Basil Al Bayati

Basil Al Bayati
Born Basil Younis Rasheed Al Bayati
(1946-05-13)May 13, 1946
Baghdad, Iraq
Nationality British
Alma mater University of Baghdad, University of London
Occupation Architect
Awards King Saud University main Mosque Competition first prize, Abu Dhabi City Competition third prize, Las Terrenas Architectural Competition Honourable Mention, MECO Architectural Competition First Prize
Buildings Edinburgh Central Mosque, Palm Mosque King Saud University

Basil Al Bayati (born 13 May 1946) is an Iraqi-born architect and designer who has lived and practiced for the most part in Europe, in particular, London and who Neil Bingham, in his book 100 Years of Architectural Drawing: 1900-2000, has described as "an architect in whom East meets West." [1] Al Bayati is considered to be one of the most important names in Metaphoric Architecture, an area he was at the forefront of pioneering, which uses analogy and metaphor as a basis for architectural inspiration as well as the "exploration of geometric and design patterns found in nature" .[1]

He is also the inventor of what he termed "the mechanism of the wasitah (or excitor apparatus)" a geometric feedback mechanism for generating form and a method he himself often uses in the design process.[2][3][4][5][6]

Throughout his almost 50 years working in the field of architecture, he has also designed furniture and artistic pieces for the household using such varied techniques as metalwork, inlay, glass and ceramic work and stonework as well as authoring 9 books, principally on architecture but also fantasy/fiction and autobiography.[7]

"His work is manifested in plans and publications that express an exuberance for visual forms rare in the Arab world today…… His projects encompass a wide variety of architectural possibilities and transcend generally accepted patterns……. In all of his buildings an organic obsession with flower forms and old Islamic symbolism has been merged into a fantastic alternative architecture for the future."[8]

He currently resides in Malaga in the South of Spain where he runs a successful architectural practice and cultural centre as well as continuing his writing.[9]

Early life & education

Basil Al Bayati was born on 13 May 1946 in the neighbourhood of Adhamiyah in Baghdad, the sixth of ten children.[10]

He began his architectural studies in the Faculty of Architecture at the College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, under the guidance of Dr. Mohamed Makiya.[11] Soon afterwards he became a member of the Iraqi Engineering Union, the Society of Iraqi Architects and the Society of Kuwaiti Engineers.[12]

In 1970 he moved to London to continue his studies and once there, was granted a British Council Scholarship to attend University College London, School of Environmental Studies, Development Planning Unit, studying under Professor Patrick Wakely[13] before attending the Architectural Association School of Architecture, where he worked with Paul Oliver, Geoffrey Broadbent and John Chris Jones. At the A.A he received a diploma in the post-graduate course of ‘Design Method and Creative Process’. From here he continued his research into the psychology of creativity with Andrew Szmidla and spent a year researching structural engineering with Paul Regan before acquiring a BSc (Bachelor of Science) in Professional Practice from the Polytechnic of Central London in 1978. Later that same year he was registered with the Architects Registration Board (ARB) and in 1980 he was elected into corporate membership of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). In 1981 he became a Fellow (F.F.B) of the Faculty of Building (now known as the Forum for the Built Environment),[14] in 1982 was elected member of the Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors, IAAS (now known as the Chartered Association of Building Engineers) as well as the British Institute of Interior Design (BIID).[12]

In 1986, he was awarded the title of Doctor of Philosophy from University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) for his studies into Islamic architecture.[12]

Having completed his doctorate, Al Bayati spent time travelling and studying various types of indigenous architecture around the world, in particular in India, China and the Near and Middle East and on his return he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) as well as the Royal Asiatic Society (RAS), the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies (BRISMES), and the Society for Moroccan Studies.[12]

Career

Having graduated from the University of Baghdad, he opened his first practice, Basil Al Bayati & Partners, which he opened in Baghdad with a branch in Basra.[10]

In 1970 he moved to London to continue his studies and whilst studying, worked in a number of architectural practices before becoming the Middle East Consultant at Fitzroy Robinson & Partners. Here, in the mid-70s, he worked on a project to redevelop the White City Stadium, as well as a Liverpool Street/Broad Street redevelopment comprising a railway terminal, shops, offices, hotel and civic amenities.[12] In the late 70s he opened his first practice in London, Basil Al Bayati Architect, at 9 Montpellier Street, opposite Harrods, in Knightsbridge, London.[12]

In 1983, he moved his offices to an old mill that he had restored and renovated on Miller’s Way in Shepherd’s Bush. This became for him the busiest time in his career so far and was a highly creative period for him, designing and renovating buildings in both London as well as throughout the Middle East. Much of his work at this time was also published in several books, the most notable being 'Basil Al Bayati: Architect' and 'Basil Al Bayati: Recent Works', the results of a fruitful relationship with Andreas Papadakis, of Academy Editions.[15][16]

In 2003, he relocated his offices to what was already his private studio at St. Paul’s Studios, 141 Talgarth Road – in one of the famous artist studios designed by Frederick Wheeler in 1890.

In 2008, he moved to Malaga in Spain. There he acquired a five storey listed building at Calle Marques de Guadiaro 3, designed by Jerónimo Cuervo, the Spanish architect responsible for a number of Malaga's most iconic buildings. Shortly afterwards, work began on the full renovation of the building into an architectural centre, as well as the centre for his on-going architectural practice.[9]

According to Jim Antoniou, "he has created an architecture based on stark symbols and historical notions which utilise geometric patterns ranging from square courtyards to domed ziggurats; reproduced objects in exaggerated size, from open books to tall palm trees; and explored technology from giant balloons to Islamic space shuttles. In undertaking all these projects, Al-Bayati has shown an ability to translate the significance of symbols into dynamic and workable buildings, while retaining the simplicity of his original concept. This is partly because his work is based on thoughtful research, and partly because he is able to give shape and form to what are essentially simplistic notions. He is thus able to create architecture with all the inherent qualities and perceptions of workable buildings. For although his buildings are based on simple concepts and often presented on an exaggerated scale, his attention to detail allows builders to remain not too distant from his unusual designs." [17]

Notable works

Great Mosque of Edinburgh, 1987

Great Mosque of Edinburgh

Al Bayati is known in particular for the Great Mosque of Edinburgh, also known as the Edinburgh Central Mosque of which, Geza Fehervari, Professor of Islamic Art & Archaeology at London University, has said "The architectural elements and decorative details, while basically relying on Islamic, mainly Turkish traditions, successfully interact with the architectural and decorative age-old customs of Scotland."[18]

"Al-Bayati’s detailed scheme will combine the calligraphic texts of mosque architecture with a chequered motif subtly derived from plaid-tartan."[19]

The Palm Mosque, (Jama’a Al-Nakheel) King Saud University, Riyadh, 1984.

The Palm Mosque at King Saud University, Riyadh

In 1982, Al Bayati won the 1st prize in the King Saud Competition to build the main mosque for the university. His design incorporated extensively the motif of the palm trunk, as used in the very first Mosque of the Prophet in Medina. It was highly praised and was even claimed to "mark the beginning of a new era, a new revival in Islamic architecture."[20]

The interior calligraphy above the doors and in the mihrab was done by Ghani Alani,[21] the last of the Baghdad School of Calligraphy. He was a student of Hashem al-Khattat.[22] Ghani Alani taught Dr. Bayati whilst at the College of Engineering in Baghdad. The building was also nominated for the 1992 Aga Khan Award for Architecture.

King Saud University Entrance Gate, (Faith & Knowledge), Riyadh

King Saud University Entrance Gate, Riyadh

Dr. Bayati’s design for the entrance gates to the King Saud University is based upon the theme of faith and knowledge; two pillars of Islam that must be taken together, "Knowledge cannot do without faith nor can faith ignore knowledge for Islam calls always for faith and knowledge to run in parallel."[6]

"The design consists of two books representing knowledge and faith. They have been so placed so that their pages are interlocked thus showing the close connection between faith and knowledge. Verses from the Holy Quran on faith and knowledge are written in beautiful script on the cover of each book."[23]

Church Island House, Staines, 1987

Church Island House in the Thames, Staines

Church Island House was a building commissioned by the publisher of Academy Editions and Architectural Design magazine, Andreas Papadakis.

"For his luxury mansion on his Greek-island-in-the-Thames, the great man chose not Michael Graves, one of the deconstructivists or even CZWG, but pragmatic classicist Basil Al Bayati, whom he instructed to design a country house in the English turn-of-the-century manner."[24] The plan of the house is based on multiple units of structural geometrical forms and utilises extensive brickwork in a postmodern, art & craft style. It was "designed in a vernacular manner, using building materials similar to those traditionally used in the area."[25]

In 1988, Church Island House was exhibited at the German Architecture Museum in Frankfurt in an exhibition titled The Architecture of Pluralism that included work by James Gowan, Terry Farrell, Charles Jencks and some twenty other internationally recognised architects.

Hyde Park Gate Mews, London, 1990

Hyde Park Gate Mews, London

This building reflects the more classical side of Al Bayati’s architecture and is a four storey post-modern classical townhouse in the heart of Kensington. Architectural Design magazine wrote of him and this work: "He is steeped in the history of Islamic architecture, and deeply inspired by Persian tomb-towers, Cairo Mosques, Moghul palaces etc. He is also, however, motivated by Western Classicism, in for example his project for Park Gate, London, drawn from the Classical ordering system of proportion, as well as the use of columns and mansard roofs."[26]

The building can be seen as part of The Decorative Arts Society architectural walk – A Walk Around and About ‘Albertopolis’.[27]

Oriental Village by the Sea, Dominican Republic, 1988

Oriental Village by the Sea

The Oriental village by the sea "is based upon Oriental building types arranged in a plan originating in patterns of insect and plant life. The exoskeleton of a dragonfly forms the main body of the building’s layout, its triangular mouth of stairs on the waterfront leading to the creature’s circular head of the entrance lobby. The insect’s long segmented yellow body is the central corridor, dome-lit, which intertwines with a branch of a tree, its stem a road and its leaves the roofs of condominiums and leisure facilities. The colourful berries are cone-topped villas intended to be reminiscent of Chinese temples."[1]

This design was awarded the runner-up position and an honourable mention in the 1988, Las Terrenas Competition for Architecture.[28]

Tomb of Gul Baba, Budapest, 1987

Gul Baba Turbe Precinct, Budapest

"Dr. Bayati’s design presents a large complex which successfully combines the styles of Ottoman architecture (as it was practised in Eastern Europe) and Hungarian architecture in the style of Lechner. The platform on which this complex is envisaged is already standing. The new buildings flank the turbe to the right and left. The building to the left, or more precisely to the south of the turbe, is a mosque. This is covered by three domes, all resting on drums of various heights, that in the centre being taller than the lateral ones. Due to the cold climate of the country the mosque is entirely covered and is rectangular in shape. Since colour is very much in evidence both on the exterior and interior of the building, it is envisaged that the mihrab will be coated with Zsolnay tiles and framed by a rectangular border containing Quranic inscription."[29]

Ad-Dariyya Cultural Centre, Department of Antiquities & Museums, Saudi Arabia

Ad-Dariyya Cultural Centre

"Inspired by the ruins of ad-Dariyya (Diriyah) the architect Basil Al-Bayati in his design for the new cultural centre incorporated some of the ancient architectural features. There are the mud-faced walls with square and circular buttresses invoking the old fortifications as well as ornamental triangular perforations arranged in rows in imitation of those on the walls of the ancient buildings; doorways, too, have recessed upper portions in the traditional manner. In this way the style of the new building reinforces the connection with the ruins of the old capital."[4]

Other works

Furniture

Gourmet Speciality

After finishing his studies and whilst running his first practice, he became interested in furniture design. Many of these early designs were created especially for architectural projects that he was working on. They were made from carved wood, made with the assistance of the classically trained carpenter, Faruq al-Najjar and displayed Assyrian and Sumerian motifs together with muqarnas (a mixture of pendentive and squinch). i.e. the offices of the President of the University of Basra.[12]

Later, in the early 80s, Al Bayati continued his experiments with furniture design, mixing floral wood-carving with geometric inlay and turned work. Much of this work was made in Cairo and India and was once again designed specifically for houses that had been built by him in the Middle East. Some of these pieces are now on display in his centre in Malaga.[30]

In the mid-80s Al Bayati’s furniture design took a bold turn – influenced perhaps by the wave of post-modern architects and designers of the time. His designs attracted the attention of a number of flamboyant clients who commissioned suites for their weddings.[31] His furniture of this period was all made at the exclusive OAK factory in Cantu, Italy, owned by the Pologna family with whom Al Bayati became close friends. His work, at this time, was considered by some to be post-modern although to others it readily escaped such definitions. Michael Collins in his Post-Modern Design said of it: "Pluralistic Post-Modernism is evident in the exotic furniture designed by Basil-Al Bayati…….inspired by Persian tomb-towers, Cairo Mosques, minarets, and the balconies of Moghul palaces, to name but a few sources. His is fantasy furniture, inflected towards Islamic colour and luxury."[7]

In 2000 Al Bayati opened ‘Basil Leaf’, the first of a series of organic food shops in London in which all of the specialty gourmet food furniture and displays had been designed by him. The design of these pieces was extravagant and theatrical, using Sumerian mythological figures, chariots, temples, elephants and even Saint Basil's Cathedral as sources of inspiration. At the same time, the pieces were practical, functional creations – cake display cabinets, coffee grinders, fruit cabinets and so on.[32] A number of these pieces can be seen at his centre in Malaga. In 2013, he was introduced by a mutual friend to Sidqa Usta, an expert craftsman from Istanbul. Together they began working on a new line of new furniture that was to include tables, display cabinets and wall units, in a uniquely Arabesque style utilising wood, marble and bronze as the principal materials.[32] A number of these can now be seen in the centre in Malaga.[9]

Metalwork

His frequent visits to Istanbul put him in touch with a number of local artisans, from sculpters, carvers, glass workers and metal workers. One of these was Yuksel Ustaoglu, an expert metal worker specialised in bronze and brass. Al Bayati began frequenting his workshop in the old Ottoman market and with Al Bayati’s designs, they soon began producing a collection of chandeliers and lamps made from bronze and brass, five of which can now be seen in the cafeteria of his Malaga centre.[9] The inspiration for this collection came this time from the natural world, in particular the geometric patterns and shapes of unusual sea creatures, blended with traditional old Ottoman-style lamps and lighting.

Glasswork & Ceramic

Palm Banqueting Suite

In 1990, he designed a collection of cutlery and tableware, called the Palm Banqueting Suite, based upon the motif of the palm tree.[33] It was a one-off commission for one of his buildings for a client in Kuwait and was made by a local Italian artisan. A reproduction of this set, made in Morocco, is on display at the centre in Malaga.

In 1980 he designed a glass fountain for one of the Saudi royal family.[32] The piece was so particular in its design that it took an expert glass-blower seven attempts before being successfully executed.

During the last few years he has continued his experiments, combining bronze and glass to create a series of bowls and sculptures that can be seen in the centre in Malaga.

Stonework

Palm Suite Fireplace

Al Bayati has also designed a number of features in stone usually as part of a larger architectural design. Two of the most notable are the waterfall feature of Westbourne Terrace[34] (see list of works) and the Palm Suite fireplace, with its delicate peacock motif.[35]

Writing

Apart from writing books on architecture, Dr. Bayati has also published works of fiction and autobiography and has contributed articles to publications such as Building Design, Alam Al-Benaa magazine and others. See below for a comprehensive list of books:

Books by Basil Al Bayati

Other Books

Other Information of Interest

List of works

Seaside Chalet, Kuwait
Seaside Chalet in Kuwait
Wimbledon House
Jewel of Sharja
Hanging Garden Villa, Kuwait
Oman Villa
Arab Nouveau Villa, Kuwait
Qasir Ghumdan Hotel, Yemen

(Non-exhaustive)

Site Location Year
Istath Wadiya, Private Residence Basra 1969
Skeleton, Stadium 1974
The Dhow, Hotel 1977
Al-Mabkharah, Water Tower 1979
Hanging Gardens, Courtyard Villa Kuwait 1979
Ashburn Place London 1982
Ukhaider, Government Complex 1982
Residential & Commercial Centre Abu Dhabi 1982
Westbourne Terrace London 1983
The Hamman, Turkish Baths, Spa & Sports' Centre 1983
Movotel, Hotel 1983
Crystal Towers London 1983
Crystal House London 1983
Government House Saudi Arabia 1983
Camel Train, Monument 1984
Cylinders, Office & Commercial Centre 1984
Seagull, Senior Citizens' Home 1984
Dream World, Magic Island & Fantasy Palace 1984
Palm Mosque, King Saud University Riyadh 1984
The Old Mill London 1984
Maaber 1 & 2, Pedestrian Bridge 1985
St. Barbara House, Office Building 1985
Pleasure, Pavilion 1985
Time, Garden Lodge 1985
Bliss Tweed Mill Chipping Norton 1986
Lisson Grove Development London 1986
Hammersmith Road London 1986
St. Barbara's House London 1986
Vihara, Commercial Town Centre 1986
Orient Tower USA 1986
Tristar Office Building 1986
Pavilion, House Art Gallery 1986
Blue Bird, Office Building 1987
Southall Town Centre London 1987
Boadicea, Residential Apartments 1987
Scottish Castle, Bank 1987
Denmark Hill London 1987
Ship, Residential Building 1987
Church Island House London 1987
Diana House, Office & Commercial Centre 1987
Office Building Riyadh 1987
Oculus, Private Office 1987
Gul Baba Turbe Budapest 1987
Edinburgh Central Mosque Edinburgh 1987
Mosque & Community Centre Walsall 1988
Golden Hillock Road Birmingham 1988
Courtyard House Milton Keynes 1988
Morning Flower Residence Dubai 1988
The Old Boat House Church Island 1988
House in Riyadh Riyadh 1988
Lord's View II, Penthouse & Duplexes London 1989
Mova-Book, Library 1989
Bibliotheca Alexandria Egypt 1989
Palace of Unity, Government House 1989
Sana'a, Shopping Centre 1989
Commercial & Residential Building Yemen 1989
Medina Qaboos School Oman 1990
Hyde Park Gate Mews London 1990
T.V Studios, Video Library & Administration Building Abu Dhabi 1990
Budapest, Trade Centre 1990
Qasir Ghumdan, Hotel & Conference Centre Yemen 1990
Polyheight Office Building 1990
Dakkah Project Yemen 1990
Trade Centre Budapest 1990
27-30 Nicolson Square Edinburgh 1990
Sinmar Palaces, Residential Complex 1990
Bugsy, Kindergarten 1990
The Drive Middlesex 1991
Anguila, Hotal, Spa & Health Centre 1991
Seaside Complex Yemen 1991
St. Cross, Student Accommodation 1991
St. Cross Road, Student Accommodation Oxford 1991
College for Islamic Studies Oxford 1991
Fish Canning Factory Yemen 1991
Suburban House London 1992
Private Residence Oman 1992
Shopping Complex Oman 1992
French, Seaside Chalet 1992
Cedar Hotel Lebanon 1992
Seaside Chalet Kuwait 1992
Private Residence Yemen 1992
Fortress, Residence 1993
Snail, Car Showroom 1994
Sinbad, Theme Park 1994
Branches, Industrial Village 1995
Awatif Sultan, Private Residence Oman 1995
Arab Nouveau Villa Kuwait 1999
Dancing Dervish, Hotel 2000
Ribs, Health Centre, Spa & Hotel 2000
Quadrangle, Private Residence 2003
Jewel of Sharja, Family Residence 2003
Sky Castle, Residential Complex 2004
Gulf Wonders, Offices & Apartments 2005
Amsterdam Height 2005
Flying Terraces, Shopping Centre 2005
Heart & Lung, Medical Centre 2005
Venezia Al-Khaleej, Commercial & Residential Seaside Complex 2005
Jawharat-Al-Khaleej, Jewellery & Craft Centre 2006
Burjabal, Government Building 2006
Burjisr, Mall, Hotel, Apartments & Offices 2006
Minaret, Hotel & Apartments 2006
Samarkand, Shops & Apartments 2005
Octagon, Private University 2005
Jama Al Kitab, Mosque & Library 2006
Green Oak, Private Residence 2006
Malwiya, Commercial Centre 2006
Indo-Chinese Villa 2007

[1][5][6][8][23][32][33][39]

Further reading

Awards

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Bingham, Neil (2012). "1974-2000 The Dextrous Architectural Drawing". 100 Years of Architectural Drawing: 1900-2000. London: Laurence King. p. 288. ISBN 978-1780672724.
  2. ↑ Serageldin, Ismail (1982). The Arab City: Its Character & Islamic Cultural Heritage. Riyadh: Arab Urban Development Institute.
  3. ↑ Al Bayati - Function and Fantasy (No. 7/8 ed.). London: Architectural Design. August 1992. p. 89.
  4. 1 2 "New Cultural Centre at Ad-Dariyya" (No. 136 ed.). Alam Al Benaa Magazine. 1982.
  5. 1 2 Al Bayati, Basil (1981). Process & Pattern. London: aarp. p. 4. ISBN 0-906468-07-8.
  6. 1 2 3 Al Bayati, Basil (1988). Architect. London: Academy Editions/St. Martin's Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-85670-925-5.
  7. 1 2 Michael Collins, Andreas Papadakis (1989). Post-Modern Design. London: Academy Editions. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-84781-136-6.
  8. 1 2 Kultermann, Udo. "Contemporary Architecture in the Arab States".
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Un arquitecto árabe invierte más de un millón de euros en un centro cultural (Arab Architect Invests More than a Million Euros in Cultural Centre)".
  10. 1 2 Al Bayati, Basil (2012). Baghdad: Memories of an Architect. Malaga: Fabulist. ISBN 978-0-9571235-1-9.
  11. ↑ Makiya, Mohamed. "Architect's Archives Mohamed Makiya".
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Antoniou, Jim (September 1989). Al Bayati in London (Vol. 96, No. 9 ed.). London: Royal Institute of British Architects Journal. pp. 32–33.
  13. ↑ Wakely, Patrick. "DPU Associates Patrick Wakely".
  14. ↑ "Forum for the Built Environment".
  15. ↑ Al Bayati, Basil (1988). Architect. London: Academy Editions/St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-85670-925-5.
  16. ↑ Al Bayati, Basil (1993). Recent Works. London: Academy Editions/Ernst & Sohn. ISBN 1-85490-170-2.
  17. ↑ "A Future for the Past – Interview with Jim Antoniou" (Vol. 10, no 10 ed.). Middle East Construction magazine. October 1985.
  18. ↑ Fehervari, Geza (9 June 1989). "Faith in Tradition" (No. 940 ed.). Building Design magazine. p. 26.
  19. ↑ Black, David (12 March 1989). "Rushdie Protest Mars Ceremony". The Sunday Times. p. 1.
  20. ↑ Fehervari, Geza (September 1983). "Revival in Islamic Architecture" (Vol. 7, no 6 ed.). Ahlan Wasahlan magazine. pp. 15–17.
  21. ↑ fr:Ghani Alani
  22. ↑ "Islamic Calligraphy - Hashim Muhammad Baghdadi Profile".
  23. 1 2 "Islamic Art - Engineering in Islamic Architecture".
  24. ↑ "The Second Coming of Lutyens' Style" (Vol. 7, no 6 ed.). Building Design magazine. 16 September 1988. p. 11.
  25. ↑ Al Bayati, Basil (1988). Architect. London: Academy Editions/St. Martin's Press. p. 218. ISBN 0-85670-925-5.
  26. ↑ "Prince Charles & the Architectural Debate". Architectural Design magazine. p. 58.
  27. ↑ "Decorative Arts Society – A Walk Around and About ‘Albertopolis’".
  28. ↑ Al Bayati, Basil (1993). Recent Works. London: Academy Editions/Ernst & Sohn. p. 30,31. ISBN 1-85490-170-2.
  29. ↑ Fehervari, Geza (11 May 1990). "Back to Budapest". Building Design magazine. p. 35.
  30. ↑ Al Bayati, Basil (1988). Architect. London: Academy Editions/St. Martin's Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-85670-925-5.
  31. ↑ Al Bayati, Basil (1988). Architect. London: Academy Editions/St. Martin's Press. p. 242. ISBN 0-85670-925-5.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Al Bayati, Basil (2008). Conceptualist. Milan: Genivs Loci. ISBN 978-88-903666-2-8.
  33. 1 2 Al Bayati, Basil (1993). Recent Works. London: Academy Editions/Ernst & Sohn. p. 60. ISBN 1-85490-170-2.
  34. ↑ Al Bayati, Basil (1988). Architect. London: Academy Editions/St. Martin's Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-85670-925-5.
  35. ↑ Al Bayati, Basil (1988). Architect. London: Academy Editions/St. Martin's Press. p. 182. ISBN 0-85670-925-5.
  36. 1 2 "Centre of Planning & Architectural Studies - Alam Al Benaa Magazine".
  37. ↑ "Arab Towns Organisation Architectural Award". Arrayah Newspaper. 22 October 1989. p. 4.
  38. ↑ "Arab British Chamber of Commerce".
  39. 1 2 Portoghesi, Paolo (1982). Architettura Nei Paesi Islamici: Seconda Mostra Internazionale di Architettura. London: Edizioni La Biennale di Venezia. ISBN 88-208-0302 X.
  40. ↑ Al Bayati - Function and Fantasy (No. 7/8 ed.). London: Architectural Design. August 1992.

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