Nicosia

This article is about the city in Cyprus. For the northern part, see North Nicosia. For the Italian commune, see Nicosia, Sicily. For other uses, see Nicosia (disambiguation).
Nicosia
Λευκωσία (Greek)
Lefkoşa  (Turkish)
City

From upper left: Nicosia city skyline, Ledra Street at night, courtyard of Nicosian houses, Venetian walls of Nicosia, a Nicosian door in the old town, the Buyuk Han, a quiet neighbourhood in the old town, Venetian houses, Nicosia Christmas fair, Makariou Avenue at night

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Nicosia

Location of Nicosia in Cyprus

Coordinates: 35°10′N 033°22′E / 35.167°N 33.367°E / 35.167; 33.367Coordinates: 35°10′N 033°22′E / 35.167°N 33.367°E / 35.167; 33.367
Claimed by Republic of Cyprus (internationally recognized)
Northern Cyprus (the northern part, recognized only by Turkey)
Administered by  
 • South
 • North		 Republic of Cyprus
Northern Cyprus
Cypriot District Nicosia
Government
 • Cypriot Mayor Constantinos Yiorkadjis (Ind.)
 • Turkish Cypriot Mayor Mehmet Harmancı (TDP)
Elevation 220 m (720 ft)
Population (2011)[1][2]
 • City South: 55,014
North: 61,378
 • Metro South: 239,277
North: 82,539
  The south's metro includes the municipalities of Nicosia (south), Agios Dometios, Egkomi, Strovolos, Aglantzia, Lakatameia, Anthoupolis, Latsia and Yeri. The north's includes North Nicosia, Gönyeli, Gerolakkos and Kanli.
Demonym(s) Nicosian
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Post code 1010–1107
Area code(s) +357 22
ISO 3166 code CY-01
Website Nicosia Municipality

Nicosia (/ˌnɪkəˈsiːə/ NIK-ə-SEE-ə; Greek: Λευκωσία [lefkoˈsi.a]; Turkish: Lefkoşa [lefˈkoʃa]); Armenian: Նիկոսիա) is the capital and largest city on the island of Cyprus, as well as its main business centre.[3] It is located near the centre of the Mesaoria plain, on the banks of the River Pedieos.

Nicosia is the capital and seat of government of the Republic of Cyprus, and as such is the farthest southeast of all EU member states' capitals. It has been continuously inhabited for over 4,500 years and has been the capital of Cyprus since the 10th century. Nicosia was divided into the southern Greek Cypriot and the northern Turkish Cypriot parts in 1963, following the intercommunal violence that broke out in the city. Today, the northern part of the city is the capital of Northern Cyprus, a de facto state that is considered to be occupied Cypriot territory by the international community.

Apart from its legislative and administrative functions, Nicosia has established itself as the island's financial capital and its main international business centre. In 2012, the city was ranked as the 5th richest city in the world in relative purchasing power. It hosted the Miss Universe 2000 pageant.[4]

History

Ancient times

Nicosia has been in continuous habitation since the beginning of the Bronze Age 2500 years BC, when the first inhabitants settled in the fertile plain of Mesaoria.[5] Nicosia later became a city-state known as Ledra or Ledrae, one of the twelve kingdoms of ancient Cyprus built by Achaeans after the end of the Trojan War. Remains of old Ledra today can be found in the Ayia Paraskevi hill in the south east of the city. We only know about one king of Ledra, Onasagoras. The kingdom of Ledra was destroyed early. Under Assyrian rule of Cyprus, Onasagoras, was recorded as paying tribute to Esarhaddon of Assyria in 672 BC. By 330 BC, Ledra was recorded to be a small an unimportant town.[6] According to tradition, the city was rebuilt by "Leucus", claimed to be the son of Ptolemy I, around 300 BC or 200 BC, and named after him as "Leucoton" or "Lefkotheon".[7][8][9] The main activity of the town inhabitants was farming. During this era, Ledra did not have the huge growth that the other Cypriot coastal towns had, which was primarily based on trade.[10]

Roman and Byzantine times

In Byzantine times the town was also referred to as Λευκουσία (Leukousia) or as Καλληνίκησις (Kallenikesis). In the 4th century AD, the town became the seat of bishopric, with bishop Saint Tryphillius (Trifillios), a student of Saint Spyridon.[11]

After the destruction of Salamis, the existing capital of Cyprus, by Arab raids in 647, Nicosia became the capital of the island around 965, when Cyprus rejoined the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines moved the island's administration seat to Nicosia primarily for security reasons as coastal towns were often suffering from raids. From that point on it has remained as the capital of Cyprus. Nicosia acquired a castle and was the seat of the Byzantine governor of Cyprus; the last Byzantine governor was Isaac Komnenos, who declared himself emperor of the island and ruled the island from 1183 to 1191.[12]

Medieval times

Selimiye Mosque, originally the Cathedral of Sainte Sophie, which was built during the Lusignan rule and later converted to a mosque, exemplifies the Gothic architecture in Nicosia.
Venetian walls of Nicosia

On his way to the Holy Land during the Third Crusade in 1187, Richard I of England's fleet was plagued by storms. He himself stopped first at Crete and then at Rhodes. Three ships continued on, one of which was carrying Queen Joan of Sicily and Berengaria of Navarre, Richard's bride-to-be. Two of the ships were wrecked off Cyprus, but the ship bearing Joan and Berengaria made it safely to Limassol. Joan refused to come ashore, fearing she would be captured and held hostage by Isaac Komnenos, who hated all Franks. Her ship sat at anchor for a full week before Richard finally arrived on 8 May. Outraged at the treatment of his sister and his future bride, Richard invaded.[13]

Richard laid siege to Nicosia, finally met and defeated Isaac Komnenos at Tremetousia and became ruler of the island, but sold it to the Knights Templar.

The Frankish rule of Cyprus started from 1192 and lasted until 1489. During this time, Nicosia was the capital of the medieval Kingdom of Cyprus, the seat of Lusignan kings, the Latin Church and the Frankish administration of the island. During the Frankish rule, the walls of the city were built along with many other palaces and buildings, including the gothic Saint Sofia Cathedral. The tombs of the Lusignan kings can be found there. The exonym Nicosia appeared with the arrival of the Lusignans. The French-speaking Crusaders either could not, or did not care to, pronounce the name Lefkosia, and tended to say "Nicosie" translated into Italian and then internationally known as "Nicosia".

Image of map of Nicosia, created in 1597
Map of Nicosia in Cyprus, created in 1597
Famagusta Gate built in 1567

In 1374 Nicosia was occupied and ravaged by the Genoans and in 1426 from the Mamelukes of Egypt.

In 1489, when Cyprus came under Venetian rule, Nicosia became their administrative centre and the seat of the Republic of Venice. The Venetian Governors saw it as a necessity for all the cities of Cyprus to be fortified due to the Ottoman threat.[14] In 1567 Venetians built the new fortifications of Nicosia, which are well-preserved until today, demolishing the old walls built by the Franks as well as other important buildings of the Frankish era including the King's Palace, other private palaces and churches and monasteries of both Orthodox and Latin Christians.[15] The new walls took the shape of a star with eleven bastions. The design of the bastion is more suitable for artillery and a better control for the defenders. The walls have three gates, to the North Kyrenia Gate, to the west Paphos Gate and to the east Famagusta Gate.[15] The river Pedieos used to flow through the Venetian walled city. In 1567 it was later diverted outside onto the newly built moat for strategic reasons, due to the expected Ottoman attack.[16]

Ottoman rule

Photo of old city aqueduct in Nicosia
The Nicosia aqueduct
View of Nicosia in 1878

On 1 July 1570, the Ottomans invaded the island. On 22 July, Piyale Pasha having captured Paphos, Limassol and Larnaca marched his army towards Nicosia and laid siege to the city.[17] The city managed to last 40 days under siege until its fall on 9 September 1570. Some 20,000 residents died during the siege and every church, public building, and palace was looted.[18] The main Latin churches were converted into mosques, such as the conversion of the Saint Sophia Cathedral.

Nicosia was the seat of the Pasha, the Greek Archbishop, the Dragoman and the Qadi. The Palazzo del Governo of Venetian times became the seat of the Pasha, the governor of Cyprus, and the building was known as the Konak or Seraglio (Saray). The square outside was known as Seraglio Square or Sarayonu (literally front of the Saray), as it is known to the present day. The saray was demolished in 1904 and the present block of Government Offices built on the site.[19]

When the newly settled Turkish population arrived they generally lived in the north of the old riverbed. Greek Cypriots remained concentrated in the south, where the Archbishopric of the Orthodox Church was built. Other ethnic minority groups such as the Armenians and Latins came to be settled near the western entry into the city at Paphos Gate.[20]

The names of the 12 quarters into which Nicosia was originally divided at the time of the Ottoman Conquest are said to be derived from the 12 generals in command of divisions of the Ottoman army at the time. Each general being posted to a quarter, that quarter (with two exceptions) was known by his name as follows:

  1. General Ibrahim Pasha.
  2. General Mahmoud Pasha.
  3. General Ak Kavuk Pasha. (This is a nickname meaning "white cap.")
  4. General Koukoud Effendi.
  5. General Arab Ahmed Pasha.
  6. General Abdi Pasha, known as Chavush (Sergeant) from which rank he was probably promoted.
  7. General Haydar Pasha.
  8. General Karamanzade (son of a Caramanian, other names not given).
  9. General Yahya Pasha (now known as the Phaneromeni Quarter).
  10. General Daniel Pasha (name of quarter changed subsequently to Omerie in honour of the Caliph Omar who stayed there for a night when in Cyprus).
  11. Tophane (Artillery Barracks)
  12. Nebetkhane, meaning police station or quarters of the patrol.[19]

The names of the generals in command of the last two quarters have been lost:

Later the number of neighbourhoods was increased to 24. Each neighbourhood was organised around a mosque or a church, where mainly the respective Moslem and Christian communities lived.[21]

British administration

Painting, hoisting the British flat in Nicosia
Hoisting the British flag in Nicosia.
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1881 11,536—    
189112,515+8.5%
190114,481+15.7%
191116,052+10.8%
192111,831−26.3%
193123,324+97.1%
194634,485+47.9%
196045,629+32.3%
Source for 1881-1960.[22]

Nicosia came under the rule of Great Britain on 5 July 1878.[23] The old Ottoman administrative headquarters (the Saray) was replaced in 1904 by a new building containing Law Courts, the Land Registry, and the Forestry, Customs, and Nicosia Commissioner's Offices.[19] Adjacent was the Nicosia Police headquarters, while opposite were the General Post Office and the Telegraph Office.[24] A Venetian Column, previously in a fenced courtyard near the Saray,[25] was restored on a new site in the summer of 1915 in the middle of Saray Square. The Nicosia column was presumably erected in compliment to the reigning Doge Francesco Donati about the year 1550.[19]

Just after the British Occupation a Municipal Council was constituted in Nicosia in 1882 for the general administration of public affairs within the city and for a certain area without the walls, under the presidency of a Mayor.[19] The first municipal offices were in Municipality Square (now the central municipal market), but in 1944 the offices were transferred temporarily to the d'Avila bastion and in 1952 this was made permanent with a decision to renovate the building.[26]

Extensions to the Nicosia municipal area
Extensions to the Nicosia municipal area
View of Nicosia in 1914

In 1923 the municipal limits were extended further (see map) and this new area was divided among several of the existing intramural Neighbourhoods.[27] In 1938 the boundary was extended to the present limits in the west and to the boundaries of Ayii Omoloyites, Palouriotissa, Kaimakli and Omorfita.[28] In 1944 the village authority of Ayii Omoloyites was absorbed, then, shortly after independence, Palouriotissa, Kaimakli and Omorfita were annexed to the city in 1968.[29]

In 1955 an armed struggle against the British rule began aiming to unite the island with Greece, Enosis. The struggle was led by EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist military resistance organisation,[30][31] and supported by the vast majority of Greek Cypriots. The unification with Greece failed and instead the independence of Cyprus was declared in 1960. During the period of the struggle, Nicosia was the scene of violent protests against the British rule.

Independence and division

The reopening of the Ledra Street crossing in 2008
Scheme for new pedestrianized streets in old Nicosia implemented after 2004

In 1960 Nicosia became the capital of the Republic of Cyprus, a state established by the Greek and Turkish Cypriots. In 1963, the Greek Cypriot side proposed amendments to the constitution, which were rejected by the Turkish Cypriot community.[32] During the aftermath of this crisis, on 21 December 1963, intercommunal violence broke out between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. Nicosia was divided into Greek and Turkish Cypriot quarters with the Green Line, named after the colour of the pen used by the United Nations officer to draw the line on a map of the city.[33] This resulted in Turkish Cypriots withdrawing from the government, and following more intercommunal violence in 1964, a number of Turkish Cypriots moved to the Turkish quarter of Nicosia, causing serious overcrowding.[34]

On 15 July 1974, there was an attempted coup d'état led by the Greek military junta to unite the island with Greece. The coup ousted president Makarios III and replaced him with pro-enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson.[35]

On 20 July 1974, the coup d'état precipitated the invasion of the island by the Turkish army.[36] The operation included two phases. The second phase of the Turkish invasion was performed on 14 August 1974, where the Turkish army advanced their positions, eventually capturing a total of 37% of Cypriot territory including the northern part of Nicosia. The fighting left the island with a massive refugee problem on both sides.[37]

On 13 February 1975 the Turkish Cypriot community declared the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus in the area occupied by Turkish forces.[38] On 15 November 1983, Turkish Cypriots proclaimed their independence as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

On 23 April 2003, the Ledra Palace crossing was opened through the Green Line, the first time that crossing was allowed since 1974.[39] This was followed by the opening of Ayios Dometios/Metehan crossing point on 9 May 2003.[40] On 3 April 2008, the Ledra Street crossing was also reopened.[41]

Geography

Climate

Nicosia has a subtropical-hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh)[42] with long, hot and dry summers. Most of the rainfall occurs in winter.

Climate data for Athalassa, Nicosia, elevation: 162 m (1991-2005) (Satellite view)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9)		 15.9
(60.6)		 19.2
(66.6)		 24.3
(75.7)		 29.7
(85.5)		 34.3
(93.7)		 37.2
(99)		 36.9
(98.4)		 33.5
(92.3)		 29.0
(84.2)		 22.1
(71.8)		 17.0
(62.6)		 26.2
(79.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.6
(51.1)		 10.6
(51.1)		 13.1
(55.6)		 17.1
(62.8)		 22.3
(72.1)		 26.9
(80.4)		 29.7
(85.5)		 29.4
(84.9)		 26.2
(79.2)		 22.3
(72.1)		 16.3
(61.3)		 12.0
(53.6)		 19.7
(67.5)
Average low °C (°F) 5.7
(42.3)		 5.2
(41.4)		 7.0
(44.6)		 10.2
(50.4)		 14.8
(58.6)		 19.4
(66.9)		 22.2
(72)		 21.9
(71.4)		 18.8
(65.8)		 15.6
(60.1)		 10.4
(50.7)		 7.1
(44.8)		 13.2
(55.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 54.7
(2.154)		 41.6
(1.638)		 28.3
(1.114)		 19.9
(0.783)		 23.5
(0.925)		 17.6
(0.693)		 5.8
(0.228)		 1.3
(0.051)		 11.7
(0.461)		 17.4
(0.685)		 54.6
(2.15)		 65.8
(2.591)		 342.2
(13.472)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 7.3 6.5 5.4 3.5 2.7 1.3 0.5 0.1 0.6 2.8 4.7 7.7 43.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 182.9 200.1 238.7 267.0 331.7 369.0 387.5 365.8 312.0 275.9 213.0 170.5 3,314.1
Source: Meteorological Service (Cyprus)[43]

Another chart with cooler temperatures.[44]

Cityscape

South of the Green Line

View of Nicosia from Shacolas Tower
Ledra Street
Archbishop's Palace

Ledra Street is in the middle of the walled city. The street has historically been the busiest shopping street of the capital and adjacent streets lead to the most lively part of the old city with narrow streets, boutiques, bars and art-cafés. The street today is a historic monument on its own. It is about 1 km (0.6 mi) long and connects the south and north parts of the old city. During the EOKA struggle that ran from 1955–1959, the street acquired the informal nickname The Murder Mile in reference to the frequent targeting of the British colonialists by nationalist fighters along its course.[45][46] In 1963, during the outbreak of hostilities between the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities, following the announcement of amendments to the Cypriot Constitution, Turkish Cypriots withdrew to the northern part of Nicosia which became one of the many Turkish Cypriot enclaves which existed throughout the island. Various streets which ran between the northern and southern part of the city, including Ledra Street, were blockaded. During the Turkish army invasion of Cyprus in 1974, Turkish troops occupied northern Nicosia (as well as the northern part of Cyprus). A buffer zone was established across the island along the ceasefire line to separate the northern Turkish controlled part of the island, and the south. The buffer zone runs through Ledra Street. After many failed attempts on reaching agreement between the two communities, Ledra Street was reopened on 3 April 2008.

To the east of Ledra Street, Faneromeni Square was the centre of Nicosia before 1974. It hosts a number of historical buildings and monuments including Faneromeni Church, Faneromeni School, Faneromeni Library and the Marble Mausoleum. Faneromeni Church, is a church built in 1872 in the stead of another church located at the same site, constructed with the remains of La Cava castle and a convent. There rest the archbishop and the other bishops who were executed by the Ottomans in the Saray Square during the 1821 revolt. The Palace of the Archbishop can be found at Archbishop Kyprianos Square. Although it seems very old, it is a wonderful imitation of typical Venetian style, built in 1956. Next to the palace is the late Gothic Saint John cathedral (1665) with picturesque frescos. The square leads to Onasagorou Street, another busy shopping street in the historical centre.

The walls sourrounding the old city have three gates. In The Kyrenia Gate which was responsible to the transport to the north, and especially Kyrenia, the Famagusta Gate which was responsible for the transport from Famagusta, Larnaca and Limassol and Karpasia, and the Paphos Gate for transport to the west and especially Paphos. All three gates are well-preserved.[47]

Pedieos river linear park.

The historical centre is clearly present inside the walls, but the modern city has grown beyond. Presently, the main square of the city is Eleftheria (Freedom) Square, with the city hall, the post office and the library. The square which is currently under renovation, connects the old city with the new city where one can find the main shopping streets such as the prestigious Stasikratous Street, Themistokli Dervi Avenue and Makarios Avenue.

Nicosia is also known for its fine museums. The Archbishop's Palace contains a Byzantine museum containing the largest collection of religious icons on the island. Leventis Municipal Museum is the only historical museum of Nicosia and revives the old ways of life in the capital from ancient times up to our days. Other interesting museums include the Folk Art Museum, National Struggle Museum (witnessing the rebellion against the British administration in the 1950s), Cyprus Ethnological Museum (House of Dragoman Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios, 18th century) and the Handicrafts Centre.

Nicosia also hosts an Armenian archbishopric, a small Buddhist temple and also the Maronite archbishop and convent. Cyprus is the second most important country for the Maronite people worldwide after Lebanon. Pope Benedict XVI resided inside the convent during his visit to the island in June 2010.

North of the Green Line

Sarayönü Square
The historical Samanbahçe neighborhood
A view from the Dereboyu Avenue

At the center of the walled city lies the Sarayönü Square. The square has been dubbed as "the heart of Nicosia" and historically has been the cultural center of the Turkish Cypriot community.[48] In the middle of the square stands the Venetian Column, known simply as "the Obelisk" ("Dikiltaş") to the locals and symbolic of the country's government.[48] The column was brought from the ancient city of Salamis by the Venetians in 1550.[49] The Girne Avenue connects Sarayönü to the Kyrenia Gate and the İnönü Square in front of it. The avenue has been described as "the symbol of the walled city", and is filled with numerous shops and restaurants.[50]

Next to the Ledra Street checkpoint is the Arasta area. The area was pedestrianized in 2013 and is home to a network of historic shopping streets, reflecting an eastern shopping tradition with food and traditional items.[51] Nearby Büyük Han, the largest caravanserai in the island and considered to be one of the finest buildings in Cyprus, was built in 1572 by the Ottomans and currently functions as a cultural center.[52][53] To the west of the Girne Avenue lies the Samanbahçe neighborhood, built in the 19th century by the government, considered to be the first example of social housing in the island. Still a residential area, the neighborhood is considered to be one of the best representations of the Cypriot culture.[54] Another central point in the walled city is the Selimiye Mosque, originally built as the St. Sophia Cathedral. The mosque is the chief religious center in Northern Cyprus. It was built between 1209 and 1228 by the Latin Church of Cyprus, in a Gothic style resembling French cathedrals.[55] Next to the mosque is the Bedesten, a large Greek church in the Byzantine and Gothic styles, built in the 14th century. It was used as a marketplace in the Ottoman era. Today, it is used as a cultural center where various cultural activities such as concerts and festivals take place.[56][57]

The quarters of Nicosia outside the walled city are more spacious than the walled city, with wider roads and junctions. These areas are characterized by multi-floor concrete buildings. In the outskirts of the city, a number large and imposing villas have been built that belong to the middle and upper-classes.[58] The Dereboyu Avenue serves as the modern heart of the northern part and is its center of entertainment.

Politics and administration

Governance of the metropolitan area

Presidential Palace in Strovolos area.
Map of Greater Nicosia
Greater Nicosia

Greater Nicosia is administered by several municipalities. In the centre is the city municipality of Nicosia itself (see below). Other municipalities are Strovolos, Lakatamia, Latsia, Aglandjia, Engomi, Agios Dhometios and the newly formed (as of 2011) Yeri & Tseri.

The population of the conurbation is 300,000 (2011 census, plus Turkish Cypriot administered census of 2006) of which 100,000 live within the Nicosia municipal area. Because Nicosia municipality has separate communal municipal administrations, the population of Strovolos (67,904 (2011 Census)) is actually the largest of all the local authorities in Greater Nicosia.

Within Nicosia municipality, most of the population resides in the more recently annexed outlying areas of Kaimakli, Pallouriotissa, Omorfita and Ayii Omoloyites.

There is no metropolitan authority as such for Greater Nicosia and various roles, responsibilities and functions for the wider area are undertaken by the Nicosia District administration, bodies such as the Nicosia Water Board and, to some extent, Nicosia municipality.

The Nicosia Water Board supplies water to the following municipalities: Nicosia, Strovolos, Aglandjia, Engomi, Ay. Dometios, Latsia, Geri and Tseri. The board consists of three persons nominated by the Council of each municipality, plus three members appointed by the government, who are usually the District Officer of Nicosia District, who chairs the Board, the Accountant General and the Director of the Water Department. The board also supply Anthoupolis and Ergates, for whom the government provide representatives. Thus the board is in the majority controlled by the municipalities of Greater Nicosia in providing this vital local government service.[59]

The Nicosia Sewerage Board, is likewise majority controlled by the municipalities of Greater Nicosia. It is chaired ex officio by the Mayor of Nicosia and consists of members chosen by the municipalities of Nicosia (6 members), Strovolos (5 members), Aglandjia (2 members), Lakatamia (2 members), Ay. Dometios (2 members), Engomi (2 members), Latsia (1 member). The sewage treatment plant is at Mia Milia. The Nicosia Sewerage System serves a population of approximately 140,000 and an area of 20 km2 (8 sq mi). Approximately 30% of the influent is contributed by the Turkish Cypriot Side.[60]

Public transport is not controlled by the local authorities, but comes under the Nicosia District administration, which is an arm of the Ministry of the Interior. Transport services (primarily bus and taxi) are provided by an agency of the Nicosia District (OSEL) or private companies.[61]

Nicosia Municipality

Nicosia Municipality building at Eleftheria Square

The Nicosia Municipality is responsible for all the municipal duties within the walled city and the immediately adjacent areas. The Constitution states that various main government buildings and headquarters must be situated within the Nicosia municipal boundaries.[62] However separate municipalities are prescribed by the constitution for in the five largest towns, including Nicosia,[63] and in the case of Nicosia the separate administration was established in 1958. The Turkish Municipal Committees (Temporary Provisions) Law, 1959[64] established a municipal authority run by a "Turkish Municipal Committee", defined as "the body of persons set up on or after the first day of July, 1958, in the towns of Nicosia, Limassol, Famagusta, Larnaca and Paphos by the Turkish inhabitants thereof for the purpose of performing municipal functions within the municipal limits of such towns".The Nicosia Turkish Municipality, founded in 1958, carries out municipal duties in the northern and north-western part of city.[65] The remaining areas, in the south and east of the city, are administered by Nicosia Municipality.

Nicosia Turkish Municipality

Nicosia Turkish Municipal building
Nicosia Turkish Municipal building

The first attempt to establish a Nicosia Turkish Municipality was made in 1958. In October 1959, the British Colonial Administration passed the Turkish Municipality Committees law. In 1960 with the declaration of independence of Cyprus, the Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus gave Turkish Cypriots the right to establish their own municipality.[66][67][68] As negotiations between the two sides to establish separate municipalities failed in 1962, implementing legislation was never passed.[69][70] Since the complete division of Nicosia following the Turkish Invasion in 1974, the Nicosia Turkish Municipality has become the de facto local authority of northern Nicosia. The Nicosia Turkish Municipality is a member the Union of Cyprus Turkish Municipalities.[71] The current mayor is Mehmet Harmancı from the Communal Democracy Party.

Other municipalities in Greater Nicosia

Until 1986 there were no suburban municipalities. Then, following the procedures in the Municipal Law 111/1985, Strovolos, Engomi, Ay. Dometios, Aglandjia, Latsia and Lakatamia were erected into municipalities.[72] Each municipal council has the number of members described in the Municipal Law 111/1985 depending on the population figures. All members of the council are elected directly by the people for a period of 5 years.

Administrative divisions and demographics

Administrative Divisions (2011 Census)

Nicosia within the city limits is divided into 29 administrative units, according to the latest census. This unit is termed in English as quarter, neighbourhood, parish, enoria or mahalla. These units are: Ayios Andreas (Tophane), Trypiotis, Nebethane, Tabakhane, Phaneromeni, Ayios Savvas, Omerie, Ayios Antonios (St. Anthony), St. John, Taht-el-kale, Chrysaliniotissa, Ayios Kassianos (Kafesli), Kaïmakli, Panayia, St Constantine & Helen, Ayioi Omoloyites, Arab Ahmet, Yeni Jami, Omorfita, Ibrahim Pasha, Mahmut Pasha, Abu Kavouk, St. Luke, Abdi Chavush, Iplik Pazar and Korkut Effendi, Ayia Sophia, Haydar Pasha, Karamanzade,[73] and Yenişehir/Neapolis.[74]

The municipality of Strovolos, established in 1986, is the second largest municipal authority in Cyprus in terms of population after Limassol and encompasses the southern suburbs of the capital immediately adjacent to Nicosia municipality.[75] Lakatamia, Latsia, Geri and Aglandjia are other separate municipalities in the Nicosia metropolitan area.

The town of Gönyeli is now conurbated with the northern suburbs. Previously a village authority, it now functions as a municipality[76] within the same area[77] The suburbs immediately to the north of the city have not been erected into municipalities. The village authority of Hamitköy (also known as Hamid Mandres) was heavily urbanized[78] and was included within the borders of Nicosia Turkish Municipality[79] as a Nicosia neighbourhood headed by a muhtar.[80] Ortakeuy Village authority[81] has similarly been redefined as a neighbourhood of Nicosia Turkish Municipality.

Culture

Photo of Cyprus Archeological Museum in Nicosia
Cypriot Archeological Museum

In old Nicosia, the Ethnological Museum (Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios Mansion) is the most important example of urban architecture of the last century of Ottoman domination which survives in old Nicosia. Today, the mansion which was awarded the Europa Nostra prize for its exemplary renovation work, functions as a museum where a collection of artifacts from the Byzantine, Medieval and Ottoman periods are displayed.

Other museums in Nicosia include the Cyprus Museum of Natural History.

Nicosia offers a wide variety of musical and theatrical events, organized either by the municipality or independent organizations.

In June 2011, Nicosia launched a failed campaign to become the European Capital of Culture for 2017.[82]

Section of the modern buildings of the University of Cyprus (UCY)

Education

Nicosia has a large student community as it is the seat of eight universities, the University of Cyprus (UCY), the University of Nicosia, the European University Cyprus, the Open University of Cyprus, Frederick University, Near East University, the University of Mediterranean Karpasia and Cyprus International University.

Economy

Photo of Central Bank of Cyprus in Nicosia
Central Bank of Cyprus

Nicosia is the financial and business heart of Cyprus. The city hosts the headquarters of all Cypriot banks namely the former Cyprus Popular Bank (also known as Laiki Bank), Bank of Cyprus, the Hellenic Bank. Further, the Central Bank of Cyprus is located in the Acropolis area of the Cypriot capital.

A number of international businesses base their Cypriot headquarters in Nicosia, such as the big four audit firms PWC, Deloitte, KPMG and Ernst & Young. International technology companies such as NCR and TSYS have their regional headquarters in Nicosia. The city is also home to local financial newspapers such as the Financial Mirror and Stockwatch.

Cyprus Airways has its head offices in the entrance of Makariou Avenue.[83]

According to a recent UBS survey in August 2011, Nicosia is the wealthiest per capita city of the Eastern Mediterranean and the tenth richest city in the world by purchasing power in 2011.[84]

Transport

Photo of buses at Solomou Square in Nicosia
Public buses in Solomos Square
Roundabout in an A1 highway in Nicosia

Nicosia is linked with other major cities in Cyprus via a modern motorway network. The A1 connects Nicosia with Limassol in the south with the A6 going from Limassol onto Paphos. The A2 links Nicosia with the south eastern city of Larnaca with the A3 going from Larnaca to Ayia Napa. The A9 connects Nicosia to the west Nicosia district villages and the Troodos mountains. The capital is also linked to the 2 international airports: Larnaca International Airport and Paphos International Airport.

Public transport within the city is currently served by a new and reliable bus service. Bus services in Nicosia are run by OSEL.[85] In the northern part, the company of LETTAŞ provides this service.[86] Many taxi companies operate in Nicosia. Fares are regulated by law and taxi drivers are obliged to use a taximeter.

In 2010, as part of the Nicosia Integrated Mobility Plan, a pre-feasibility study for a proposed tram network has taken place and sponsored by the Ministry of Communications and Works. The study compared two scenarios, with and without the operation of a tramway in terms of emitted polluting loads.[87]

In 2011, the Nicosia Municipality introduced the Bike in Action scheme, a bicycle sharing system which covers the Greater Nicosia area. The scheme is run by the Inter-Municipal Bicycle Company of Nicosia (DEPL).[88]

There is currently no train network in Cyprus however plans for the creation of an intercity railway are currently under way. The first railway line on the island was the Cyprus Government Railway which operated from 1905 to 1951. It was closed down due to financial reasons.[89]

Sports

Photo of field club tennis court in Nicosia
Field club tennis courts

Football is the most popular sport in Cyprus, and Nicosia is home of three major teams of the island; APOEL, Omonia and Olympiakos. APOEL and Omonia dominate Cypriot football. There are also many other football clubs in Nicosia and the suburbs. Nicosia is also home to Ararat FC, the island's only Armenian FC.

Nicosia is also the home for many clubs for basketball, handball and other sports. APOEL and Omonia have basketball and volleyball sections and Keravnos is one of the major basketball teams of the island. The Gymnastic Club Pancypria (GSP), the owner of the Neo GSP Stadium, is one of the major athletics clubs of the island. Also, all teams in the Futsal First Division are from Nicosia.

Nicosia has some of the biggest venues in the island; The Neo GSP Stadium, with capacity of 23,400, is the home for the national team, APOEL, Olympiakos and Omonia. The other big football stadium in Nicosia is Makario Stadium with capacity of 16,000. The Eleftheria Indoor Hall is the biggest basketball stadium in Cyprus, with capacity of 6,500 seats and is the home for the national team, APOEL and Omonia. The Lefkotheo indoor arena is the volleyball stadium for APOEL and Omonia.

Nicosia hosted the 2000 ISSF World Cup Final shooting events for the shotgun. Also the city hosted two basketball events; the European Saporta Cup in 1997 and the 2005 FIBA Europe All Star Game in the Eleftheria Indoor Hall. Another event which was hosted in Nicosia were the Games of the Small States of Europe in 1989 and 2009.

Famous Nicosians

Christopher A. Pissarides, Nobel Prize winner in Economics

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Twinnings:[90]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Population - Place of Residence, 2011". Statistical Service of Cyprus (CYSTAT). 17 April 2014.
  2. ↑ "KKTC 2011 Nüfus ve Konut Sayımı" [TRNC 2011 Population and Housing Census] (PDF) (in Turkish). TRNC State Planning Organization. 6 August 2013.
  3. ↑ Derya Oktay, "Cyprus: The South and the North", in Ronald van Kempen, Marcel Vermeulen, Ad Baan, Urban Issues and Urban Policies in the new EU Countries, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 978-0-7546-4511-5, p. 207.
  4. ↑ "World's richest cities by purchasing power". City Mayors. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  5. ↑ "Nicosia Municipality". Nicosia.org.cy. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  6. ↑ World and its Peoples: Greece and the Eastern Balkans. Marshall Cavendish, 2010.
  7. ↑ Hakeri, Bener Hakkı (1992). "Lefkoşa". Kıbrıs Türk Ansiklopedisi. II. Kıbrıs. p. 240.
  8. ↑ Excerpta Cypria. Cambridge University Press. 1908. p. 119.
  9. ↑ Jacovides, A.E. (1968). Cyprus Directory: Commerce, Industry, Tourism, Classified Buisness Firms Index, Cyprus Economic Review. A.E. Jacovides Tourist & Commercial Publications. p. 191.
  10. ↑ "Nicosia Municipality". Nicosia.org.cy. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  11. ↑ "Saint Tryphillius". Saintsoftheday108.blogspot.com. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  12. ↑ "Nicosia Municipality". Nicosia.org.cy. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  13. ↑ "The Crusades – home page". Boisestate.edu. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  14. ↑ "Nicosia Municipality". Nicosia.org.cy. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  15. 1 2 "Nicosia Municipality". Nicosia.org.cy. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  16. ↑ "Nicosia" (PDF). Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  17. ↑ "Nicosia Municipality". Nicosia.org.cy. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  18. ↑ "Cyprus – Historical Setting – Ottoman Rule". Historymedren.about.com. 17 June 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 A description of the historic monuments of Cyprus. Studies in the archaeology and architecture of the island, by George Jeffery, Architect, 1918
  20. ↑ "Nicosia". Conflictincities.org. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  21. ↑ Coexistence in the Disappeared Mixed Neighbourhoods of Nicosia, by Ahmet An (Paper read at the conference, “Nicosia: The Last Divided Capital in Europe”, organized by the London Metropolitan University on 20 June 2011)
  22. ↑
  23. ↑ "Nicosia Municipality". Nicosia.org.cy. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  24. ↑ See map drawn in 1952 published in "Romantic Cyprus", by Kevork Keshishian, 1958 edition
  25. ↑ "Levkosia, the capital of Cyprus" by Archduke Louis Salvator, 1881
  26. ↑ Municipality web site: http://www.nicosia.org.cy retrieved August 2013, section on Municipal Building
  27. ↑ Order No. 397 published in Cyprus Gazette No. 1597, 4 August 1923
  28. ↑ Cyprus Gazette No. 2676. 23 September 1938, Supplement No.3:The Municipal Corporations Laws, 1930 to 1938 — Limits of the Municipal Corporation of Nicosia
  29. ↑ Nicosia Capital of Cyprus by Kevork Keshishian, pub 1978
  30. ↑ "EOKA (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston)". Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  31. ↑ "War and Politics – Cyprus". Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  32. ↑ Solsten, Eric. "The Republic of Cyprus". US Library of Congress. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  33. ↑ "Nicosia Municipality". Nicosia.org.cy. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  34. ↑ Solsten, Eric. "Intercommunal Violence". US Library of Congress. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  35. ↑ "CYPRUS: Big Troubles over a Small Island". TIME. 29 July 1974.
  36. ↑ "Nicosia Municipality". Nicosia.org.cy. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  37. ↑ The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion. By Brendan O'Malley, Ian Craig. Books.google.com. 25 August 2001. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  38. ↑ Malcolm Nathan Shaw, International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-82473-6, p. 212.
  39. ↑ "Emotion as Cyprus border opens". BBC News. 23 April 2003. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  40. ↑ "Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Cyprus". Docs.google.com. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  41. ↑ "Symbolic Cyprus crossing reopens". BBC News. 3 April 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  42. ↑ Map
  43. ↑ "Meteorological Service – Climatological and Meteorological Reports". August 2011.
  44. 1 2 "Climate: Nicosia - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  45. ↑ "The First Move". Time Magazine. 27 August 1956. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
  46. ↑ "War and Politics-Cyprus". Britains-smallwars.com. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  47. ↑ Keshishian, Kevork K. (1978). Nicosia: Capital of Cyprus Then and Now, p. 78-83, The Mouflon Book and Art Centre.
  48. 1 2 "İki paradan bir milyona... Saraçoğlu’ndan Ecevit’e...". kibris.net. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  49. ↑ "Venedik Sütunu". Nicosia Turkish Municipality. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  50. ↑ "Girne Caddesi'nin dokusu değişecek". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  51. ↑ "Arasta". LTB. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  52. ↑ "Arasta boş, Büyük Han kaynıyor!". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  53. ↑ "Büyük Han". LTB. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  54. ↑ "Samanbahçe Evleri". Nicosia Turkish Municipality. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  55. ↑ "Selimiye Cami". LTB. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  56. ↑ "Trio Arion oda müziği konserler dizisi yarın başlıyor". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  57. ↑ Dreghorn, William. "The Antiquities of Turkish Nicosia". stwing.upenn.edu. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  58. ↑ "Urbanization in Cyprus". Eastern Geography Review. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  59. ↑ See official web site of the Nicosia Water Board, http://www.wbn.org.cy (extract 20/5/13)
  60. ↑ See official web site of the Nicosia Sewerage Board, http://www.sbn.org.cy/ (extract 20/5/13)
  61. ↑ See the official web site of Organisation for Communications of Nicosia District. , http://www.osel.com.cy
  62. ↑ e.g. Constitution of Cyprus Article 153, s2 - "The seat of the High Court shall be in the capital of the Republic."
  63. ↑ Constitution of Cyprus Article 173 - "Separate municipalities shall be created in the five largest towns of the Republic, that is to say, Nicosia, Limassol, Famagusta, Larnaca and Paphos by the Turkish inhabitants thereof"
  64. ↑ Law 1959 c3
  65. ↑ Phoebe Koundouri, Water Resources Allocation: Policy and Socioeconomic Issues in Cyprus, p. 70.
  66. ↑ Phoebe Koundouri, Water Resources Allocation: Policy and Socioeconomic Issues in Cyprus, Springer, 2010, p. 70.
  67. ↑ The Middle East: a survey and directory of the countries of the Middle East, Europa Publications., 1966, p. 171.
  68. ↑ "The Constitution – Appendix D: Part 12 – Miscellaneous Provisions" (in Greek). Cyprus.gov.cy. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  69. ↑ "The Issue of Separate Municipalities and the Birth of the New Republic: Cyprus 1957–1963 (University of Minnesota Press, 2000)". Cyprus-conflict.net. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  70. ↑ "The Library of Congress – Country Studies: Cyprus – Ch. 4 – 1960 Constitution". Lcweb2.loc.gov. 27 July 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  71. ↑ Reddick, Christopher G. Comparative E-Government. ISBN 1-4419-6535-1.
  72. ↑ Official web site of Engomi municipality, history section (Greek version), http://www.engomi.org.cy
  73. ↑ Census of Cyprus (available from Statistical Service, Nicosia). Document: Population - Place of Residence, 2011, Table C. Municipality/Community, Quarter and Street Index published by Ministry of Information (CILIS_streets_022011)
  74. ↑ Official Gazette of the Republic No. 4341 and dated 25.01.2010
  75. ↑ Official web site of Strovolos municipality, history section (English version), http://www.strovolos.org.cy
  76. ↑ Municipal web site, August 2013: www.gonyeli.org/
  77. ↑ The authority has the population, economic viability and consent of the (original) inhabitants prescribed in the Municipalities Law (see Law 11/1985), without having been formally recognised as a municipality under that law. See also www.prio-cyprus-displacement.net/default_print.asp?id=300 retrieved August 2013
  78. ↑ http://www.prio-cyprus-displacement.net/default.asp?id=301
  79. ↑ http://www.lefkosabelediyesi.org/english/news/cln_hamitkoy.htm (retrieved August 2013)
  80. ↑ http://www.lefkosaturkbelediyesi.org/turkce/muhtarlar.htm retrieved August 2013
  81. ↑ http://www.prio-cyprus-displacement.net/default.asp?id=342
  82. ↑ "Nicosia-Cyprus presents candidacy for European Cultural Capital". Citiesintransition.posterous.com. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  83. ↑ Addresses Cyprus Airways
  84. ↑ "The most expensive and richest cities in the world – A report by UBS". Citymayors.com. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  85. ↑ "Οργανισμός Συγκοινωνιών Επαρχίας Λευκωσίας". Osel.com.cy. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  86. ↑ "Kurban bayramı yarın başlıyor". Star Kıbrıs. 19 December 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  87. ↑ (Greek) THE NICOSIA INTEGRATED MOBILITY MASTER PLAN REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS - Ministry of Communications and Works
  88. ↑ "Ποδηλατο Εν Δρασει / Home". Podilatoendrasi.com.cy. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  89. ↑ "Study underway for Cyprus railway network". Famagusta Gazette. 12 June 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  90. ↑ "Twinnings". Nicosia Municipality. Retrieved 7 January 2015.

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