Spark arrestor

Centrifugal type spark arrestor

A spark arrestor is any device which prevents the emission of flammable debris from combustion sources, such as internal combustion engines, fireplaces, and wood burning stoves.

Spark arrestors play a critical role in the prevention of wildland fire and ignition of explosive atmospheres. As such, their use is required by law in many jurisdictions worldwide.

Applications

Engines

Steam

Internal spark arrestor mesh on a model steam locomotive

Large spark-arresting chimney on an American locomotive

Spark arrestors for steam locomotives may be internal (in the form of wire mesh inside the smokebox) or external. The earliest platforms for spark arrestors in the United States were steam locomotives. Wood and coal-burning locomotives produce embers which are readily transported by the wind. One popular design was the Radley-Hunter spark arrestor, which used a spiral-shaped cone to separate embers from the exhaust flow by centrifugal force.^[1]

The problem of equipment-started fires continued into the 20th century. University of California, Berkeley researchers J.P. Fairbank and Roy Bainer provided the first known academic research on the subject.^[2] Their experiments demonstrated that hot particulate matter larger than 0.023 inches (0.584 mm) in diameter was capable of igniting wildland fuels.

Internal combustion

In the 1950s, the United States Forest Service became interested in reducing the number of fires started by logging equipment in the National Forest System.^[3] This interest led to a partnership with the Society of Automotive Engineers and the development of the following test standards for spark arrestors:

• SAE J335 – Multiposition Small Engine Exhaust System Fire Ignition Suppression
• SAE J342 – Spark Arrestor Test Procedure for Large Size Engines
• SAE J350 – Spark Arrestor Test Procedure for Medium Size Engines

Modern technologies have largely eliminated the production of large particulate matter from internal combustion engines. However, as engines wear, carbon deposits can build up on the internal walls of the engine. When these deposits break free, they exit through the exhaust system and present a potential fire hazard. Vehicles without properly functioning spark arrestors have been suspected of starting numerous wildfires, including the devastating Track Fire near Raton, New Mexico in June, 2011.^[4]

Today, spark arrestors can be found as OEM or aftermarket components on many types of equipment, such as large agricultural machines, off highway vehicles (OHVs), and small engines (chainsaws, string trimmers, leaf blowers, etc.).

Buildings

Spark arrestors are also fitted to the top of a flue (or a chimney pot) to prevent floating embers from a fire (particularly one burning wood) setting light to a flammable roofing surface (shingle, thatch, or bitumen-felt) or falling onto combustible material on the ground. Such a spark arrestor typically consists of a double layer of metal mesh, which catches the ember and allows the flue gas to escape.

Large power station boilers are commonly fitted with electrostatic precipitators.

Electrical equipment

Types

Centrifugal

Centrifugal type spark arrestors employ stationary vanes, baffles, or other devices to trap large particles by centrifugal force. These spark arrestors are typically found on heavy agricultural and construction equipment (tractors, combines, bulldozers, etc.), but some have been developed for motorcycles and other all-terrain vehicles.

Screen type spark arrestor

Screen

Screen type spark arrestors use a physical mesh to prevent large particles from leaving the exhaust system. This is the simplest and most common type of spark arrestor. Screen type devices are used on most motorcycles, ATVs, and small engines.

Electrostatic precipitator

Regulatory requirements

United States

A United States Forest Service "Spark Arrester Required" sign posted in a woodcutting area

Laws governing spark arrestor use in the United States depend on the jurisdiction. Internal combustion engines operating on USDA Forest Service and most other federally managed lands must meet the requirements of the Code of Federal Regulations 36 CFR 261.52.^[5] This mandate requires the operator to have a certified and properly maintained spark arrestor installed at all times. Many state and local land management agencies defer to the federal requirement.

An unapproved spark arrestor installed on a motorcycle

Exemptions exist for automobiles legally registered with their state's department of motor vehicles. During periods of extreme fire danger, land managers may prevent the use of all motorized equipment, even if a properly functioning spark arrestor is installed. Spark arrestor inspections are performed by trained agency law enforcement or fire prevention personnel. They may occur on an individual basis, or as part of an inspection checkpoint during busy recreation weekends. Operators caught using unqualified or modified devices could be cited. Penalties for violating spark arrestor laws depend on the issuing agency. If it is determined a noncompliant vehicle was responsible for starting a fire, the operator could be held liable in civil or even criminal court.

Certification testing of spark arrestors is performed by the USDA Forest Service Technology and Development Center in San Dimas, CA. The technical requirements are outlined in Forest Service Specification FS5100-1. All spark arrestors meeting the requirements of 36 CFR 261.52 must be certified and listed in the USDA Forest Service Spark Arrestor Guide. This guide is a comprehensive directory of all qualified products available in the United States, and is published biannually. The Spark Arrester Guide is used by field inspectors and consumers to verify product certification status. Manufacturers pursuing spark arrestor qualification in the United States should consult the USDA Forest Service's "Manufacturer's Submission Procedure" for both general purpose^[6] and small engine^[7] spark arrestors.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spark arrestor.

• Flame arrester

Notes

External links

• Off-Highway Vehicle Spark Arresters Tech Tip (USDA Forest Service)
• General Purpose Spark Arresters Tech Tip (USDA Forest Service)
• Spark Arrester Law - State of California