Tarō Asō

In this Japanese name, the family name is Asō.
Tarō Asō
麻生 太郎
Deputy Prime Minister of Japan
Assumed office
26 December 2012
Prime Minister Shinzō Abe
Preceded by Katsuya Okada
Minister of Finance
Assumed office
26 December 2012
Prime Minister Shinzō Abe
Preceded by Koriki Jojima
Prime Minister of Japan
In office
24 September 2008 – 16 September 2009
Monarch Akihito
Preceded by Yasuo Fukuda
Succeeded by Yukio Hatoyama
Minister for Foreign Affairs
In office
31 October 2005 – 27 August 2007
Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi
Shinzō Abe
Preceded by Nobutaka Machimura
Succeeded by Nobutaka Machimura
Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications
In office
22 September 2003 – 31 October 2005
Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi
Preceded by Toranosuke Katayama
Succeeded by Heizō Takenaka
Minister of State for Economic and Financial Policy
In office
23 January 2001 – 26 April 2001
Prime Minister Yoshirō Mori
Preceded by Fukushiro Nukaga
Succeeded by Heizo Takenaka
Director-General of the Economic Planning Agency
In office
7 November 1996 – 11 September 1997
Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto
Preceded by Shūsei Tanaka
Succeeded by Koji Omi
Personal details
Born 麻生太郎 (Asō Tarō)
(1940-09-20) 20 September 1940
Iizuka, Japan
Political party Liberal Democratic
Spouse(s) Chikako Suzuki
Children Masahiro
Ayako
Alma mater Gakushuin University
Stanford University
London School of Economics
Religion Roman Catholicism
Website Official website
(video) Deputy Prime Minister Aso in front of the Gundam Cafe in Akihabara introducing prime minister Shinzō Abe (middle) with a speech, 2014.

Tarō Asō (麻生 太郎 Asō Tarō, born 20 September 1940) is a Japanese politician, the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance. Asō was the 92nd Prime Minister of Japan serving from September 2008 to September 2009, and was defeated in the August 2009 election.

He has served in the House of Representatives since 1979. He was Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2007, and was Secretary-General[1] of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) briefly in 2007 and in 2008. He was President[1] of the LDP from 2008 to 2009. His successor, Sadakazu Tanigaki, was chosen on 28 September 2009.

After the LDP's victory in the 2012 general election under Shinzō Abe he was appointed to the cabinet as Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Finance, and State Minister for Financial Services. He has held the positions since 26 December 2012.[2]

Early life and education

Asō, is a Roman Catholic, he was born in Iizuka, Fukuoka on 20 September 1940.[3] His father, Takakichi Asō, was the chairman of the Aso Cement Company and a close associate of Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka; his mother Kazuko Asō was Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida's daughter. Taro is also a great-great-grandson of Ōkubo Toshimichi, and his wife, Chikako is the third daughter of Prime Minister Zenkō Suzuki. His younger sister, Princess Tomohito of Mikasa, is cousin-in-law of Emperor Akihito.

Asō graduated from the Faculty of Politics and Economics at Gakushuin University. He then studied in the United States at Stanford University, but was cut off by his family, who feared he was becoming too Americanized. After making his way back to Japan on a ship, he left once more to study at the London School of Economics.

Career

Asō spent two years working for a diamond mining operation in Sierra Leone before civil war forced him to return to Japan. Then he joined his father's company in 1966, and served as president of the Aso Mining Company from 1973 to 1979. Working for the company, he lived in Brazil during the 1960s and became fluent in Portuguese.[4] He was also a member of the Japanese shooting team at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and President of the Japan Junior Chamber in 1978.

Political career

Asō was elected as a member of the House of Representatives in October 1979, and has since been re-elected eight times. In 1988, he became Parliamentary Vice Minister for Education.

He joined the Cabinet of Jun'ichirō Koizumi in 2003 as Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications. On 31 October 2005, he became Minister for Foreign Affairs. There has been some speculation that his position in the Cabinet was due to his membership in the Kōno Group, an LDP caucus led by pro-Chinese lawmaker Yōhei Kōno: by appointing Asō as Minister for Foreign Affairs, Koizumi may have been attempting to "rein in" Kōno's statements critical of Japanese foreign policy.[5]

Asō was one of the final candidates to replace Koizumi as prime minister in 2006, but lost the internal party election to Shinzō Abe by a wide margin. Both Abe and Asō are conservative on foreign policy issues and have taken confrontational stances towards some East Asian nations, particularly North Korea and, to a lesser extent, the People's Republic of China. Abe was considered a more "moderate" politician than the more "hard-line" Aso, and led Asō in opinion polling within Japan.[6] Aso's views on multilateralism are suggested in a 2006 speech, "Arc of Freedom and Prosperity: Japan's Expanding Diplomatic Horizons."[7]

On 14 September 2007, shortly after Abe announced his resignation, Asō announced his candidacy to replace Abe as Prime Minister. Asō was considered to be a leading candidate for the position, but was soon eclipsed by Yasuo Fukuda, a more "dovish" politician supported by Nobutaka Machimura, Fukushiro Nukaga, and reportedly by Koizumi as well.

Aso acknowledged that he would most likely lose to Fukuda, but said that he wanted to run so that there would be an open election, saying that otherwise LDP would face criticism for making its choice "through back-room deals".[8] In the President election, held on 23 September, Fukuda defeated Aso, receiving 330 votes against 197 votes for Aso.[9][10]

On 1 August 2008, Fukuda appointed Asō as Secretary-General of LDP, a move that solidified Asō's position as the number two man in the party.[11]

Unexpectedly on 1 September 2008, Fukuda announced his resignation as Prime Minister.[12] Five LDP members including Asō ran for new party President to succeed Fukuda. On 21 September, one day before votes of Diet party members, Aso reportedly told a crowd of supporters outside Tokyo: "The greatest concern right now is the economy." "America is facing a financial crisis ... we must not allow that to bring us down as well."[13] Finally on 22 September, Asō did win. He was elected as President of LDP with 351 of 525 votes (217 from 384 Diet party members, 134 from 47 prefecture branches); Kaoru Yosano, Yuriko Koike, Nobuteru Ishihara, Shigeru Ishiba got 66, 46, 37, 25 votes respectively.[14][15][16]

Two days later on 24 September, Asō was designated by the Diet as Prime Minister, and was formally appointed to the office by the Emperor on that night. In the House of Representatives (lower house), he garnered 337 out of 478 votes cast; in the House of Councillors (upper house), Ichirō Ozawa, President[17] of the main opposition Democratic Party of Japan, was named through two times of ballots.[18][19] Because no agreement was reached at a joint committee of both Houses, the resolution of the House of Representatives became the resolution of the Diet, as is stipulated in the Constitution.[19][20] Aso reportedly said, "If you look at the current period, it's not a stable one." and "These are turbulent times with the financial situation and everything else."[21]

Later on the same day as his election as Prime Minister, Asō personally announced his new Cabinet (this is normally done by the Chief Cabinet Secretary). His Cabinet was markedly different from the preceding Cabinet under Fukuda. Five of its members had never previously served in the Cabinet, and one of them, 34-year-old Yūko Obuchi, was the youngest member of the Cabinet in the post-war era.[22]

Prime Minister Asō flew to Washington to meet with United States President Barack Obama in February 2009. He was the first foreign leader to visit the Obama White House; however, reports suggested that the new administration was interested less in giving Asō a political boost than in sending a message that Japan continues to be an important ally and partner[23] – a low-risk, high-payoff gesture for both Asō and Obama.[24]

After his election as prime minister Asō was expected to dissolve the lower house to clear the way for a general election.[25] But he repeatedly stressed the need for a functioning government to face the economic crisis and ruled out an early election.[26] Only after passage of the extra budget for fiscal 2009 in May and facing internal pressure from the LDP after a series of defeats in regional elections – most notably the Tokyo prefectural election on 12 July – he decided to announce a general election for 30 August 2009.[27] He dissolved the House of Representatives on 21 July 2009.[28] The LDP lost by a landslide to Minshuto, in the face of record levels of post-war unemployment. Accepting responsibility for the worst (and second-only) defeat of a sitting government in modern Japanese history, Aso immediately resigned as LDP president.

Tarō Asō meeting President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk on 18 February 2009.
Tarō Asō shakes hands with then Secretary of State of U.S. Condoleezza Rice at APEC summit in 2005

Controversial statements

During a meeting of the Kono Group in 2001, Asō drew criticism when he said that "that burakumin [Japan's underclass] can't become prime minister," referring to Hiromu Nonaka, a burakumin member of the Diet. Asō's office later attempted to clarify the statements by saying that they were misunderstood.[29]

In 2001, as economics minister, he was quoted as saying he wanted to make Japan a country where "rich Jews" would like to live.[30]

On 15 October 2005, during the opening ceremony of the Kyushu National Museum which also displays how other Asian cultures have influenced Japanese cultural heritage, he praised Japan for having "one culture, one civilization, one language, and one ethnic group", and stated that it was the only such country in the world.[31]

At a lecture in Nagasaki Prefecture, Asō referred to a Japanese peace initiative on the Middle East, stating, "The Japanese were trusted because they had never been involved in exploitation there, or been involved in fights or fired machine guns. Japan is doing what the Americans can't do. It would probably be no good to have blue eyes and blond hair. Luckily, we Japanese have yellow faces."[30]

Tarō Asō meeting President Barack Obama in the White House.

Kyodo News reported that he had said on 4 February 2006, "our predecessors did a good thing" regarding compulsory education implemented during Japan's colonization of Taiwan.[32]

On 21 December 2005, he said China was "a neighbour with one billion people equipped with nuclear bombs and has expanded its military outlays by double digits for 17 years in a row, and it is unclear as to what this is being used for. It is beginning to be a considerable threat."[33] On 28 January 2006, he called for the emperor to visit the controversial Yasukuni shrine. He later backtracked on the comment, but stated that he hoped such a visit would be possible in the future.[34]

Mainichi Daily News reported that on 9 March 2006 he referred to Taiwan as a "law-abiding country", which drew strong protest from Beijing, which considers the island a part of China.[35]

On 23 September 2008, Akahata, the daily newspaper published by Japanese Communist Party released a compiled list of these and other statements as the front page article criticizing Aso.[36] This compilation as well as similar lists of blunders have been frequently cited in the Japanese media.

Yahoo News reported that he had said on 9 January 2009, "To work is good. It's completely different thinking from the Old Testament."[37]

Aso Mining forced labor controversy

For more details on this topic, see Aso Mining forced labor controversy.

Affiliated to the openly revisionist organization Nippon Kaigi,[38] Tarou Asou believes that Japan committed no war crimes during the Pacific War.

Australian POWs forced to work at the Aso mining company, photographed in August 1945.

In mid-2008 Aso conceded that his family's coal mine, Aso Mining Company, was alleged to have forced Allied prisoners of war to work in the mines in 1945 without pay. Western media reported that 300 prisoners, including 197 Australians, 101 British, and two Dutch, worked in the mine. Two of the Australians, John Watson and Leslie Edgar George Wilkie, died while working in the Aso mine.[39] In addition, 10,000 Korean conscripts worked in the mine between 1939 and 1945 under severe, brutal conditions in which many of them died or were injured while receiving little pay. The company, now known as the Aso Group, is run by Aso's younger brother. Asō's wife serves on its board of directors. Aso headed the company in the 1970s before going into politics.[40]

Acting on a request from Yukihisa Fujita, the Foreign Ministry investigated and announced on 18 December 2008 that Aso Mining had, in fact, used 300 Allied POWs at its mine during World War II. The ministry confirmed that two Australians had died while working at the mine, but declined to release their names or causes of deaths for "privacy reasons". Said Fujita, "Prisoner policy is important in many ways for diplomacy, and it is a major problem that the issue has been neglected for so long."[41] Aso has not responded to requests from former laborers to apologize for the way they were treated by his family's company.[42]

Reading mistakes

The Japanese media noted in November 2008 that Asō often mispronounced or incorrectly read kanji words written in his speeches, even though many of the words are commonly used in Japanese.[43] Aso spoke of the speaking errors to reporters on 12 November 2008 saying, "Those were just reading errors, just mistakes."[44] Aso's tendency for malapropisms has led comparisons to George W. Bush, and the use of his name, "Tarō" as a schoolyard taunt for unintelligent children.[45]

An anatomy professor from the University of Tokyo, Takeshi Yoro, speculated that Asō could possibly suffer from dyslexia.[46]

Nonaka incident

In 2001, Aso, along with Hiromu Nonaka, was among the LDP's chief candidates to succeed Yoshirō Mori as prime minister of Japan. During a meeting of LDP leaders at which Nonaka was not present, Aso reportedly told the assembled group, "We are not going to let someone from the buraku become the prime minister, are we?". Asō's remark was apparently a reference to Nonaka's Burakumin, a social minority group in Japan, heritage.[47]

Nonaka subsequently withdrew as a candidate. Aso eventually lost the appointment to Jun'ichirō Koizumi. Asō's comment about Nonaka's heritage was revealed in 2005. Aso denied that he had made the statement, but Hisaoki Kamei, who was present at the 2001 meeting, stated in January 2009 that he had heard Asō say something, "to that effect". Nonaka said that he would "never forgive" Asō for the comment and went on to state that Asō was a "misery" to Japan.[47]

Personal life

Fondness for fine dining

In October 2008, the Japanese media reported that Asō dined-out or drank in restaurants and bars in luxury hotels almost nightly. When asked about it, Aso stated, "I won't change my style. Luckily I have my money and can afford it." Aso added that if he went anywhere else, he would have to be accompanied by security guards which would cause trouble.[48]

According to the Asahi Shimbun, Aso dined-out or drank at bars 32 times in September 2008, mainly at exclusive hotels. Aso's predecessor, Yasuo Fukuda, dined-out only seven times in his first month in office. Both of the LDP's opposition parties have called Asō's frequent outings inappropriate. Asō's Chief Cabinet Secretary, Jun Matsumoto, commented on the issue by saying that Asō's frequent trips to restaurants, "is his lifestyle and philosophy, and I am not in a position to express my opinion. If only there were more appropriate places when considering security issues and not causing trouble for other customers."[49]

Manga fan

Asō argues that embracing Japanese pop culture can be an important step to cultivating ties with other countries, hoping that manga will act as a bridge to the world.[50] He is referred to as an otaku.[51]

Asō has been a fan of manga since childhood. He had his family send manga magazines from Japan while he was studying at Stanford University.[52] In 2003, he described reading about 10 or 20 manga magazines every week (making up only part of Aso's voracious reading) and talked about his impression of various manga extemporaneously.[52] In 2007, as Minister for Foreign Affairs, he established the International Manga Award for non-Japanese manga artists.[53][54][55]

It was reported that he was seen reading the manga Rozen Maiden in Tokyo International Airport, which earned him the sobriquet "His Excellency Rozen".[56] He admitted in an interview that he had read the manga; however, he said he did not remember whether he had read it in an airport.[57] He is a fan of Golgo 13, a long-running manga about an assassin for hire.[2]

Aso's candidacy for the position of Japanese Prime Minister actually caused share-value to rise among some manga publishers and companies related to the manga industry.[50]

Religion

(Chigai Kuginuki), The mon of the Asō clan

As a Roman Catholic, Asō belongs to the small minority of Japanese Christians; but he has not emphasized his religiosity. While Christians only account for around 1% of the Japanese, Asō is the seventh Christian prime minister of Japan, after Takashi Hara, Korekiyo Takahashi, Tetsu Katayama, Ichirō Hatoyama, Masayoshi Ōhira, and his own grandfather Shigeru Yoshida.[58] His Christian name is Francisco.

On occasion of his 2009 new year visit to the Shinto Ise Shrine, Asō publicly performed the hand-clapping in front of the shrine, stating later that he had "prayed for the good of the Japanese people".[59]

Family tree

Toshimichi Ōkubo
 
Michitsune Mishima
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Nobuaki Makino
 
Mineko
 
 
 
Takichi Asō
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yukiko
 
Shigeru Yoshida
 
Tarō Asō
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ken'ichi Yoshida
 
Kazuko
 
 
 
Takakichi Asō
 
Zenkō Suzuki
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prince Tomohito
 
Princess Nobuko
 
Tarō Asō
 
Chikako
 
Shun'ichi Suzuki
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Princess Akiko
 
Princess Yōko

Bibliography

Honours

References

  1. 1 2 "Official English Translations for LDP Officials and Party Organs", Liberal Democratic Party. Archived 28 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  2. 1 2 Daily Yomiuri 28 December 2012
  3. ↑ "Japanese foreign minister to announce bid to replace Koizumi", Forbes, 20 August 2006. Archived 22 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ Article on O Estado de S. Paulo, 26 September 2008. (Portuguese)
  5. ↑ Hideo Hamada, "The Diet Now: Containment and Division", Janjan.jp, 1 November 2005. (Japanese)
  6. ↑ "Hardline Hawk or Unapologetic Bigot?", Coming Anarchy, 1 November 2005.
  7. ↑ Calder, Kent E. and Francis Fukuyama. (2008). East Asian Multilateralism: Prospects for Regional Stability, pp. 179–180.
  8. ↑ "Former FM Aso acknowledges probable defeat in Japan's leadership race", from The Associated Press on International Herald Tribune, 16 September 2007. Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ "Fukuda Chosen to Replace Abe as Japan's Prime Minister", VOANews.com, 23 September 2007. Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ "Fukuda wins LDP race / Will follow in footsteps of father as prime minister", The Daily Yomiuri, 23 September 2007.
  11. ↑ "Fukuda overhauls Cabinet / LDP executive shakeup also elevates Aso to party No. 2", The Yomiuri Shimbun, 2 August 2008.
  12. ↑ "Fukuda announces resignation as prime minister of Japan", The Mainichi Daily News, The Mainichi, 1 September 2008.
  13. ↑ Joseph Coleman, "Japan ruling party turns to brash Aso", The Associated Press, 22 September 2008.
  14. ↑ "党のあゆみ・総裁選挙", Liberal Democratic Party. (Japanese) Archived 29 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ クローズアップ２００８：自民新総裁に麻生氏　総選挙へ切り札, 毎日新聞: Osaka – Evening edition, The Mainichi, 23 September 2008. (Japanese)
  16. ↑ "Conservative Aso chosen as Japan PM", AFP, 22 September 2008.
  17. ↑ "About us", The Democratic Party of Japan.
  18. ↑ "LDP President Aso elected prime minister", The Mainichi Daily News, The Mainichi Newspapers, 24 September 2008. Archived 24 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  19. 1 2 "4th LD: Aso elected Japan's prime minister, to form Cabinet+", Breitbart, 24 September 2008. Archived 13 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ "The Constitution of Japan". Translation (presumably of non-official) available on the Cabinet PR site.
  21. ↑ "Japan ruling party leader elected prime minister", from The Associated Press on The Washington Post, 24 September 2008.
  22. ↑ "Aso elected premier / Announces Cabinet lineup himself; poll likely on Nov. 2", The Yomiuri Shimbun, 25 September 2005. Archived 28 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ Klug, Foster. "Obama to meet with Japan Prime Minister Tara Aso," Associated Press. 24 February 2009; Fackler, Martin. "Japan's Ruling Party Faces Political Extinction," New York Times. 19 February 2009; Landler, Mark and Martin Fackler. 'Clinton Offers Words of Reassurance While in Japan," New York Times. 17 February 2009; Archived 27 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ↑ Harden, Blaine. "Japan's Beleaguered Leader to See Obama," The Washington Post. 24 February 2009.
  25. ↑ "Taro Aso confirmed as Japan's PM". BBC News. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
  26. ↑ "Aso again says no election soon. Dealing with economic crisis takes priority". The Japan Times. 16 March 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
  27. ↑ "Japan's PM Aso calls August vote". BBC News. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
  28. ↑ "Lower house dissolved for general election. Aso says seeks 'a mandate from the public'". The Japan Times. 21 July 2009. Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
  29. ↑ 魚住昭(Akira Uozumi, Uozumi Akira) (30 June 2004). "the last chapter". 野中広務　差別と権力 (in Japanese). Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-06-212344-0.
  30. 1 2 McCurry, Justin (23 March 2007). "Blue eyes, blond hair: that's US problem, says Japanese minister". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 19 September 2007.
  31. ↑ Christopher Reed, "Ghosts of Wartime Japan Haunt Koizumi's Cabinet", New America Media, 3 November 2005.
  32. ↑ Kyodo, "Taiwan colonization was 'good': Aso", The Japan Times Online, 5 February 2006.
  33. ↑ "Japan alarmed by Chinese 'threat'", BBC, 22 December 2005.
  34. ↑ Kyodo,"Aso rapped for emperor shrine visit remark", CHINAdaily.com.cn, 29 January 2006.
  35. ↑ MDN.mainichi-msn.co.jp
  36. ↑ "新総裁 麻生氏 発言録", しんぶん赤旗, Japanese Communist Party, 13 September 2008.
  37. ↑ Yahoo, religions can learn from Japan: PM”, Yahoo!News, 9 January 2009.
  38. ↑ "Abe’s reshuffle promotes right-wingers" - Korea Joongang Daily - 2014/09/05
  39. ↑ Underwood, William, "Aso Mining's POW labor: the evidence", Japan Times, 29 May 2007.
  40. ↑ Underwood, William, "WWII forced labor issue dogs Aso, Japanese firms", Japan Times, 28 October 2008, p. 16.
  41. ↑ Ito, Masami, "It's official: Aso family mine used POW labor", Japan Times, 19 December 2008, p. 1.
  42. ↑ "Ito, Masami, "Pair seek POW apology from Aso", Japan Times, 20 June 2009, p. 2.
  43. ↑ Reuters "Japan PM Faces Reading Test As Popularity Sags", "Javno", 20 January 2009.
  44. ↑ Hongo, Jun, "Aso raises eyebrows with nonwords and wrong words", Japan Times, 14 November 2008.
  45. ↑ "Bumbling Taro Aso becomes Japans answer to George Bush". The Times (London). 5 February 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
  46. ↑ 誤読連発の麻生は「読字障害」？ 養老孟司氏が分析
  47. 1 2 Yamaguchi, Mari, "Discrimination claims die hard in Japan", Japan Times, 25 January 2009, p. 2.
  48. ↑ Kyodo News, "Aso gets riled when quizzed over swanky wining, dining", reported in the Japan Times, 23 October 2008, p. 2.
  49. ↑ Ito, Masami, "Aso defends his high-flying social life," Japan Times, 24 October 2008, p. 2.
  50. 1 2 "Manga shares gain on leader hopes". BBC News. 12 September 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  51. ↑ "「御宅族」行「漫畫外交」受年輕人追捧 ("Otaku"'s "Manga diplomacy" celebrated by youngsters)". Wenweipo. 23 September 2008.
  52. 1 2 "麻生太郎　コミックを語る (Taro Aso talks about comics)". Big Comic Original (in Japanese). Shogakukan (original publisher), Aso Taro Office (copy). 2 July 2003. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  53. ↑ "International Manga Award". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2007.
  54. ↑ "Speech by Minister for Foreign Affairs Taro Aso at Digital Hollywood University". Retrieved 12 September 2007.
  55. ↑ "Japan Launches International Manga Award". Retrieved 12 September 2007.
  56. ↑ Nakajima, Makoto. (2008). The Akiba: A Manga Guide to Akihabara, p. 25.
  57. ↑ "麻生太郎「直撃!　ローゼンメイデン疑惑?」 (Rozen Maiden suspicion: Interview with Aso Taro)". Mechabi Vol. 1 (in Japanese). Kodansha. 2 June 2006. ISBN 978-4-06-179591-4.;Taro Aso (June 2007). 自由と繁栄の弧 (in Japanese). Gentosha. pp. 296–305. ISBN 978-4-344-01333-9.
  58. ↑ (Italian) Carrcer, Stefano. "Taro Aso, un cattolico in corsa per la guida del Giappone," Il Sole 24 Ore (Milano). 19 September 2008.
  59. ↑ NHK evening news, 4 January 2009

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