Trade name

A trade name, trading name, or business name is a pseudonym used by companies to perform their business under a name that differs from the registered, legal name of the business. Trade names are typically used by companies to conduct their operations under a simpler brand as opposed to using their formal name within all public communications, or when a desired name was not able to be registered by the business operator, or if that business is owned by a separate company, franchisee, or a sole proprietorship. Trade names are also used in drug nomenclature with specific policies and guidelines for use in academic publications,^[1] (for example, atorvastatin (trade name Lipitor by Pfizer)).

The distinction between a registered legal name and a "fictitious" business name or trade name is important, as businesses with the latter give no obvious indication of the true identity of the entity that is legally responsible for their operation. Fictitious business names do not create legal entities in and of themselves; they are merely names assumed by existing persons or entities.^[2] Legal agreements such as contracts are normally made under the registered legal name of the business or owner, and the legal name must be used whenever a business sues or is being sued.

In the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Zimbabwe (as well as some parts of the United States), the phrase trading as (abbreviated t/a) is used to designate trade names. In Canada and the United States, the phrase "doing business as" (abbreviated DBA, dba, d.b.a. or d/b/a) is used. In English writing, trade names are generally treated as proper nouns.^[3]

Drug nomenclature

For drugs that make it all the way through development, testing, and regulatory acceptance, the pharmaceutical company then gives the drug a trade name. The term trade name is a standard term in the pharmaceutical industry for a brand name or trademark name. There is a set of strong conventions in drug nomenclature about the letter case and placement of nonproprietary and proprietary names. For example, the 2015 American Society of Hematology (ASH) provides publications policies on drug nomenclature,^[1] "Non-proprietary (generic/scientific) names should be used and should be lowercase."^[1] "[T]he first letter of the name of a proprietary drug should be capitalized."^[1] Unbiaised mentions of a drug place the "If necessary, you may include a proprietary name in parentheses directly following the generic name after its first mentionUnbiased mentions of a drug place the non-proprietary/generic/scientific) name first and follow it with the trade name in parentheses.^[1] (for example, "doxorubicin (trade names Adriamycin, Doxil, Caelyx, Myocet))monograph

Examples

For example, speaking hypothetically, a company named Panda Chemical Manufacturers, Inc. may use the more consumer-friendly trade name Panda Pharmaceuticals when it holds itself out to the public.

Another example may be for a chain or franchise. For example, a McDonald's Restaurant may be owned and operated by a franchisee, not the McDonald's Corporation. In this case the legal name of the restaurant could be Smith Investments Inc, DBA McDonald's.

Many companies use trade names or business names that are "brandable". These types of trade names frequently have no meaning (that is, they are pleasant-sounding made-up words). This makes the branding process easier. First, there are less preexisting connotations attached to the name and second, it is more likely that a trademark application for the name will succeed because it probably has not been used before as a mark for that particular service or product.

By country

Chile

In Chile, a trade name is known as a nombre de fantasía ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called a razón social (social name).

Canada

In Canada, the term operating as (abbreviated to o/a) is used. In some jurisdictions, such as Ontario, when a businessperson writes a trade name on a contract, invoice, or check, he or she must also add the legal name of the business.^[4]

Numbered companies will very often operate as something other than their legal name, which is unrecognizable to the public.

Japan

In Japan, the word yagō (屋号) is used.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, there is no filing requirement for a "trading as" name, however, there are requirements for disclosure of the owner's true name and some restrictions on the use of certain names.^[5]

United States

In several U.S. states, DBAs are officially referred to using another term. Oregon uses Assumed Business Names;^[6] Washington calls DBAs trade names;^[7] other states refer to trade styles or fictitious business names.

For consumer protection purposes, many U.S. jurisdictions require businesses operating with fictitious names to file a DBA statement, though names including the first and last name of the owner may be excepted.^[8] This also reduces the possibility of two local businesses operating under the same name. Note, though, that this is not a substitute for filing a trademark application. A DBA filing carries no legal weight in establishing trademark rights.^[9] In the U.S., trademark rights are acquired by use in commerce, but there can be substantial benefits to filing a trademark application.^[10] Sole proprietors are the most common users of DBAs. Sole proprietors are individual business owners who run their businesses themselves, and are typically newer to the small business game. Since most people in these circumstances use a business name other than their own name, it’s often necessary for them to get DBAs.

Generally, a DBA must be registered with a local or state government, or both, depending on the jurisdiction. For example, California, Texas and Virginia require a DBA to be registered with each county (or independent city in the case of Virginia) where the owner does business. Maryland and Colorado have DBAs registered with a state agency. And Virginia requires corporations and LLCs to file a copy of their registration with the County to also be registered with the State Corporation Commission.

DBA statements are often used in conjunction with a franchise. The franchisee will have a legal name under which it may sue and be sued, but will conduct business under the franchiser's brand name (which the public would recognize). A typical real-world example can be found in a well-known pricing mistake case, Donovan v. RRL Corp., 26 Cal. 4th 261 (2001), where the named defendant, RRL Corporation, was a Lexus car dealership doing business as "Lexus of Westminster", but remaining a separate legal entity from Lexus, a Division of Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.

In California, filing a DBA statement also requires that a notice of the fictitious name be published in local newspapers for some set period of time to inform the public of the owner's intent to operate under an assumed name. The intention of the law is to protect the public from fraud, by compelling the business owner to first file or register his fictitious business name with the county clerk, and then making a further public record of it by publishing it in a newspaper.

See also

• Business organizations
• Pen name
• Pseudonym
• Service mark
• Trade dress
• Association football club names

References

Further reading

• Klein, Benjamin (2008). "Brand Names". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.