Avram Gots
Avram Rafailovich Gots (1882, Moscow - 1940?) was a Russian Socialist-Revolutionary leader, active in the Revolutions of 1905 and 1917.
Biography
Avram R. Gots came from a very wealthy family in Moscow. His older brother was Mikhail R. Gots (1866-1906), a revolutionary active in the populist ('narodnik') movement and instrumental in organising the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (PSR). Avram Gots studied at various universities in Germany, becoming one of the 'Heidelberg SRs', like his friends N.D. Avksentiev, V.M. Zenzinov, V.V. Rudnev and I.I. Fondaminsky. These SRs were influenced by Marxism and Neo-Kantian philosophy as well as by the older Russian populist tradition. (That was also true of V.M. Chernov, the party's chief theoretician.)
A.R. Gots participated in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and for a time served in the 'Fighting Organisation' of the PSR, which was responsible for acts of `political terror' and 'expropriations'. In 1906, Avram's brother Mikhail died. In 1907, A.R. Gots was arrested and sentenced to hard labour in Siberia. He was in Siberi when World War I broke out and initially joined the anti-war, 'Internationalist' faction of the PSR. Freed by the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to Petrogad and became a leading member of the Petrograd soviet. He also served as chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which was elected by the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies in June 1917. He now supported a 'Revolutionary Defencist' position, supporting war in defence of the revolution but not for imperialistic aims. This brought him closer to the right wing of the PSR and led him into conflict with the SR 'Internationalists' around Chernov and M.A. Natanson. Gots also collaborated with Menshevik leaders in the soviet, particularly F.I. Dan, M.I. Liber and I.G. Tsereteli.
Gots opposed the October Revolution and tried to organize armed resistance to the Bolsheviks. He was a member of the anti-Bolshevik 'Committee of Salvation of the Homeland and the Revolution'. When Admiral Kolchak overthrew the coalition 'Directorate', Gots sided with those SRs who suspended military action against the Bolsheviks, for fear of aiding the anti-democratic counter-revolution.
In 1920, Gots and 33 other SR leaders were arrested. He was the main defendant at the so-called 'Trial of the Right SRs' in 1922, sometimes described as the first 'show trial' in Soviet Russia. The trial that became a cause celèbre among Western socialists. Theodor Liebknecht, brother of the assassinated German Spartacist leader Karl, acted as a lawyer for the defense; the venerable anarchist P.A. Kropotkin appealed personally to Vladimir Lenin to spare the lives of the defendants, Karl Kautsky wrote impassioned pamphlets about the trial and American trade unionists demonstrated for the release of the SRs. The Bolseviks countered with massive demonstrations and courtroom disruptions demanding the death penalty. In the end, Gots and eleven of his co-defendants were sentenced to death, but the sentences were suspended and the SRs were kept as 'hostages'.
After a period of imprisonment Gots was deported to Alma-Ata, where he worked in industry. He was re-arrested in 1937, and according to V.M. Zenzinov he was shot that year. Other sources claim he survived until 1940.
References
- The Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Moscow, 1979.
- Shukman, H. (ed.), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution. Oxford, 1988.
- The Twelve Who are to Die: The Trial of the Social Revolutionists in Moscow. Delegation of the Party of Social-Revolutionists, (Berlin?) 1922.
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