Ashikaga shogunate

Ashikaga shogunate
足利幕府 (Ashikaga bakufu)
Member of the imperial Chinese tributary system (1401–1549)[1][2]
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1336–1573 →


Mon (emblem)

Capital Kyoto
Languages Late Middle Japanese
Religion Shinbutsu-shūgō, Christianity (from 1542)
Government Feudal military dictatorship
Emperor
 •  1332–1334 Kōgon
 • 1557–1586 Ōgimachi
Shogun
 • 1338–1358 Ashikaga Takauji
 • 1568–1573 Ashikaga Yoshiaki
History
 •  Established 11 August 1336
 • Surrender of Emperor Go-Kameyama 15 October 1392
 • Ōnin War 1467–1477
 •  Oda Nobunaga captures Kyoto 2 September 1573
Currency Mon

The Ashikaga shogunate (足利幕府 Ashikaga bakufu, 1336–1573), also known as the Muromachi shogunate (室町幕府 Muromachi bakufu),[3] was a dynasty originating from one of the plethora of Japanese daimyo which governed Japan from 1338 to 1573, the year in which Oda Nobunaga deposed Ashikaga Yoshiaki from office. The heads of government were the shoguns.[4] Each was a member of the Ashikaga clan.[5]

This period is also known as the Muromachi period. It gets its name from the Muromachi district of Kyoto.[3] The third shogun, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, established his residence on Muromachi Street. This residence, constructed in 1379, is nicknamed "Flower Palace" (花の御所 Hana no Gosho) because of the abundance of flowers in its landscaping.

Beginning

During the preceding Kamakura period (1185–1334), the Hōjō clan enjoyed absolute power in the governing of Japan. This monopoly of power, as well as the lack of a reward of lands after the defeat of Mongol invasion, led to simmering resentment among Hōjō vassals. Finally, in 1333, the Emperor Go-Daigo ordered local governing vassals to oppose Hōjō rule, in favor of Imperial restoration, in the Kenmu Restoration.

To counter this revolt, the Kamakura bakufu ordered Ashikaga Takauji to quash the uprising. For reasons that are unclear, possibly because Ashikaga was the de facto leader of the powerless Minamoto clan, while the Hōjō clan were from the Taira clan the Minamoto had previously defeated, Ashikaga turned against the Kamakura bakufu, and fought on behalf of the Imperial court.

After the successful overthrow of the Kamakura bakufu in 1336, Ashikaga Takauji set up his own bakufu in Kyoto.

North and South Court

After Ashikaga Takauji established himself as the shogun, a dispute arose with Emperor Daigō II on the subject of how to govern the country. That dispute led Takauji to cause Prince Yutahito, the second son of Emperor Go-Fushimi, to be installed as Emperor Kōmyō. Daigō fled, and Japan was divided between a northern imperial court (in favor of Kōmyō), and a southern imperial court (in favor of Daigō). This period of "Northern and Southern Courts" continued for 56 years, until 1392, when the South Court gave up during the reign of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.

Government structure

Structure of the bakufu

The Ashikaga Shogunate is the weakest of the three Japanese military governments. Unlike its predecessor, the Kamakura Shogunate, or its successor, the Tokugawa Shogunate, when Ashikaga Takauji established his government he had little personal territories with which to support his rule. The Ashikaga Shogunate was thus heavily reliant on the prestige and personal authority of its shoguns. The centralized master-vassal system used in the Kamakura system was replaced with the highly de-centralized daimyo (local lord) system, and because of the lack of direct territories, the military power of the shoguns depended heavily on the loyalty of the daimyo.

On the other hand, the Imperial court was no longer a credible threat to military rule. The failure of the Kenmu Restoration had rendered the court weakened and subservient, a situation the Ashikaga Takauji reinforced by establishing within close proximity of the emperor at Kyoto. The authority of the local daimyo greatly expanded from its Kamakura times. In addition to military and policing responsibilities, the shogunate appointed shugos now absorbed the justice, economical and taxation powers of the local Imperial governors, while the government holdings in each province were rapidly absorbed into the personal holdings of the daimyos or their vassals. The loss of both political clout and economic base deprived the Imperial court of much of its power, which were then assumed by the Ashikaga shoguns. This situation reached its peak under the rule of the third Shogun, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.

After Yoshimitsu however, the structural weakness of the Ashikaga shogunate were exposed by numerous succession troubles and early deaths. This became dramatically more acute after the Onin War, after which the shogunate itself became reduced to little more than a local political force in Kyoto.

Foreign relations

The Ashikaga shogunate's foreign relations policy choices were played out in evolving contacts with Joseon on the Korean Peninsula[6][7] and with imperial China.[8][9]

Fall of the shogunate

As the daimyo increasingly feuded among themselves in the pursuit of power in the Ōnin War, that loyalty grew increasingly strained, until it erupted into open warfare in the late Muromachi period, also known as the Sengoku period.

When the shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru was assassinated in 1565, an ambitious daimyo, Oda Nobunaga, seized the opportunity and installed Yoshiteru's brother Yoshiaki as the 15th Ashikaga shogun. However, Yoshiaki was only a puppet of Nobunaga.

The Ashikaga shogunate was finally destroyed in 1573 when Nobunaga drove Ashikaga Yoshiaki out of Kyoto. Initially, Yoshiaki fled to Shikoku. Afterwards, he sought and received protection from the Mōri clan in western Japan. Later, Toyotomi Hideyoshi requested that Yoshiaki accept him as an adopted son and the 16th Ashikaga shogun, but Yoshiaki refused.

The Ashikaga family survived the 16th century, and a branch of it became the daimyo family of the Kitsuregawa domain.[10]

Palace remains

Marker for the site of the Muromachi Bakufu, Kyoto

The Shogunal residence, also known as the "Flower Palace", was in Kyoto on the block now bounded by Karasuma Street (to the east), Imadegawa Street (to the south), Muromachi Street (to the west, giving the name), and Kamidachiuri Street (to the north). The location is commemorated by a stone marker at the southwest corner, and the Kanbai-kan (寒梅館, Winter Plum Hall) of Dōshisha University contains relics and excavations of the area.

List of Ashikaga shoguns

  1. Ashikaga Takauji, ruled 1338–1357[11]
  2. Ashikaga Yoshiakira, r. 1359–1368[11]
  3. Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, r. 1368–1394[12]
  4. Ashikaga Yoshimochi, r. 1395–1423[12]
  5. Ashikaga Yoshikazu, r. 1423–1425[12]
  6. Ashikaga Yoshinori, r. 1429–1441[12]
  7. Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, r. 1442–1443[12]
  8. Ashikaga Yoshimasa, r. 1449–1473[12][13]
  9. Ashikaga Yoshihisa, r. 1474–1489[12]
  10. Ashikaga Yoshitane, r. 1490–1493, 1508–1521[14][15]
  11. Ashikaga Yoshizumi, r. 1494–1508[14]
  12. Ashikaga Yoshiharu, r. 1521–1546[11]
  13. Ashikaga Yoshiteru, r. 1546–1565[14]
  14. Ashikaga Yoshihide, r. 1568[12]
  15. Ashikaga Yoshiaki, r. 1568–1573[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Fogel, p. 27., p. 27, at Google Books
  2. ↑ Goodrich, Luther Carrington et al. (1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644, p. 1316., p. 1316, at Google Books
  3. 1 2 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Muromachi-jidai" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 669.
  4. ↑ Roth 2002, p. 878.
  5. ↑ Roth 2002, p. 53.
  6. ↑ von Klaproth 1834, p. 320.
  7. ↑ Kang 1997, p. 275.
  8. ↑ Ackroyd 1982, p. 329.
  9. ↑ von Klaproth 1834, p. 322–324.
  10. ↑ With the end of the Kitsuregawa line following the death of Ashikaga Atsuuji in 1983, the current de facto head of the family is Ashikaga Yoshihiro, of the Hirashima Kubō line.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Roth 2002, p. 55.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Roth 2002, p. 56.
  13. ↑ Ackroyd, p. 298; n.b., Shogun Yoshimasa was succeeded by Shogun Yoshihisa (Yoshimasa's natural son), then by Shogun Yoshitane (Yoshimasa's first adopted son), and then by Shogun Yoshizumi (Yoshimasa's second adopted son)
  14. 1 2 3 Roth 2002, p. 57.
  15. ↑ Ackroyd, p. 385 n104; excerpt, "Some apparent contradictions exist in various versions of the pedigree owing to adoptions and name-changes. Yoshitsuna (sometimes also read Yoshikore) changed his name and was adopted by Yoshitane. Some pedigrees show Yoshitsuna as Yoshizumi's son, and Yoshifuyu as Yoshizumi's son."

Bibliography

External links

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