Auxochrome
An auxochrome (Greek αὐξάνειν auxánein: "to increase" and χρῶμα chrōma: "colour") is a group of atoms attached to a chromophore which modifies the ability of that chromophore to absorb light. They themselves fail to produce the colour; but when present along with the chromophores in an organic compound intensifies the colour of the chromogen.[1] Examples include the hydroxyl group (-OH), the amino group (-NH2), the aldehyde group (-CHO), and the methyl mercaptan group (-SMe).[2]
An auxochrome is a functional group of atoms with nonbonded electrons when attached to a chromophore, alters both the wavelength and intensity of absorption. If these groups are in direct conjugation with the pi-system of the chromophore, they may increase the wavelength at which the light is absorbed and as a result intensify the absorption. A feature of these auxochromes is the presence of at least one lone pair of electrons which can be viewed as extending the conjugated system by resonance.
Effects on chromophore
It increases the color of any organic compound. For example, benzene does not display color as it does not have a chromophore; but nitrobenzene is pale yellow color because of the presence of a nitro group (-NO2) which acts as a chromophore. But Para-hydroxynitrobenzene exhibits a deep yellow color, in which -OH group acts as an auxochrome. Here the auxochrome (-OH) is conjugated with the chromophore -NO2. Similar behavior is seen in azobenzene which has a red color, but para-hydroxy azobenzene is dark red in color.
The presence of an auxochrome in the chromogen molecule is essential to make a dye. However, if an auxochrome is present in the meta position to the chromophore, it does not affect the color.
An auxochrome is known as a compound that produces a bathochromic shift, also known as red shift because it increases the wavelength of absorption, therefore moving closer to infrared light. Woodward-Fieser rules estimate the shift in wavelength of maximum absorption for several auxochromes attached to a conjugated system in an organic molecule.
An auxochrome helps a dye to bind to the object that is to be colored. Electrolytic dissociation of the auxochrome group helps in binding and it is due to this reason a basic substance takes an acidic dye.
Explanation for the colour modification
A molecule exhibits colour because it absorbs colours only of certain frequencies and reflects or transmits others. They are capable of absorbing and emitting light of various frequencies. Light waves with frequency very close to their natural frequency are absorbed readily. This phenomenon, known as resonance, means that the molecule can absorb radiation of a particular frequency which is same as the frequency of electron movement within the molecule. Chromophore is the part of the molecule where the energy difference between two different molecular orbitals falls within the range of the visible spectrum and hence absorbs some particular colours from visible light. Hence the molecule appears coloured. When auxochromes are attached to the molecule, the natural frequency of the latter gets changed and thus the colour gets modified. Different auxochromes produce different effects in the chromophore which inturn causes absorption of light from other parts of the spectrum. Normally, auxochromes which intensifies the colour are chosen.[3]
Classification
There are mainly two types of auxochromes:
References
- ↑ Dr. M Vishwanathan. Principles of organic CHEMISTRY. Kollam, Kerala, India: Jai Sai Publications. pp. 2/30.
- ↑ Gronowitz, Salo JO. Arkiv För Kemi, 27, 239 (1958).
- ↑ "New Scientist" 122 (1665). Reed Business Information. May 1989: 52. ISSN 0262-4079.