Other songs simply use the melody, i.e. the melody of "John Brown's Body", with no lyrical connection to "The Battle Hymn of the Republic":

• A famous variant is "Solidarity Forever", a marching song for organized labor in the 20th century.^[27]
• It was also the basis for the anthem of the American consumers' cooperative movement, "The Battle Hymn of Cooperation", written in 1932.
• Len Chandler sang a song called "Move on Over" to this tune on Pete Seeger's Rainbow Quest TV show.^[28]
• The British band Half Man Half Biscuit used the melody for their song "Vatican Broadside".
• In Finland, the tune, sung with a fast tempo, is mainly known as the children's song "Pikku Matin auto", with the lyrics Pikku Matin autosta on kumi puhjennut, purukumilla paikkaamme sen ("the rubber [tyre] of little Matt's car has been punctured, we'll fix it with bubble gum".
• The tune has been used as a marching song in the Finnish military with the words Kalle-Kustaan muori makaa hiljaa haudassaan, ja yli haudan me marssimme näin ("Carl Gustaf's hag lies silently in her grave, and we're marching over the grave like this").^[29]
• "Queen's College Colours," written in 1898 by student Alfred Lavell to inspire the Queen's University football team to victory, is also set to the tune of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic".
• The Goodies used the tune for their Christmas novelty song, "Father Christmas Do Not Touch Me".
• "Golya Golya" is a popular folk song in Felcsik in Transylvania (Romania).
• "Balay ko sa langit" ("My house in Heaven") is a popular children's song in one of the Visayan languages of the Philippines (possibly Cebuano).
• "Trois Milliards de Gens su Terre" ("Three Billion People on the Earth") is a French language song with lyrics by Eddy Marnay that concern peace among the then 3 billion population of the earth. Singer Mireille Mathieu has covered this song several times, starting in 1982.^[30][31][32]
• Japanese electronics chain Yodobashi Camera uses the music in TV commercials and in-store.^[33]
• The melody is used in British nursery rhyme "Little Peter Rabbit".^[34] Sometimes the "Little" is excluded in both the title and the lyrics.
• The melody is used in the Dutch nursery rhyme "Lief klein konijntje" (sweet little rabbit), sung by Henkie and written by Johan De Leeuw and Marco Leeuwis. The song reached number 1 in the Flemish Ultratop 50 in 2006 and featured in total 31 weeks in the charts.
• The melody is used in the Belgian song "Lied van geen taal"^[35] as the song for the "Vrije Universiteit Brussel" by the brussels fraternity's.
• The children's song "Tarzan Of the Apes" uses the melody, with the lyrics "I love bananas, coconuts and grapes (x3)/ And that's why they call me (shouted) TARZAN OF THE APES!!"
• Two songs in Hebrew: Ha-Gavi'a Hu Shelanu (the cup is ours) and one of the versions of Hine Ma Tov u-Ma Naim (how good and pleasant)
• The melody is used in a very popular French Canadian Christmas carol covered by Ginette Reno and others.
• The traditional Rugby Song "Jesus Can't Play Rugby" is sung to this tune. Each verse contains three repetitions of one reason why Jesus can't play rugby, for example "Jesus can't play rugby cos he's got holes in his hands", followed by "Jesus Saves, Jesus Saves, Jesus Saves". The "Glory Glory Hallelujah" melody is sung after many verses have been sung, with the lyrics "Jesus knows we're only kidding." Other reasons why Jesus can't play rugby include "Jesus can't play rugby cos his Dad will fix the game", "Jesus can't play rugby cos he's only got twelve men," and "Jesus can't play rugby cos the uprights give him flashbacks."
• The Norwegian group The Monn Keys did a version of the song in the military comedy Operasjon Løvsprett named Stakkars store sterke karer. The name translates as "Poor big strong guys", and mocks the fake bravery put on by the soldiers in the movie in letters to their significant others.

"An American Trilogy" is a song arranged by country songwriter Mickey Newbury and made popular by Elvis Presley. It is a medley of three 19th century songs—"Dixie", "All My Trials" and "The Battle Hymn of the Republic".

The progressive metal band Dream Theater uses a version of this song set to a minor key as a conclusion to their song "In the Name of God" from their album Train of Thought.

Media

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle Hymn of the Republic.

See also

• John Brown's Body
• Solidarity Forever
• William Weston Patton
• "Glory, Glory" (Georgia fight song)
• Blood on the Risers

References

Further reading

• Claghorn, Charles Eugene, "Battle Hymn: The Story Behind The Battle Hymn of the Republic". Papers of the Hymn Society of America, XXIX.
• Clifford, Deborah Pickman. 'Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: A Biography of Julia Ward Howe. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1978. ISBN 0316147478
• Collins, Ace. Songs Sung, Red, White, and Blue: The Stories Behind America's Best-Loved Patriotic Songs. HarperResource, 2003. ISBN 0060513047
• Hall, Florence Howe. The story of the Battle hymn of the republic (Harper, 1916) online
• Hall, Roger Lee. Glory, Hallelujah: Civil War Songs and Hymns, Stoughton: PineTree Press, 2012.
• Jackson, Popular Songs of Nineteenth-Century America, note on "Battle Hymn of the Republic", pp. 263–64.
• Kimball, George (1890), "Origin of the John Brown Song", New England Magazine, new (Cornell University) 1 .
• McWhirter, Christian. Battle Hymns: The Power and Popularity of Music in the Civil War. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. ISBN 1469613670
• Scholes, Percy A. "John Brown's Body", The Oxford Companion of Music. Ninth edition. London: Oxford University Press, 1955.
• Snyder, Edward D. "The Biblical Background of the 'Battle Hymn of the Republic,'" New England Quarterly (1951) 24#2 pp. 231-238 in JSTOR
• Stauffer, John, and Benjamin Soskis, eds. The Battle Hymn of the Republic: A Biography of the Song That Marches On (Oxford University Press; 2013) ISBN 978-0-19-933958-7. 380 pages; Traces the history of the melody and lyrics & shows how the hymn has been used on later occasions
• Stutler, Boyd B. Glory, Glory, Hallelujah! The Story of "John Brown's Body" and "Battle Hymn of the Republic." Cincinnati: The C. J. Krehbiel Co., 1960. OCLC 3360355
• Vowell, Sarah. "John Brown's Body," in The Rose and the Briar: Death, Love and Liberty in the American Ballad. Ed. by Sean Wilentz and Greil Marcus. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005. ISBN 0393059545

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Battle Hymn of the Republic

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle Hymn of the Republic.

• Battle hymn of the Republic at Hymnary.org

Sheet music

• Free sheet music of The Battle Hymn of the Republic from Cantorion.org
• 1917 Sheet Music at Duke University as part of the American Memory collection of the Library of Congress
• Sheet music for The Battle Hymn of the Republic, from Project Gutenberg
• The Battle Hymn of the Republic. Facsimile of first draft

Audio

• "The Battle Hymn of the Republic", Stevenson & Stanley (Edison Amberol 79, 1908)—Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project.
• MIDI for The Battle Hymn of the Republic from Project Gutenberg
• The Battle Hymn of the Republic sung at Washington National Cathedral, mourning the September 11, 2001 attacks.
• The short film A NATION SINGS (1963) is available for free download at the Internet Archive