ATTRIB

ATTRIB is a command, in DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows that allows the user to change various characteristics, or "attributes" of a file or directory.

Background

Several Microsoft operating systems provided a set of modifiable file characteristics that could be accessed and changed through a low-level system call. For example, as of release 4.0, the first six bits of the file attribute byte indicated whether or not a file was read-only (as opposed to writeable), hidden, a system file, a volume label, a subdirectory, or if the file had been "archived" (with the bit being set if the file had changed since the last use of the BACKUP command).^[1] However, initial releases of the operating system did not provide user-level method for reading or changing these values.^[2]

History

The initial version of the ATTRIB command was first included in version 3.0 of PC-DOS, with functionality limited to changing the read-only attribute.^[2] Subsequent versions allowed the read-only, hidden, system and archive bits to be set.^[3] MS-DOS version 3.3 added the capability of recursive searching through subdirectories to display attributes of specified files.^[4]

Uses

Setting the read-only bit of a file provided only partial protection against inadvertent deletion: while commands such as del and erase would respect the attribute, other commands such as DELTREE did not.^[5] Changing the system attribute was not possible in early versions of Windows, thus requiring use of ATTRIB.^[5] Similarly, a system crash in early versions of Windows could lead to a situation where a temporary file had the read-only bit set and was additionally (and irrevocably) locked by the Windows OS; in this instance, booting into DOS (thus avoiding the Windows lock) and unsetting the read-only attribute with ATTRIB was the recommended way of deleting the file.^[6] Manipulating the archive bit allowed users to control which files were backed up using the BACKUP command.^[2]

References

↑ IBM Disk Operating System Version 4.00 Technical Reference (PDF) (1st ed.). July 1988. p. 3:5.
1 2 3 Petzold, Charles (June 10, 1986). "Changing DOS File Attributes". PC Magazine. pp. 249–262.
↑ "DOS Attrib". Encyclopedia. PC Magazine. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
↑ "Using ATTRIB, CHKDSK, or DIR Command to Locate Files". Microsoft. Retrieved September 2014.
1 2 O'Reilly, Tim; Mott, Troy; Glenn, Walter J. (1999). Windows 98 in a Nutshell: A Desktop Quick Reference. O'Reilly. pp. 303–306. ISBN 1-56592-486-X.
↑ Jones, James G.; Landes, Craig (2003). A+ Exam Cram 2: Windows 2000 Directory Services Infrastructure. Que. pp. 309–310. ISBN 0-7897-2867-2.

External links

Windows command-line programs and shell builtins

COMMAND.COM Command Prompt Windows PowerShell Recovery Console

File system navigation	cd (chdir) dir popd pushd tree

File management	attrib cacls cipher compact copy del (erase) deltree expand icacls makecab md (mkdir) move rd (rmdir) recover ren (rename) replace rmdir robocopy xcopy

Disk management	chkdsk convert defrag diskcomp diskcopy diskpart fdisk format label subst scandisk sys vol vssadmin

Processes	exit kill powercfg runas sc shutdown start taskkill tasklist

Registry	assoc ftype reg regini regsvr32

User environment	date mode path set setx time title ver whoami

File contents	comp edit edlin fc find findstr print type

Scripting	choice clip cscript doskey echo for goto if more pause prompt rem

Networking	arp getmac hostname ipconfig net use netsh netstat nslookup PathPing ping route tracert

Maintenance and care	driverquery msiexec ntbackup sfc systeminfo w32tm WBAdmin winsat wmic

Boot management	bcdedit bootcfg fixboot fixmbr

Software development	debug exe2bin QBasic

Miscellaneous	cls help

List of DOS commands Environment variables

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