Constitution of Bangladesh

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The Constitution of Bangladesh (Bengali: বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান Bangladesher Shongbidhan) is the supreme law of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. It was adopted on November 4, 1972. The constitution establishes a unitary state and a Westminster form of unicameral parliamentary democracy. It was originally written in English and was not translated into Bengali until 1987. Bangladesh's Constitution and all laws are now in both English and Bengali.[1]

The document's original drafters, notably Dr. Kamal Hossain, have called for major reforms to bring it in line with the 21st-century.[2]

Preamble

Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman signs the Constitution of Bangladesh into law on 16 December 1972

The preamble states the fundamental principles of the Bangladeshi republic, although it is not enforceable in a court of law.

Full text

We, the people of Bangladesh, having proclaimed our independence on the 26th day of March, 1971 and through a historic struggle for national liberation, established the independent, sovereign People's Republic of Bangladesh;

Pledging that the high ideals of nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism, which inspired our heroic people to dedicate themselves to, and our brave martyrs to sacrifice their lives in, the national liberation struggle, shall be the fundamental principles of the Constitution;

Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process a socialist society, free from exploitation a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedom, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens;

Affirming that it is our sacred duty to safeguard, protect and defend this Constitution and to maintain its supremacy as the embodiment of the will of the people of Bangladesh so that we may prosper in freedom and may make our full contribution towards international peace and co operation in keeping with the progressive aspirations of mankind;

In our Constituent Assembly, this eighteenth day of Kartick, 1379 B.S., corresponding to the fourth day of November, 1972 A.D., do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution.

Organs of the state

As per the constitution of the republic it comprises three basic organs:

  1. Legislative Branch
  2. Executive Branch
  3. Judicial Branch

Articles

The constitution of Bangladesh is divided into 11 parts, which are further subdivided into 153 articles.[3] In addition, there are 7 schedules.

Part I: The Republic

This section defines the nature of the country, its state religion and other national issues. According to it, Peoples Republic of Bangladesh is a unitary republic consisting of the territories of the former East Pakistan and also included territories (some enclaves exchanged with India). The state religion is Islam, but all other religions can be practised in peace and harmony. The state language is Bengali and the national anthem is the first ten lines of the song Amar Sonar Bangla. The national flag is a red circle on a green background. The national emblem is the national flower shapla (nympoea-nouchali) resting on water, having on each side and ear of paddy and being surmounted by three connected leaves of jute with two stars on each side of the leaves. This section also mandates that the portrait of prime minister must be displayed in all government, semi-government and autonomous offices. The capital of the country is Dhaka. The citizens are to be known as Bangladeshis.

Finally Part I asserts that all powers belong to the people and the constitution, being the supreme law of the country, will supersede any other laws and regulations.

Part II: Fundamental principles of state policy

This part describes the fundamental principles. The original 1972 constitution had 4 basic principles: Secularity, Nationalism, Democracy and Socialism (meaning economic and social justice for all). However, later amendments replaced Secularity with "Absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah shall be the basis of all actions."[4]

Part II's article 9, 10, and 11 declares the rights of the people. Article 9 provides guidelines for quotas for the underrepresented communities, women, and peasants. Article 10 states the equal rights of women. Article 11 states that Bangladesh would be a democracy, with guaranteed human rights. Article 13, 14, 15, and 16 deal with principal of ownership, emancipation of workers and peasants, provision of basic necessities, and rural development. Article 17 states that the basic education will be free and compulsory for all children until the age of 18. The remaining articles (18-25) provide various guarantees for public health and morality, equality of opportunity, work as a right and duty, duties of citizens and of public servants, separation of Judiciary from the executive, national culture, national monuments, and promotion of international peace, security and solidarity, respectively.

Amendments

As of 2015 the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh has been amended 16 times.

Summary of amendments:

First Amendment

The Constitution (First Amendment) Act 1973 was passed on 15 July 1973. It amended Article 47 of the Constitution by inserting an additional clause which allowed prosecution and punishment of any person accused of 'genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes and other crimes under international law'. A new Article 47A was also inserted, making certain fundamental rights inapplicabile in those cases.

Second Amendment

The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act 1973 was passed on 22 September 1973. This act: amended Articles 26, 63, 72 and 142 of the Constitution; replaced Article 33; and inserted a new part (Part IXA). Provision was made through this amendment for the suspension of certain fundamental rights of citizens during an emergency.

Third Amendment

The Constitution (Third Amendment) Act 1974 was enacted on 28 November 1974. This amendment altered Article 2 of the Constitution to give effect to an agreement between Bangladesh and India for the exchange of certain enclaves, and the fixing of boundary lines between the two countries.

Fourth Amendment

The Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act 1975 was passed on 25 January 1975. Major changes were brought into the Constitution by this amendment:

This Act:

Fifth Amendment

The Fifth Amendment Act was passed by the Jatiya Sangsad on 6 April 1979. This Act amended the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution by inserting a new paragraph 18. The effect of the amendment was that all amendments or repeals made in the Constitution from 15 August 1975 to 9 April 1979 (inclusive) by any proclamation or Proclamation Order of the Martial Law Authorities were deemed to have been validly made, and could not be called into question before any court or tribunal or other authority. (See also the Seventh Amendment.)

Sixth Amendment

The Sixth Amendment Act was enacted by the Jatiya Sangsad on 1 July 1981; it amended Articles 51 and 66 of the Constitution.

Seventh Amendment

The Seventh Amendment Act was passed on 11 November 1986. It amended Article 96 of the Constitution; it also amended the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution by inserting a new paragraph 19, which amongst other things provided that all proclamations, proclamation orders, Chief Martial Law Administrator's Orders, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders, Martial Law Instructions, ordinances and other laws made from 24 March 1982 to 11 November 1986 (inclusive) had been validly made, and could not be called into question before any court or tribunal or other authority. (See also the Fifth Amendment.)

Eighth Amendment

The Eighth Amendment Act was passed on 7 June 1988. It amended Articles 2, 3, 5, 30, and 100 of the Constitution. This Amendment:

The amendment of Article 100 was subsequently declared invalid by the Supreme Court, as it altered the basic structure of the constitution.

Ninth Amendment

The Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act 1989 was passed on 11 July 1989. This amendment provided for the direct election of the Vice-President; it restricted a person in holding the office of the President for two consecutive terms of five years each; and it provided that a Vice-President might be appointed in case of a vacancy in the office of President, but that such an appointment must be approved by the Jatiya Sangsad.

Tenth Amendment

The Tenth Amendment Act was enacted on 12 June 1990. Amongst other things, it amended Article 65 of the Constitution, providing for the reservation of thirty seats in the Jatiya Sangsad exclusively for women members. The reservation was to last for 10 years, with the members holding the reserved seats to be elected by the members of the Sangsad.

Eleventh Amendment

The Eleventh Amendment Act was passed on 6 August 1991. It amended the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution by adding a new paragraph 21, validating the appointment and oath as Vice President of Shahabuddin Ahmed (Chief Justice of Bangladesh), and the resignation tendered to him on 6 December 1990 by the then President Hussain M Ershad. This Act ratified, confirmed and validated all powers exercised, all laws and ordinances promulgated, all orders made and acts and things done, and actions and proceedings taken by the Vice President as acting President from 6 December 1990 to 9 October 1991 (when Abdur Rahman Biswas became President following his election). The Act also confirmed and made possible the return of Vice President Shahabuddin Ahmed to his previous office as Chief Justice of Bangladesh.

Twelfth Amendment

The Twelfth Amendment Act, passed on 6 August 1991 and approved by referendum in September, brought about a fundamental change to Bangladesh's constitutional arrangements. It amended Articles 48, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 70, 72, 109, 119, 124, 141A, and 142 of the Constitution with the following results:

Through the amendment of Article 59 this amendment also ensured the participation of the people's representatives in local government bodies, thus stabilising the base of democracy in the country.

Thirteenth Amendment

The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act 1996 was passed on 26 March 1996. It provided for a non-party caretaker government which, acting as an interim government, would give all possible aid and assistance to the Election Commission for holding the general election of members of the Jatiya Sangsad peacefully, fairly and impartially. The non-party caretaker government, comprising the Chief Adviser and not more than 10 other advisers, would be collectively responsible to the president and would stand dissolved on the date on which the Prime Minister entered upon his office after the constitution of the new Sangsad.[5]

Fourteenth Amendment

The Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 2004 was passed on 16 May 2004. This amendment amended several articles of the Constitution:

Fifteenth Amendment

This amendment primarily served to repeal aspects of the Fifth Amendment. Secularism in Bangladesh as prescribed in the constitution was never allowed to be practised after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League government. From November 1975 to 1977, when Bangladesh was under martial law, President and Chief Martial Law Administrator Lieutenant General Ziaur Rahman passed a presidential decree that removed the principle of secularism from the preamble of the constitution and set in "absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah". The decree was later legitimized by the second parliament of Bangladesh.

In February, 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court observed that parliament does not possess any authority to suspend the constitution and proclaim martial law and, hence, it cannot legitimize actions of martial law regimes. The judgment paved the way for restoring the original four fundamental principles declared in the preamble of the constitution, including secularism.[6][7]

The Supreme Court followed with a July 2010 ruling scrapping provisions which allowed political parties with a manifesto based on faith doctrine to flourish after 1979.[8] As part of a series of rulings following from the February Supreme Court ruling, on 4 October 2010 the High Court ruled that Bangladesh is a secular state.[9]

Sixteenth Amendment

Bangladesh Act No XIII of 2014 amended the Constitution of Bangladesh, empowering Parliament to impeach Supreme Court judges.[10][11] Part VI, chapter one, article 96, of the Bangladesh Constitution, which includes provisions on the tenure of office of the Supreme Court judges, now states:

  1. Subject to the other provisions of this article, a Judge shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-seven years.
  2. A Judge shall not be removed from his office except by an order of the President passed pursuant to a resolution of Parliament supported by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total number of members of Parliament, on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity.
  3. Parliament may by law regulate the procedure in relation to a resolution under clause (2) and for investigation and proof of the misbehavior or incapacity of a Judge.
  4. A Judge may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the President. (The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (2014), Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division website.)

Before the adoption of the Sixteenth Amendment, articles 96 (2) and (3) of the Bangladesh Constitution under Part VI included a provision on impeachment carried out by the Supreme Judicial Council instead of the Parliament. It stated:

  1. A judge shall not be removed from office except in accordance with the following provisions of this article.
  2. There shall be a Supreme Judicial Council, in this article referred to as the Council, which shall consist of the Chief Justice of Bangladesh, and two next senior judges. (The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (2013), Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division website.)

The Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs had proposed the legislation, now adopted as law, that suggested replacement of sections 2 through 8 of article 96 with the sections 2, 3, and 4. The draft amendment was passed with a 327-0 vote, based on the recommendation of the Parliamentary Standing Committee.

References

  1. ↑ "Bangladesh's Constitution in Bengali,Online on Bangladesh Government Website.".
  2. ↑ "On Realising Our Constitutional Dreams". Forum (The Daily Star). November 2010.
  3. ↑ "Bangladesh 1972 (reinst. 1986, rev. 2011)". Constitute. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  4. ↑ "Constitution of Bangladesh: Part II: Fundamental Principles of State Policy". Chief Adviser's Office. Prime Minister's Office. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014.
  5. ↑ Ahamed, Emajuddin (2012). "Constitutional Amendments". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  6. ↑ "SC dismisses pleas against 5th amendment verdict". The Daily Star. 2010-02-02. Archived from the original on 2011-06-23. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  7. ↑ "SC order restores principles of ’72 Constitution: Shafique". The Daily Star. 2010-02-02. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  8. ↑ Alam, Shafiq (2010-07-29). "Bangladesh court bans religion in politics". Google News. Agence France-Presse (AFP). Archived from the original on 2013-05-16. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  9. ↑ "Secularism is back in Bangladesh, rules High Court". Deccan Herald. 2010-10-05.
  10. ↑ http://www.loc.gov/lawweb/servlet/lloc_news?disp3_l205404192_text
  11. ↑ Mahbub, Sumon; Chowdhury, Moinul Hoque; Shahidul, Islam; Haque, Sajidul (17 September 2014). "16th Amendment passed to restore Parliament’s power to sack judges". bdnews24.com.

External links

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