Battery electric bus

Solaris Urbino 12 electric from Braunschweiger Verkehrs-GmbH (Germany) at the front of the station, inductive charging station

A Rampini-Siemens battery electric bus in Vienna (Austria) is loaded via catenary

A battery electric bus is a bus that is driven by an electric motor and obtains its driving energy while driving as an electric car exclusively from an on-board traction battery. Many trolleybuses use batteries as an auxiliary or emergency power source.

Partial battery buses are equipped for charging with pantographs, which enable both at bus stops and in the Depot recharging.^[1] Using supercapacitors to store energy, greater amounts of energy can be saved in less time.^[2]

Advantages

By battery technology the advantages of electric mobility can also be used in road-based public transport without having to build the well-known from the trolleybus consuming two-pole overhead line. The most important advantage over the trolleybus are the lower maintenance costs by eliminating the expensive infrastructure, and greater flexibility. In contrast to the more common buses with diesel engine the battery bus primarily through the exhaust-free and quiet operation, better acceleration and the ability to recover braking energy by a regenerative brake. With a consumption of about 1.2 kWh / km, the cost of ownership compared to a diesel vehicle is very low.^[3]

Disadvantages

A disadvantage for the battery bus is the limited range, the higher weight, the higher procurement costs, the necessary charging infrastructure and partly the additional downtime for charging or replacing the battery. Battery buses are therefore almost exclusively to be found as city bus, which have after a relatively short running time a longer stay at a terminus. Sufficient for a round trip recharging can take place at a terminal within 4 to 5 minutes (250 to 450 kW) usually by induction or catenary, so that no impairment of the road map is necessary.^[3]

Development since 2009

Mercedes-Benz Citaro battery powered articulated bus in Aachen, Germany

A BYD electric bus in Shanghai at a charging station

ABB Group's TOSA Flash Mobility, Clean City, Smart Bus charging station in Geneva, Swiss

BYD electric bus in the Netherlands

The first battery buses were mostly small, mini or midi buses. Only the increasing improvement of battery technology from around 2010 led to an upswing of the battery bus, including heavier units like Twelve-meter standard buses produced in series and first articulated wagons:

• In Shanghai successively catenary bus lines are switched to battery buses since 2009.^[4]
• The 2011 presented Cobus 2500e is the first bus model manufacturer Contrac Cobus Industries from Wiesbaden powered solely by electricity.
• In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Germany) runs since autumn 2012 as part of an electric bus project Inmod the Czech manufacturer SOR type EBN 8. The eight-meter-long vehicle has 22 seats, 35 standing places and a range of 160-170 kilometers a day, up to 220 260 km can be extended. Twice a day the electric bus is one hour long recharged with a quick charger. To use come LiFePo batteries, the maximum speed is 80 km / h.^[5]
• The Wiener Linien since the end of 2012 run on the downtown bus routes 2A and 3A electric buses. They are charged to the end user via a pantograph, which is applied to short catenary pieces. These are fed by the tram catenary. The cars have a range of around 150 kilometers.^[6]
• In Geneva (.: Trolleybus optimize system power trolley Optimisation Système Alimentation, dt) since the beginning of 2013 on a project called TOSA worked. Since May 2013 reversed a battery-articulated bus between the airport and Palexpo. This bus can be charged at a bus stop within 15 seconds. On the final stop of the charging process takes three to four minutes. The project cost five million francs.^[7]
• The Regional Transport Ruhr-Lippe GmbH (RLG) (Germany) is since May 2013 and Medebach Winterberg an electric minibus as a Quartierbus. The range of the vehicle is approximately 120 kilometers, the recharging process will take about three hours when fully discharged. In line use ranging recharged over 1.5 hours during the lunch break from to cover the daily circulation.^[8]
• Currently the largest fleet of buses battery is used in the Chinese metropolis of Dalian. There you will find 600 buses of the BYD electric bus use; the purchase of a further 600 vehicles is planned for 2015. In many other cities in China buses with conventional internal combustion engines are increasingly being replaced by battery buses. Since 2013 this type are used in service in the Netherlands buses; in Germany found tests in Bremen and in Bonn.^[9] An imagined since October 2014 articulated bus is described in the press as the world's largest battery vehicle,^[10] but this is not proven. 2015 BYD Auto is preparing the launch of the first battery-double-decker bus in front.^[11]
• In Braunschweig the electric bus is used in regular service since the end of 2013. From the end of 2014 electric buses to be used gradually more 8. A special feature of the "Emil" (Electromobility means of inductive load) designated Community project, the vehicle has an inductive, non-contact charging.^[12][13] Both vehicles and the charging stations developed with the participation of Bombardier.^[14]
• In the South Korean city of Gumi first time a road section for inductive charging capability while driving was realized. The technology will be tested with two electric buses and will be expanded.^[15]
• In California, battery-electric school buses since the end of October 2013 because of significantly lower operating costs, are used.^[16]
• In Osnabrück electric buses are used on the new line 94 from Neumarkt to the St. Mary's Hospital and on the St. Mary's Hospital for Roseburg since 2011. In operation, the models BREDAMENARINI bus ZEUS M 200 E and PVI Oreos X4.
• In Hamburg electric buses since 2014 used on the line 48.^[17] Manufacturers of electric buses, the company Rampini.^[18]
• The Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe test together with the Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems since November 3, 2014 electric buses.^[19] On June 17, 2015 began the passenger service on the first all-electric bus Saxony. These are identified by the Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe (DVB) AG powered track line 79 Mickten - Übigau. A four-minute stop at the last stop is sufficient, with a high-power charger to recharge the batteries partly the extent that the passenger compartment preheated if necessary and the journey to be continued.^[20]
• The Munich public transport company is testing since 2008 for battery buses. Currently, experiments with vehicles of Ebusco that should reach a range of 300 km using lithium iron phosphate batteries, carried out on line 100.^[21]
• Since 2014 there is a test mode with an E-Bus in Pinneberg.^[22]
• From September 2015 to operate a line in Berlin four battery buses. The buses of the type Solaris Urbino 12 electric load by induction each at the last stop, while the driver must take a break.^[23][24]
• Since July 2015 reversed the Schleswig-Holstein Rendsburg a battery bus type Sileo. The bus has a range of 200 km and cost 450,000 euros, about twice as much as the diesel counterpart. The bus does not charge during operation and can be operated only for half a day. The electric current for the bus is produced on the roof of the depot with a photovoltaic system themselves.^[25]
• In a field test since 2013 driving in Bonn four battery buses in regular service. The tests were successful, so that from January 2016 six battery buses of the Sileo be permanently used. The range of buses is at least 200 km, which is sufficient for the Bonn route network with a few exceptions. In Bonn so that a complete transition would be possible. A complete conversion to battery buses is planned by 2030.^[26]
• The city of Botosani in Romania with 100,000 inhabitants is planning public transport to operate fully electrically. These trams and buses battery to be used and the current conventional vehicles will be replaced. The cost of conversion to be 20 million euros.^[27]
• In London for some time driving battery buses from BYD. From October 2015, the famous double-decker buses electrically by means of BYD. The reach of these buses is 250 km. London has a low emission zone in the center. Vehicles with emissions have to pay a high toll. This also applies to buses with diesel engines. This toll is waived for battery buses.^[28][29]

See also

List of electric bus makers and models

References

1. ↑ Trolley:Motion, 27. Mai 2013: Shanghai - Weitere Reduzierung des Trolleybusnetzes - ungewisse Zukunft, aufgerufen 8. Oktober 2013
2. ↑ MIT-Technology Review: Next Stop: Ultracapacitor Buses, aufgerufen 18. November 2013
3. 1 2 Fraunhofer-Institut für Verkehrs- und Infrastruktursysteme Praxistest mit einem Fahrzeug zwischen 03.11.2014 bis zum 30.01.2015
4. ↑ Shanghai: Investitionen im Netz bleiben aus, Meldung auf www.trolleymotion.ch vom 12. November 2012
5. ↑ Der SOR-Elektrobus auf www.inmod.de
6. ↑ Elektrobusse ab 2013 in der City. auf wien.orf.at, abgerufen am 10. September 2012.
7. ↑ DOSSIER DE PRESSE AVRIL 2013, TOSA (PDF; 543 kB)
8. ↑ WinBus und MedeBus auf www.rlg-online.de
9. ↑ newstixs, 30. Juni 2013: Elektromobilität für Bonn: Positive Testergebnisse mit chinesischem Elektrobus, aufgerufen 16. Juli 2013
10. ↑ Come Ride The World's Largest Battery Electric Vehicle In Long Beach Kusi-TV (San Diego) vom 20. November 2014. Abgerufen am 22. November 2014.
11. ↑ BYD Internetauftritt des Herstellers. Abgerufen am 23. November 2014.
12. ↑ Braunschweiger Verkehrs AG: Elektrobusse mit induktiver Ladetechnik – der Schritt in ein neues Zeitalter, aufgerufen 8. Oktober 2013
13. ↑ YouTube: EmiL - Elektromobilität mittels induktiver Ladung, Videoanimation, aufgerufen 8. Oktober 2013
14. ↑ eurailpress.de, 11. September 2013: Bombardier: Primove-Station in Braunschweig in Betrieb, aufgerufen 8. Oktober 2013
15. ↑ Bild.de, 8. August 2013: Südkorea setzt Straßen unter Strom, aufgerufen 21. Oktober 2013
16. ↑ EarthTechling, 4. November 2013: Electric School Bus Idea Set To Debut In California, aufgerufen 16. November 2013
17. ↑ http://www.zeit.de/hamburg/politik-wirtschaft/2014-10/elektrobus-premiere-blankenese
18. ↑ http://www.sat1regional.de/aktuell/article/elektrobus-in-hamburg-faehrt-jetzt-erstmals-die-e-bergziege-158214.html
19. ↑ http://www.energie.fraunhofer.de/de/bildmaterial/pdf_pressemitteilungen/141030_pm_fraunhofer-ivi-praxiseinsatz-fuer-edda-bus-2013-fraunhofer-elektrobus-wird-auf-linie-61-getestet.pdf
20. ↑ Omnibusrevue vom 17. Juni 2015: Erste E-Buslinie Sachsens nimmt Betrieb auf; abgerufen am 19. Juni 2105
21. ↑ http://www.muenchen.de/aktuell/elektrobus-muenchen-test.html
22. ↑ Neuer batteriebetriebener E-Bus fährt in Pinneberg, 12. Mai 2014
23. ↑ Die BVG präsentiert ihre neuen Elektrobusse, 1. Juli 2015
24. ↑ Video: Elektrische Buslinie in Berlin startet in die Testphase, 8. Juli 2015
25. ↑ Umweltfreundlich, leise, aber noch nicht ausgereift, 7. Juli 2015
26. ↑ Stadtwerke kaufen sechs Elektrobusse, 7. Juli 2015
27. ↑ Elektromobilität in Rumänien: Gemeinde plant 100% elektrischen ÖPNV, 23. Juni 2015
28. ↑ London kauft elektrische Busse aus China, 10. Juli 2015
29. ↑ Londons Doppeldecker fahren bald elektrisch, 10. Juli 2015