Ballpoint pen artwork

James Mylne (UK), Polo Pony 1 (2008) ballpoint pen on paper.
Spirograph, originally marketed as a "creative children's toy" in the 1960s, provided colored ballpoint pens as part of its package.

Since their invention and subsequent proliferation in the mid-20th Century, ballpoint pens have proven to be a versatile art medium for professional artists as well as amateur doodlers.[1] Ballpoint pen artwork created over the years have been favorably compared to art created using traditional art mediums. Low cost, availability, and portability are cited by practitioners as qualities which make this common writing tool a convenient, alternative art supply.[2]

Ballpoint pen enthusiasts find the pens particularly handy for quick sketch work. Some artists use them within mixed-media works, while others use them solely as their medium-of-choice.[3] The medium is not without limitations; color availability and sensitivity of ink to light are among concerns of ballpoint pen artists.[4] The internet now provides a broad forum for artists to promote their own ballpoint creations, and since its inception ballpoint pen art websites have flourished, showcasing the artwork and offering information of the usage of ballpoint pens as an art medium.

Origins and proliferation as art medium

An early example of the creative prospects with which ballpoint pens are connected, the popular Spirograph included colored ballpoints (black, blue, red, green) as part of its boxed set.[5] The holes positioned on a Spirograph's "gears" were, at that time, reportedly sized to accommodate tips of the fine-point pens provided.[5] The mass-marketing of Spirograph in America, ballpoints included, coincided with the advent of 1960s psychedelic culture.[6]

Artists now professionally employing ballpoint pens often cite classroom boredom as a factor allowing them to explore the writing instrument's creative applications.[7] A mainstay of school-supply lists, students use their ballpoints to doodle onto folders, desks, and blue jeans — even onto each other. Artistic aspirations aside, the average person may pick up a pen during lengthy telephone calls, consciously-or-not scribbling Hitler mustaches and black-eyes onto magazine photos of politicians or models; artist Jean Dubuffet has admitted to having realized the potential of ballpoint pens in this manner.[8] Ballpoint artist Lennie Mace has stated that he learned the basics of anatomy and perspective in his youth by tracing over newspaper photos in ballpoint pen, a practice which evolved into his Media Graffiti embellishments of print-ads.[7]

Ballpoint pen artwork has gained increasing interest in the 21st century. Ballpoint artists and their creations are sometimes portrayed in the media as oddities,[2][9] but some receive serious media consideration and are exhibited in prestigious galleries and museums worldwide.[1][10] Proponents of ballpoint pens as an art medium independently regard (growing) interest in ballpoint pen art as a "movement",[11][12] but it has yet to be recognized as such within established art circles. Nonetheless, creative application of ballpoint pens has taken as many directions as any formally recognized art movement; photorealist portraiture and still-life,[13] imaginative scenarios and surrealistic landscapes,[14][15] and minimalist abstractions[1] are among the forms in which ballpoint artwork has been presented.

Notable ballpoint pen artists

Lennie Mace (USA), Uchuu Neko Parade ballpoint "PENting" (2005) ballpoint pen and hardware on paper.

Some of the most famous artists of the 20th century have utilized ballpoint pens to some extent during their careers. Andy Warhol and Alberto Giacometti both used ballpoints within their artwork in the 1950s.[16][17] Cy Twombly exhibited small ballpoint drawings in the 1970s.[18] A ballpoint pen doodle of a shark drawn in 1991 by British artist Damien Hirst sold for £4,664 (US$ ?) at a London auction in 2012.[19][20] Ladislao Biro himself utilized his own invention creatively; a 2005 mechanical engineering exhibition in Argentina, focussing on the invention of the ballpoint pen, included in its brochure a ballpoint pen drawing titled "Waiting" credited to Biro.[21] The following contemporary artists have gained recognition for their specific use of ballpoint pens; for their technical proficiency, imagination and innovation.

Korean artist Il Lee, living in America, has been creating large-scale ballpoint-only abstract artwork on paper since the early 1980s (see gallery below).[22] Lee also creates artwork in a similar vein using ballpoints or acrylic paint on canvas.[1]

American artist Lennie Mace, living in Japan, creates imaginative artwork of varying content and complexity applied to unconventional surfaces including wood and denim.[23] Mace started his professional career as an illustrator in the mid-1980s and began exhibiting in 1990,[15] always using only ballpoint pens. He coined terms such as "PENtings" (shown at right) and "Media Graffiti" in reference to his diverse usage of ballpoint pens.[10]

British artist James Mylne, based in London, has been creating photo-realistic artwork since the mid-1990s using black ballpoint pens (shown at top). Since 2014, Mylne's output has expanded to include works which display more personal views and interests in complex, mixed-media arrangements.[24][25]

Juan Francisco Casas, a photorealist painter from Spain, attracted "viral" internet attention in 2006 with his photorealist ballpoint artwork. Casas duplicates selfie photographs of females in various states of undress, utilizing only blue pens, sometimes at large dimensions.[13][26]

Toyin Odutola, Lonely Chambers, O.T. (2011) ballpoint pen and magic marker on paper.

In America, Shane McAdams employs a method unique among his ballpoint peers; since the mid-2000s Mcadams has become known for his abstract "pen blow" artworks,[27] using a process in which he removes the ballpoint pen nibs and blows the ink through the reservoir, as blowing through a straw.[28]

Serhiy Kolyada's politically infused ballpoint pen drawings have left him virtually ignored by galleries in his home country of Ukraine. Publicity comes mostly through English language media and a majority of sales to foreign clients via private viewings and online galleries.[29] Kolyada works in black ballpoint, using other mediums and collage occasionally to add color (see gallery below).[30]

A further number of artists worldwide also employ ballpoint pens as part of their output. Nigerian-born Toyin Odutola's mixed-media ballpoint pen artwork has attracted attention via American exhibitions (shown at right).[31] Brazilian street artist Claudio Ethos often sketches his concepts in ballpoint pen before spray-painting the images onto walls or canvas, and includes them in exhibitions.[32] Japanese artist Shohei's ballpoint pen and magic marker illustrations since 2008 continue to occasionally receive media attention.[33] Samuel Silva, a lawyer from Portugal who draws as a "hobby," attracted "viral" internet attention in 2012 for his photorealist ballpoint drawings which utilize a wide range of available ballpoint ink colors.[34]

Corporate acknowledgement

Although there are no known accounts of official sponsorship, ballpoint pen companies have shown support to artists using their products. Lennie Mace in 1993 created a color replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa (see gallery below) for the Pilot pen company, using only Pilot pens.[10] British artist James Mylne created a replica of Vermeer’s Girl With a Pearl Earring in 2010 using only BIC pens, as part of a campaign organized by that company.[35] Pilot Guatemala used the ballpoint artwork of Nathan Lorenzana on the back cover of a 2013 products catalogue, and Pilot Japan in 2015 used the ballpoint illustrations of Asuka Satow to decorate stationary products produced by the company.[36]

Technique, merits and limitations

Ballpoint pens require little or no preparation. The immediacy allowed by ballpoints makes the pens ideal for quick sketches, convenient while traveling,[37] and appealing to artists for whom sudden creative urges cannot be side-tracked by logistics or lengthy preparation time.[38] For artists whose interests necessitate precision line-work, ballpoints are an obvious attraction; ballpoint pens allow for sharp lines not as effectively executed using a brush.[10] Aside from standard ball-point sizes of fine or medium, the points of some pens are manufactured at multiple point-sizes —some in series with point-sizes ranging from 0.5 to 1.6mm— allowing for broader applications.[39]

Effects not generally associated with ballpoint pens can be achieved.[38] Traditional pen-and-ink techniques such as stippling and cross-hatching can be used to create half-tones[40] or the illusion of form and volume.[41] Skillful integration of existing colors can create an illusion of colors which do not actually exist.[34] Finely applied, the resulting imagery has been mistaken for airbrushed artwork[42] and photography,[24] causing a reaction of disbelief which artist Lennie Mace refers to as the "Wow Factor".[10][42] Watercolor washes are applied by some artists in conjunction with the pen-work. Directly mixed on the drawing surface, watercolor causes the ballpoint ink to bleed, creating additional effects.[3]

Pentel R.S.V.P. ballpoint pen series, which includes pink and purple inks.

Using ballpoint pens to create artwork poses various concerns for the artist. Ballpoints are not known for providing many color options;[38] standard black, blue, red and green inks are the most common colors available. Cigar-sized pens containing up to ten colors have also been manufactured,[43] although both ink-composition and mechanical quality of such pens for creating artwork may be questionable.[4]

Because of a reliance on gravity to coat the ball with ink, ballpoint pens must be held upright in order to properly dispense the ink; with the exception of Space Pens, ballpoints cannot be used to write upside down.[44] Additionally, "blobbing" of ink on the drawing surface and "skipping" of ink-flow require consideration when using ballpoint pens for artistic purposes.[3]

Errors and ink fading

Mistakes pose greater risks to ballpoint artists; once a line is drawn, it generally cannot be erased.[10] Ballpoint artists may consider this irreversibility somewhat unnerving,[13] but some face the challenge as a test of skill.[10] Ballpoint artist James Mylne has described the required level of focus as meditative.[40] Pens with erasers and erasable ink have been manufactured, but only in black and blue inks, and with very different characteristics than normal inks.[44]

Although the mechanics of ballpoint pens remain relatively unchanged, ink composition has evolved to solve certain problems over the years, resulting in unpredictable sensitivity to light.[4] Standard ballpoint pen inks have been said to be manufactured as both oil-based pigments[45] and organic dyes.[4] Drawings created using dye-based inks are very sensitive to light, some colors more than others.[4] In the past, UV glass has been recommended to protect from ultraviolet rays, but this hasn't been proven to guarantee stability of the ink.[4] Photographing or scanning artwork is recommended for artists wishing to permanently record the ballpoint originals, from which archival prints can be made at any time.[46]

Jack Dillhunt, Summertime is Over (2007, USA) ballpoint pen on canvas.

Other incarnations

Ballpoint pen artwork is sometimes associated with Folk art. Using ballpoints to create artwork fits with the non-conformist tendencies of self-taught, so-called outsider artists.[47] Also commonly referred to as Art Brut, artists falling into this category tend to pride themselves in their unconventional methods. In America, Jack Dillhunt uses full bedsheets to create his ballpoint drawings "because (he) couldn't find paper big enough," earning him the nickname "sheetman" (shown at right).[47] William Adkins uses ballpoints to draw intricate devices with imagined uses.[48] Alighiero Boetti, part of a generation of Italian artists which in the 1970s came to be known as Arte Povera, has used ballpoint pens in various ways throughout his career, particularly his later calligraphic pen-works.[49]

Ballpoint pens are among the various means of creating body art, as temporary tattoos for recreational, decorative and commercial purposes.[50] Ink is applied directly to skin in a manner similar to that of an actual tattoo gun, except that a ballpoint pen tattoo is temporary; it can be washed off at the wearer’s discretion, or left to fade at its own natural rate (see gallery below). This can be an attraction for people who may not care for a permanent tattoo, but nonetheless enjoy the imagery.

Professional tattoo artists are known to also use ballpoints to create artwork on surfaces other than skin, useful as "flash-art" tattoo samples for display in tattoo parlors.[51] Using ballpoint pens to create artwork is also common among prison inmates, which have been showcased in magazine articles and gallery exhibitions.[52] Separately, inmates have been known to modify ballpoint pen components into tattoo guns for use while incarcerated.[53]

Canada-based designer Philippe Malouin in 2012 incorporated ballpoint pen technology into the legs of his original stool design. Ink is held within all four legs, with casters designed to disperse the ink as the chair is rolled. Malouin experimented with various combinations of ball points and ink viscosities before arriving at a design which would support the weight of a person while allowing ink to flow in the same manner as a ballpoint pen.[54]

Lennie Mace ballpoint body art (temporary tattoo) 2006, Tokyo.

Notable ballpoint pen art exhibitions

Prominent exhibitions specifically showcasing ballpoint pen artwork occur intermittently.

The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield, Connecticut, opened the Ballpoint Pen Drawing Since 1950 exhibition in March, 2013, under the banner of their "Extreme Drawing" series. Il Lee and Toyin Odutola were among the artists presented. The exhibition was reviewed by The New York Times as a "provisional study rather than a fully realized project".[17]

Cinders Gallery in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, held the group exhibition "These Bagels are Gnarly" in 2007, featuring only ballpoint pen drawing. A large number of artists, none particularly associated with the medium, were provided with a blue ballpoint pen and a sheet of letter-sized paper to create artwork for the exhibition. Juxtapoz art magazine commented that participating artists, using the common ballpoint pen, seemed to "gravitate back to a time before it all became so serious".[55]

Lennie Mace in 1999 toured America with his 365DAZE exhibition. For this project Mace spent the full year of 1998 driving around the United States, doing a drawing-per-day, embellishing in ballpoint pen whatever found-media he came across in whatever part of the country through which he happened to be traveling. He then spent 1999 touring with selections of completed artwork, holding solo exhibitions in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. So-called "Media Graffiti" from 365DAZE have also been exhibited as part of group exhibitions in Chicago, Detroit, Tampa and Miami, and a number are on permanent display at the Lennie Mace VIEWseum in Tokyo.[10] The exhibition garnered national exposure, noted as well for being a "time capsule" of the year in media.[7][56][57][58][59]

Gallery of ballpoint pen artwork

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Genocchio, Benjamin (August 10, 2007). "To See the World in Ballpoint Pen". The New York Times (Manhattan, New York, USA: Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.). ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved June 2012.
  2. 1 2 Attewill, Fred (September 29, 2011). "Artist wins £6,000 art prize after using 3p ballpoint pens from Tesco". Metro (Kensington, London, England: Associated Newspapers Ltd). ISSN 1469-6215. OCLC 225917520. Retrieved July 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 Johnson, Cathy (2010). Watercolor tricks & techniques: 75 new and classic painting secrets (illustrated, revised ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: North Light Books. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-60061-308-1. OCLC 299713330. Retrieved July 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Holben Ellis, Margaret (1995). The care of prints and drawings (reprint, illustrated ed.). Lanham, Maryland, USA: Rowman Altamira. pp. 101–103. ISBN 9780761991366. OCLC 33404294. Retrieved July 2012.
  5. 1 2 Alden P. Armagnac (September 1967). "Gears Within Gears Draw Fantastic Ornaments". Popular Science (Winter Park, Florida, USA: Bonnier Corporation): 72–74. ISSN 0161-7370. OCLC 488612811. Retrieved July 2012.
  6. ↑ Walsh, Tim (2005). Timeless Toys: Classic Toys And the Playmakers Who Created Them (illustrated, reprint ed.). Kansas City, Missouri, USA,: Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 208. ISBN 0-7407-5571-4. OCLC 60590126. Retrieved July 2012.
  7. 1 2 3 Lebron, Orlando (1998). "Media Graffiti". Juxtapoz Art & Culture Magazine (San Francisco, California, USA: High Speed Productions) 17 (Winter, 1998). ISSN 1077-8411. OCLC 30889397. Retrieved May 2012.
  8. ↑ Wheeler, Daniel (1991). Art Since Mid-Century: 1945 to the present (illustrated ed.). New York City, New York, USA: Vendome Press. p. 85. ISBN 9780865650831. OCLC 246873240. Retrieved July 2012.
  9. ↑ Parry, Ross (August 26, 2008). "Ballpoint pen artist nicknamed Bicasso". The Daily Telegraph (London, England: Telegraph Media Group). ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Retrieved June 2012.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Liddell, C.B. (April 3, 2002). "The hair-raising art of Lennie Mace; Lennie Mace Museum". The Japan Times (Tokyo, Japan: Toshiaki Ogasawara). ISSN 0447-5763. OCLC 21225620. Retrieved May 2012.
  11. ↑ Stith, Jerry (November 10, 2010). "Ball Point Pen Art leadership: by Jerry Stith". BallPoint Pen Art International. Jerry Stith. Retrieved June 2012.
  12. ↑ James Mylne (n.d.). "movement occurring". birodrawing.co.uk. Retrieved May 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 staff (February 2, 2008). "Simply birolliant - the incredible 10ft 'photographs' drawn with a ballpoint pen". Daily Mail (England: Associated Newspapers Ltd). ISSN 0307-7578. OCLC 16310567. Retrieved June 2012.
  14. ↑ Vobis, Anneliese (October 5, 2012). "Lennie Mace: Pen Pal at 111 Minna Gallery". exhibition review. Retrieved February 2013.
  15. 1 2 Strausbaugh, John (20–26 October 1993). Portwood, Jerry, ed. "superfine, surrealistic ballpoint pen drawings". New York Press (Weekly) (Manhattan, New York, USA: Tom Allon) 6 (42): 43 Calendar. ISSN 1538-1412. OCLC 23806626.
  16. ↑ Warhol, Andy; Slovak, Richard; Hunt, Timothy (2007). Warhol Polaroid Portraits. New York City, New York, USA: McCaffrey Fine Art. pp. intro. ISBN 9780979048418. OCLC 420821909. Retrieved July 2012.
  17. 1 2 Schwendener, Martha (April 5, 2013). "Drawing Evolves, Testing Its Boundaries". A Review of 'Extreme Drawing' at the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum. The New York Times Company. Retrieved April 2013.
  18. ↑ Auping, Michael (2002). Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth 110 (illustrated ed.). London, England: Third Millenium Information Ltd. p. 230. ISBN 9781903942147. OCLC 314140064. Retrieved July 2012.
  19. ↑ "Damien Hirst Doodle Fetches L4,700". shark doodle. Telegraph Media Group Ltd. March 28, 2012. Retrieved May 2013.
  20. ↑ "Damien Hirst Shark Doodle Sells For L4,500". shark doodle. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. 2012-03-28. Retrieved May 2013.
  21. ↑ ""Waiting" ballpoint pen drawing credited to Ladislao Jose Biro" (PDF). pen exhibition brochure. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Sep 29, 2005. Retrieved May 2013.
  22. ↑ DeBevoise, Jane (Feb 9, 2011). "Conversation with Il Lee". interview with artist. Asia Art Archive. Retrieved Jan 2013.
  23. ↑ Voynovskaya, Nastia (October 24, 2012). "Lennie Mace's Pen Pal at 111 Minna". exhibition review. Retrieved February 2013.
  24. 1 2 Garnham, Emily (April 16, 2010). "Biro artist recreates Girl With A Pearl Earring masterpiece". Daily Express (London, England: Northern and Shell Media). OCLC 173337077. Retrieved June 2012.
  25. ↑ Lebron, Orlando (March 30, 2015). "Growing Pens". Pen Name feature article. The Ballpointer / Mahozawari Unlimited. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
  26. ↑ Neufeld, Bruce (April 1, 2015). "Note To Selfie". thINK column. The Ballpointer / Mahozawari Unlimited. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  27. ↑ Tasarra-Twigg, Noemi (Dec 7, 2011). "Shane McAdams". Pen Blow. Splashpress Media. Retrieved May 2013.
  28. ↑ "Shane McAdams". ballpoint pen paintings. design boom.com. Retrieved May 2013.
  29. ↑ Albert, Jay (September 7, 2006). "Virtuoso of the Biro". The Ukraine Observer (Kiev, Ukraine: Issue #74). pp. 26–27. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
  30. ↑ Savchenko, Oksana (June 14, 2006). "Contemporary art; Depictions of demons and demagogues". Kyiv Weekly (Kiev, Ukraine: Evolution Media Ltd.). p. 15. Retrieved Sep 2013.
  31. ↑ staff, uncredited (July 31, 2012). "Toyun Odutola". Illustration. High Speed Productions, Inc. Retrieved May 2013.
  32. ↑ Scott, Gabe (July 17, 2009). "Claudio Ethos". Exclusive Feature. High Speed Productions, Inc. Retrieved May 2013.
  33. ↑ "Shohei ballpoint pen illustrations". Volume 20. Hi-Fructose. June 16, 2011. Retrieved May 2013.
  34. 1 2 staff writer, uncredited (Sep 6, 2012). "Ballpoint Pen Or Photograph?". Believe It or Not. Ripley Entertainment Inc. Retrieved March 2013.
  35. ↑ Battle, Bella (January 12, 2011). "Biro art is simply ink-redible". The Sun (London, England: News International). ISSN 0307-2681. OCLC 723661694. Retrieved June 2012.
  36. ↑ Bell, Ronald (July 5, 2015). "Ballpoint Brief, Co Pilot". The Ballpointer. Mahozawari Unlimited. Retrieved December 2015.
  37. ↑ Schnabel, Julian; Zutter, Jörg; Adams, Brooks; Kuspit, Donald Burton (1990). Julian Schnabel: works on paper 1975-1988 (illustrated ed.). Munich, Germany: Prestel Verlag. pp. 19, 107. ISBN 9783791310619. OCLC 260170099. Retrieved July 2012.
  38. 1 2 3 Small, Suzy (August 19, 2005). "Ai Candy; exhibition preview". Tokyo Weekender (Tokyo, Japan: BC Media Group) 2 (15): 16. Retrieved May 2012.
  39. ↑ "Pilot oil-based ballpoint pen listing". Super Grip pen point-size varieties. pilot.co.jp. Retrieved June 2012.
  40. 1 2 Mylne, James (2010). "About Ballpoints, & Using Them in Art". Biro Drawing.co.uk. James R. Mylne. Retrieved June 2012.
  41. ↑ Tizon, Natalia (2007). Art of Sketching (illustrated ed.). New York City, New York, USA: Sterling Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 9781402744235. OCLC 76951111. Retrieved July 2012.
  42. 1 2 Liddell, C.B. (Jan 2002). "Getting the ball rolling in harajuku". Tokyo Journal (Tokyo, Japan: Nexxus Communications K.K.) 21 (241): 36–37. ISSN 0289-811X. OCLC 13995159.
  43. ↑ "Spirograph Multicolor Pens". 10-in-1 colored pens. Tarzana, California, USA: Sound Feelings Publishing. 2012. Retrieved July 2012.
  44. 1 2 Russell-Ausley, Melissa (2011). "How Ballpoint Pens Work, Unusual Ballpoints". HowStuffWorks. Discovery Communications. Retrieved June 2012.
  45. ↑ Russell-Ausley, Melissa (2011). "How Ballpoint Pens Work, The Ink". HowStuffWorks. Discovery Communications. Retrieved June 2012.
  46. ↑ South, Helen (2005). The everything drawing book: from basic shapes to people and animals, step-by-step instructions to get you started (illustrated ed.). Avon, Massachusetts, USA: Adams Media. p. 8. ISBN 9781593372132. OCLC 56214158. Retrieved July 2012.
  47. 1 2 Krug, Don; Parker, Ann (2005). Miracles Of The Spirit: Folk, Art, And Stories From Wisconsin (illustrated ed.). Jackson, Mississippi, USA: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 23–26. ISBN 9781578067534. OCLC 57669823. Retrieved July 2012.
  48. ↑ Cubbs, Joanne; Roscoe Hartigan, Lynda; Mitchell Crawley, Susan (2001). Let It Shine: Self-Taught Art from the T. Marshall Hahn Collection (illustrated ed.). Jackson, Mississippi, USA: University Press of Mississippi. p. 64. ISBN 9781578063635. OCLC 47093070. Retrieved July 2012.
  49. ↑ Boetti, Alighiero; Boetti, Alighiero; Morsiani, Paola; Schwabsky, Barry; Oliva, Achille Bonito (2002). When 1 is 2: the art of Alighiero e Boetti (illustrated ed.). Contemporary Arts Museum. ISBN 9780936080758. OCLC 50903607. Retrieved July 2012.
  50. ↑ Vinther, Janus (2003). Special Effects Make-up. London, UK: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. p. 54. ISBN 0713667478. Retrieved June 2012.
  51. ↑ Joseph, Lee (February 28, 2012). "The Ballpoint and Wood Art of Dave Warshaw". feature article. Brunswick North, Australia: beinArt Publishing. Retrieved June 2012.
  52. ↑ staff, uncredited (Oct 18, 2012). "Stunning Ballpoint Pen Art". Kenneth Lee Flannery. JazJaz. Retrieved March 2013.
  53. ↑ Fedorak, Shirley A. (2009). Pop Culture: The Culture of Everyday Life. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press. pp. 77, 78. ISBN 978-1-4426-0124-6. OCLC 731516372. Retrieved July 2012.
  54. ↑ "The Ballpoint Stool". High Speed Productions, Inc. April 10, 2012. Retrieved May 2013.
  55. ↑ "These Bagels Are Gnarly". Cinders Gallery. High Speed Productions, Inc. Jan 22, 2007. Retrieved May 2013.
  56. ↑ Mace, Lennie (1999). "365DAZE press page". itscom.net. Retrieved June 2012.
  57. ↑ Brenneman, Christine (May 10, 1999). "365DAZE". S.F. Metropolitan (San Francisco, CA, USA). Retrieved January 2013.
  58. ↑ Powell, Sterling (May 25–31, 2000). "Scenes; Lennie Mace at Flux Gallery, St. Petersberg". Weekly Planet (Tampa, FL: Vol. 13 No. 9).
  59. ↑ Marthell, Vivian (April 18, 2002). "Lust for Erotic Life". Media Graffiti/365DAZE artwork in group exhib. miaminewtimes.com. Retrieved May 2012.

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