BACH motif

The BACH motif.

In music, the BACH motif is the motif, a succession of notes important or characteristic to a piece, B flat, A, C, B natural. In German musical nomenclature, in which the note B natural is written as H and the B flat as B, it forms Johann Sebastian Bach's family name. One of the most frequently occurring examples of a musical cryptogram, the motif has been used by countless composers, especially after the Bach Revival in the first half of the 19th century.

History

BACH motif in the last fugue of The Art of Fugue
BACH signature cross: BACH motif's cruciform melody, depicted at least as early as the 19th century, but not known to have been used by Bach himself

Johann Gottfried Walther's Musicalisches Lexikon (1732) contains the only biographical sketch of Johann Sebastian Bach published during the composer's lifetime. There the motif is mentioned thus:[1]

...all those who carried the name [Bach] were as far as known comitted to music, which may be explained by the fact that even the letters b a c h in this order form a melody. (This peculiarity was discovered by Mr. Bach of Leipzig.)

This reference work thus indicates Bach as the inventor of the motif.

Bach used the motif in a number of works, most famously as a fugue subject in the last Contrapunctus of The Art of Fugue. The motif also appears in the end of the fourth variation of Bach's Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her", as well as in other pieces.[2] For example, the first measure of the Sinfonia in F minor BWV 795 includes a transposed version of the motif (a♭'-g'-b♭'-a') followed by the original in measure 17.[3]

Later commentators wrote: "The figure occurs so often in Bach's bass lines that it cannot have been accidental."[4] Hans-Heinrich Eggebrecht goes as far as to reconstruct Bach's putative intentions as an expression of Lutheran thought, imagining Bach to be saying, "I am identified with the tonic and it is my desire to reach it ... Like you I am human. I am in need of salvation; I am certain in the hope of salvation, and have been saved by grace," through his use of the motif rather than a standard changing tone figure (B♭-A-C-B) in the double discant clausula in the fourth fugue of The Art of Fugue.[5]

The motif was used as a fugue subject by Bach's son Johann Christian, and by his pupil Johann Ludwig Krebs. However, the motif's wide popularity came only after the start of the Bach Revival in the first half of the 19th century.[2] Later composers found that the motif could be easily incorporated not only into the advanced harmonic writing of the 19th century, but also into the totally chromatic idiom of the Second Viennese School; so it was used by Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and their disciples and followers. Today, composers continue writing works using the motif, frequently in homage to Johann Sebastian Bach.[2]

Use of the motif from the 19th-century Bach Revival

BACH motif followed by transposed version from Schumann's Sechs Fugen über den Namen B-A-C-H, Op. 60, No. 4, mm. 1–3[6]  Play .
Note that C and H are transposed down, leaving the spelling unaffected but changing the melodic contour.
Schumann, Sechs Fugen for organ, Op. 60, No. 5, mm. 1–4  Play .
The motif may be used in different ways: here it is only the beginning of an extended melody.[7]
Charles Ives, 3-Page Sonata (1905), first mvt., first fugal complex  Play .
The BACH motif from The Art of Fugue Contrapunctus XIXc is the "'1st Theme'/fugue subject" of Ives' combined sonata-allegro and fugal procedures.[8]
"b-a-c-h is beginning and end of all music" (Max Reger 1912)
Webern's String Quartet, Op. 28, tone row, composed of three tetrachords: P I RI, with P = the BACH motif, I = it inverted, and RI = it inverted and backwards.

In a comprehensive study published in the catalogue for the 1985 exhibition "300 Jahre Johann Sebastian Bach" ("300 years of Johann Sebastian Bach") in Stuttgart, Germany, Ulrich Prinz lists 409 works by 330 composers from the 17th to the 20th century using the BACH motif (ISBN 3-7952-0459-3). A similar list is available in Malcolm Boyd's volume on Bach; it also contains some 400 works. A few works that feature the motif prominently are:

References

  1. ↑ Johann Gottfried Walther Musicalisches Lexicon oder Musicalische Bibliothec, p. 64. Leipzig, W. Deer. 1732.
  2. 1 2 3 Boyd, Malcolm. "B-A-C-H". In Macy, Laura. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. (subscription required)
  3. ↑ Schulenberg, David (2006). The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach, p.197. ISBN 0-415-97399-6.
  4. ↑ Marshall, Robert (2003). Eighteenth-Century Keyboard Music, p.201 and p.224n18. ISBN 0-415-96642-6. See Godt 1979.
  5. ↑ Eggebrecht (1993:8) cited in Cumming, Naomi (2001). The Sonic Self: Musical Subjectivity and Signification, p.256. ISBN 0-253-33754-2.
  6. 1 2 Christopher Alan Reynolds (2003). Motives for Allusion: Context and Content in Nineteenth-Century Music, p.31. ISBN 0-674-01037-X.
  7. ↑ Daverio, John (1997). Robert Schumann: Herald of a "New Poetic Age", p.309. ISBN 0-19-509180-9.
  8. ↑ Crist, Stephen (2002). Bach Perspectives: Vol. 5: Bach in America, p.175. ISBN 0-252-02788-4. "The reference could not be more clear."
  9. 1 2 Platt, Heather Anne (2003). Johannes Brahms, p.243. ISBN 0-8153-3850-3.
  10. ↑ Arnold, Ben (2002). The Liszt Companion, p.173. ISBN 0-313-30689-3.
  11. ↑ Stein, Erwin (ed.). 1987. Arnold Schoenberg letters, p. 206. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06009-8
  12. ↑ Bailey, Kathryn. 2006. The Twelve-note Music of Anton Webern: Old Forms In a New Language, p. 24. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54796-3
  13. 1 2 3 Fearn, Raymond (2003). The Music of Luigi Dallapiccola. 2005: ISBN 1-58046-078-X.
  14. ↑ Schmelz, Peter J. (2009). Such Freedom, If Only Musical, p. 255–56. ISBN 0-19-534193-7.
  15. ↑ Ivashkin, Alexander (2009) Liner notes to BIS complete symphony cycle, BIS-CD-1767-68
  16. ↑ "Improvisation for trumpet".
  17. ↑ "Wrapped in Yellow".
  18. ↑ "Ancient Melody".
  19. ↑ "Black Carriage".
  20. ↑ "Zsolt Gárdonyi in Munich (in German)". University of Music Wuerzburg. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 30 March. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  21. ↑ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSGrRj42sjg

Bibliography

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