Finnic languages

Finnic
Fennic Baltic Finnic
Ethnicity:	Baltic Finns
Geographic distribution:	Northern Fennoscandia, Baltic states, Northwestern Russia
Linguistic classification:	Uralic Finnic
Proto-language:	Proto-Finnic
Subdivisions:	Finnish Karelian Ludic Veps Ingrian Votic Estonian Livonian
Glottolog:	finn1317[1]

The Finnic (Fennic) or Baltic Finnic (Balto-Finnic, Balto-Fennic) languages^{[nb 1]} are a branch of the Uralic language family spoken around the Baltic Sea by about 7 million people.

Traditionally eight Finnic languages have been recognized.^[7] The major modern representatives of the family are Finnish and Estonian, the official languages of their respective nation states.^[8] The other Finnic languages in the Baltic Sea region are Ingrian and Votic, spoken in Ingria by the Gulf of Finland; and Livonian, once spoken around Gulf of Riga. Spoken farther northeast are Karelian, Ludian and Veps, in the region of Lakes Onega and Ladoga. In addition, since the 1990s, several Finnic-speaking minority groups have emerged to seek of recognition as distinct languages, and have established separate literary standard languages.^[7] Northern Karelian, Tver Karelian and Livvi represent the three main dialect groups of Karelian, which earlier had been an unwritten language. Võro and Seto (modern descendants of historical South Estonian) are spoken in southeastern Estonia, and have been earlier considered dialects of Estonian. Meänkieli and Kven are spoken in northern Sweden and Norway, and have the legal status of independent languages. They have been earlier considered dialects of Finnish, and remain mutually intelligible with Finnish.

The smaller languages are endangered. The last native speaker of Livonian died in 2013, and only about a dozen native speakers of Votic remain. Regardless, even for these languages, the shaping of a standard language and education in it continues.^[9]

The geographic centre of the maximum divergence between the languages is located south of the Gulf of Finland.

Classification

The Finnic languages are located at the western end of the Uralic language family. A close affinity to their northern neighbors, the Samic languages has for long been assumed, though many of the similarities (particularly lexical ones) can be shown to result from common influence from the Germanic and, to a lesser extent, the Baltic languages. Innovations are also found between Finnic and the Mordvinic languages, and in recent times these three groups are frequently considered together.

General characteristics

There is no grammatical gender in Finnic languages, nor are there articles nor definite or indefinite forms.^[10]

The morphophonology (the way the grammatical function of a morpheme affects its production) is complex. One of the more important processes is the characteristic consonant gradation. Two kinds of gradation occur: the radical and suffix gradation, which affect the plosives /k/, /t/ and /p/.^[10] This is a lenition process, where the consonant is changed into a "weaker" form with some (but not all) oblique cases. For geminates, the process is simple to describe: they become simple stops, e.g. kuppi + -n → kupin (Finnish: "cup"). For simple consonants, the process complicates immensely and the results vary by the environment. For example, haka +-n → haan, kyky + -n → kyvyn, järki + -n → järjen (Finnish: "pasture", "ability", "intellect"). (See the separate article for more details.) Vowel harmony (lost in Livonian, generally also in Estonian and Veps) is also an important process. Historically, the "erosion" of word-final sounds (strongest in Livonian, Võro and Estonian) may leave a phonemic status to the morphophonological variations caused by the agglutination of the lost suffixes, which results in three phonemic lengths in these languages.

The original Uralic palatalization was lost in proto-Finnic,^[11] but most of the diverging dialects reacquired it. Palatalization is a part of the Estonian literary language and is an essential feature in Võro, as well as Veps, Karelian, and other eastern Finnic languages. It is also found in East Finnish dialects, and is only missing from West Finnish dialects and Standard Finnish.^[10]

A special characteristic of the languages is the large number of diphthongs. There are 16 diphthongs in Finnish and 25 in Estonian; at the same time the frequency is greater in Finnish than in Estonian.^[10]

There are 14 noun cases in Estonian and 15 in Finnish, which are denoted by adding a suffix.

Subgrouping

The Finnic languages form a complex dialect continuum with few clear-cut boundaries. Innovations have often spread through a variety of areas, even after variety-specific changes. Scholars differ to some extent on the classification of the different Finnic languages.

The following grouping of the living Finnic languages follows Sammallahti (1977),.^[12]

• Finnic
  • Livonian (†)
  • Estonian
    • North Estonian
    • South Estonian
  • Finnish)
    • Southwestern Finnish
    • Western Finnish
    • Savo Finnish
  • Ingrian
  • Karelian
    • Olonets Karelian
    • Ludic
  • Votic
  • Veps

Viitso (1998) gives the same languages, but builds on Itkonen (1980) to further group them into four groups based on northern-southern and western-eastern distinction.

• Finnic
  • Northwestern Finnic
    • Western Finnish
  • Northeastern Finnic
    • East Finnish
    • Karelian
    • Veps
    • Ingrian
  • (Southeastern Finnic)
    • (Tver Karelian (†))
  • Southwestern Finnish
    • Estonian
    • Votic
    • Livonian (†)

Viitso (2000)^[13] surveys 59 isoglosses separating the family into 58 dialect areas (finer division is possible), finding that an unambiguous perimeter can be set up only for South Estonian, Livonian, Votic, and Veps. In particular, no isogloss exactly coincides with the geographical division into 'Estonian' south of the Bay of Finland and 'Finnish' north of it. Despite this, standard Finnish and Estonian are not mutually intelligible.

Salminen (2003) present the following list of Finnic languages and their respective number of speakers.

List of Finnic innovations

These features distinguish Finnic languages from other Uralic families:

Sound changes^[11][14]

• Development of long vowels and various diphthongs from loss of word-medial consonants such as *x, *j, *w, *ŋ.
  • Before a consonant, the Uralic "laryngeal" *x posited on some reconstructions yielded long vowels at an early stage (e.g. *tuxli 'wind' > tuuli), but only the Finnic branch clearly preserves these as such. Later, the same process occurred also between vowels (e.g. *mëxi 'land' > maa).
  • Semivowels *j, *w were usually lost when a root ended in *i and contained a preceding front (in the case of *j, e.g. *täji 'tick' > täi) or rounded vowel (in the case of *w, e.g. *suwi 'mouth' > suu).
  • The velar nasal *ŋ was vocalized everywhere except before *k, leading to its elimination as a phoneme. Depending on the position, the results included semivowels (e.g. *joŋsi 'bow' > jousi, *suŋi 'summer'> suvi) and full vocalization (e.g. *jäŋi 'ice' > jää, *müŋä 'backside' > Estonian möö-, Finnish myö-).
• The development of an alternation between word-final *i and word-internal *e, from a Proto-Uralic second syllable vowel variously reconstructed as *i (as used in this article), *e or *ə.
• Elimination of all Proto-Uralic palatalization contrasts: *ć, *δ́, *ń, *ś > *c, *δ, *n, *s.
• Elimination of the affricate *č, merging with *š or *t, and the spirant *δ, merging with *t (e.g. *muδ́a 'earth' > muta). See below, however, on treatment of *čk.
• Assibilation of *t (from any source) to *c [t͡s] before *i. This later developed to /s/ widely: hence e.g. *weti 'water' > Estonian and Finnish vesi (cf. retained /t/ in the partitive *wet-tä > Estonian vett, Finnish vettä).
• Consonant gradation, most often for stops, but also found for some other consonants.
• A development *š > h, which, however, postdated the separation of South Estonian.

Superstrate influence of the neighboring Indo-European language groups (Baltic and Germanic) has been proposed as an explanation for a majority of these changes, though for most of the phonetical details the case is not particularly strong.^[15]

Grammatical changes

• Agreement of the attributes with the noun, e.g. in Finnish vanho·i·lle mieh·i·lle "to old men" the plural -i- and the case -lle is added also to the adjective.
• Use of a copula verb like on, e.g. mies on vanha "the man is old".
• Grammatical tenses analogous to Germanic tenses, i.e. the system with present, past, perfect and pluperfect tenses.
• The shift of the proto-Uralic locative *-nA and the ablative *-tA into new, cross-linguistically uncommon functions: the former becoming the essive case, the latter the partitive case.
  • This resulted in the rise of the telicity contrast of the object, which must be in the accusative case or partitive case.
• The rise of two new series of locative cases, the "inner locative" series marked by an element *-s-, and the "outer locative" marked by an element *-l-.
  • The inessive *-ssA and the adessive *-llA were based on the original Uralic locative *-nA, with the *n assimilated to the preceding consonant.
  • The elative *-stA and the ablative *-ltA similarly continue the original Uralic ablative *-tA.
  • The origin of the illative *-sen and the allative *-len is less clear. These have also
  • The element *-s- in the first series has parallels across the other more western Uralic languages, sometimes resulting in formally identical case endings (e.g. an elative ending *-stē ← *-s-tA is found in the Samic languages, and *-stə ← *s-tA in the Mordvinic languages), though its original function is unclear.
  • The *-l- in the 2nd series likely originates by way of affixation and grammaticalization of the root *ülä- "above, upper" (cf. the prepositions *üllä ← *ül-nä "above", *ültä "from above").

See also

• Proto-Finnic language
• Birch bark letter no. 292

Notes

References

Further reading

• Dahl, Ö.; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, M., eds. (2001), The Circum-Baltic languages. Typology and Contact. Volume I: Past and Present, Amsterdam: John Benjamins 
• Laakso, Johanna, ed. (2000), Facing Finnic. Some challenges to historical and contact linguistics, Castrenianumin toimitteita 59, Helsinki: Helsingin yliopisto 
• Kettunen, Lauri (1960), Suomen lähisukukielten luonteenomaiset piirteet, Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 119 
• Setälä, E. N. (1891–1937), Yhteissuomalainen äännehistoria, Helsinki 
• Viitso, Tiit-Rein (1998), "Fennic", in Abondolo, Daniel, Uralic languages, Routledge 

External links

• Tapani Salminen. Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies.
• Lexicon of Early Indo-European Loanwords Preserved in Finnish
• Swadesh list for Finnic languages (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)