Art theft

The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum was robbed in 1990 with the paintings and items stolen valued at over $500 million.

Art theft is usually for the purpose of resale or for ransom (sometimes called artnapping). Stolen art is sometimes used by criminals as collateral to secure loans.[1] Only a small percentage of stolen art is recovered—estimates range from 5 to 10%. This means that little is known about the scope and characteristics of art theft.

Individual theft

Many thieves are motivated by the fact that valuable art pieces are worth millions of dollars and weigh only a few kilograms at most. Transport for items such as paintings is also trivial, assuming the thief is willing to inflict some damage to the painting by cutting it off the frame and rolling it up into a tube carrier. Also, while most high-profile museums have extremely tight security, many places with multi-million art collections works have disproportionately poor security measures.[2] That makes them susceptible to thefts that are slightly more complicated than a typical smash-and-grab, but offer a huge potential payoff. Thieves sometimes target works based on their own familiarity with the artist, rather than the artist's reputation in the art world or the theoretical value of the work.[3]

Unfortunately for the thieves, it is extremely difficult to sell the most famous and valuable famous works without getting caught, since any interested buyer will almost certainly know the work is stolen and advertising it risks someone contacting the authorities. It is also difficult for the buyer to display the work to visitors without it being recognized as stolen, thus defeating much of the point of owning the art. Many famous works have instead been held for ransom from the legitimate owner or even returned without ransom, due to the lack of black-market customers. Returning for ransom also risks a sting operation.[3]

Jean-Baptiste Oudry's The White Duck, which was stolen in 1990

For those with substantial collections, such as the Marquess of Cholmondeley at Houghton Hall, the risk of theft is neither negligible nor negotiable.[4] Jean-Baptiste Oudry's White Duck was stolen from the Cholmondeley collection at Houghton Hall in 1990. The canvas is still missing.[5]

Prevention in museums

Museums can take numerous measures to prevent the theft of artworks include having enough docents or guards to watch displayed items, avoiding situations where security-camera sightlines are blocked, and fastening paintings to walls with hanging wires that are not too thin and with locks.[6]

Art theft education

The Smithsonian Institution sponsors the National Conference on Cultural Property Protection, held annually in Washington, D. C. The conference is aimed at professionals in the field of cultural property protection.

Since 1996, the Netherlands-based Museum Security Network has disseminated news and information related to issues of cultural property loss and recovery. Since its founding the Museum Security Network has collected and disseminated over 45,000 reports about incidents with cultural property. The founder of the Museum Security Network, Ton Cremers, is recipient of the National Conference on Cultural Property Protection Robert Burke Award.

2007 saw the foundation of the Association for Research into Crimes against Art (ARCA). ARCA is a nonprofit think tank dedicated principally to raising the profile of art crime (art forgery and vandalism, as well as theft) as an academic subject. Since 2009, ARCA has offered a postgraduate certificate program dedicated to this field of study. The Postgraduate Certificate Program in Art Crime and Cultural Heritage Protection is held from June to August every year in Italy.

Recovery

In the public sphere, Interpol, the FBI Art Crime Team, London's Metropolitan Police, New York Police Department's special frauds squad[7] and a number of other law enforcement agencies worldwide maintain "squads" dedicated to investigating thefts of this nature and recovering stolen works of art.

According to Robert King Wittman, a former FBI agent who led the Art Crime Team until his retirement in 2008, the unit is very small compared with similar law-enforcement units in Europe, and most art thefts investigated by the FBI involve agents at local offices who handle routine property theft. "Art and antiquity crime is tolerated, in part, because it is considered a victimless crime," Wittman said in 2010.[6]

In response to a growing public awareness of art theft and recovery, a number of not-for-profit and private companies now act both to record information about losses and oversee recovery efforts for claimed works of art. Among the most notable are:

State theft, wartime looting and misappropriation by museums

From 1933 through the end of World War II, the Nazi regime maintained a policy of looting art for sale or for removal to museums in the Third Reich. Hermann Göring, head of the Luftwaffe, personally took charge of hundreds of valuable pieces, generally stolen from Jews and other victims of the Holocaust.

In early 2011, about 1,500 art masterpieces, assumed to have been stolen by the Nazis during and before World War II, were confiscated from a private home in Munich, Germany. The confiscation was not made public until November 2013.[8] With an estimated value of $1 billion, their discovery is considered "astounding,"[9] and includes works by Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Marc Chagall, Paul Klee, Max Beckmann and Emil Nolde, all of which were considered lost.[10]

The looted, mostly Modernist art, was banned by the Nazis when they came to power, on the grounds that it was "un-German" or Jewish Bolshevist in nature.[11] Descendants of Jewish collectors who were robbed of their works by the Nazis may be able to claim ownership of many of the works.[10] Members of the families of the original owners of these artworks have, in many cases, persisted in claiming title to their pre-war property.

The 1964 film The Train, starring Burt Lancaster, is based on the true story of works of art which had been placed in storage for protection in France during the war, but was looted by the Germans from French museums and private art collections, to be shipped by train back to Germany. Another film, The Monuments Men (2014), co-produced, co-written and directed by George Clooney, is based on a similar true-life story. In this film, U.S. soldiers are tasked with saving over a million pieces of art and other culturally important items throughout Europe, before their destruction by Nazi plunder.

In 2006, after a protracted court battle in the United States and Austria (see Republic of Austria v. Altmann), five paintings by Austrian artist Gustav Klimt were returned to Maria Altmann, the niece of pre-war owner, Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer. Two of the paintings were portraits of Altmann's aunt, Adele. The more famous of the two, the gold Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I, was sold in 2006 by Altmann and her co-heirs to philanthropist Ronald Lauder for $135 million. At the time of the sale, it was the highest known price ever paid for a painting. The remaining four restituted paintings were later sold at Christie's New York for over $190 million.

Because antiquities are often regarded by the country of origin as national treasures, there are numerous cases where artworks (often displayed in the acquiring country for decades) have become the subject of highly charged and political controversy. One prominent example is the case of the Elgin Marbles, which were moved from Greece to the British Museum in 1816 by Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin. Many different Greek governments have maintained that removal was tantamount to theft.[12]

Similar controversies have arisen over Etruscan, Aztec, and Italian artworks, with advocates of the originating countries generally alleging that the removal of artifacts is a pernicious form of cultural imperialism. Yale University's Peabody Museum of Natural History is engaged (as of November 2006) in talks with the government of Peru about possible repatriation of artifacts taken during the excavation of Machu Picchu by Yale's Hiram Bingham.

In 2006, New York's Metropolitan Museum reached an agreement with Italy to return many disputed pieces. The Getty Museum in Los Angeles is also involved in a series of cases of this nature. The artwork in question is of Greek and ancient Italian origin. The museum agreed on November 20, 2006, to return 26 contested pieces to Italy. One of the Getty's signature pieces, a statue of the goddess Aphrodite, is the subject of particular scrutiny.

Famous cases of art theft

Case of art theft Dates Notes References
Louvre August 21, 1911

Perhaps the most famous case of art theft occurred on August 21, 1911, when the Mona Lisa was stolen from the Louvre by employee Vincenzo Peruggia, who was caught after two years.

 [13]
Panels from the Ghent Altarpiece 1934 Two panels of the fifteenth century Ghent Altarpiece, painted by the brothers Jan and Hubert Van Eyck were stolen in 1934, of which only one was recovered shortly after the theft. The other one (lower left of the opened altarpiece, known as De Rechtvaardige Rechters i.e. The Just Judges), has never been recovered, as the presumable thief (Arsène Goedertier), who had sent some anonymous letters asking for ransom, died before revealing the whereabouts of the painting.
Nazi theft and looting of Europe during the Second World War 1939–1945
Main article: Nazi plunder

The Nazi plundering of artworks was carried out by the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Institute for the Occupied Territories (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg für die Besetzen Gebiete). In occupied France, the Jeu de Paume Art Museum in Paris was used as a central storage and sorting depot for looted artworks from museums and private art collections throughout France pending distribution to various persons and places in Germany. The Nazis confiscated tens of thousands of works from their legitimate Jewish owners. Some were confiscated by the Allies at the end of the war. Many ended up in the hands of respectable collectors and institutions. Jewish ownership of some of the art was codified into the Geneva conventions.
Quedlinburg medieval artifacts 1945

In 1945, an American soldier Joe Meador stole eight medieval artifacts found in a mineshaft near Quedlinburg which had been hidden by local members of the clergy from Nazi looters in 1943.

Returning to the United States, the artifacts remained in Meador's possession until his death in 1980. He made no attempt to sell them. When his older brother and sister attempted to sell a 9th-century manuscript and 16th-century prayer book in 1990, the two were charged. However, the charges were dismissed after it was declared the statute of limitations had expired.
Alfred Stieglitz Gallery 1946

Three paintings by Georgia O'Keeffe were stolen while on display at the art gallery of her husband, Alfred Stieglitz. The paintings were eventually found by O'Keeffe following their purchase by the Princeton Gallery of Fine Arts for $35,000 in 1975. O'Keeffe sued the museum for their return and, despite a six-year statute of limitations on art theft, a state appellate court ruled in her favor on July 27, 1979.
Dulwich College Picture Gallery December 30, 1966

A total of eight Old Master paintings—three each by Rembrandt and Peter Paul Rubens, and one each by Adam Elsheimer and Gerrit Dou—were removed from this London gallery. The paintings were appraised at a combined value of £1.5 million (then US$4.2 million). The thieves entered the galley by cutting a panel out of an unused door. All of the paintings were recovered by January 4, 1967.
University of Michigan 1967

Sketches by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso and British sculptor Henry Moore, valued at $200,000, were stolen while on display in a travelling art exhibit organized by the University of Michigan. The sketches were eventually found by federal agents in a California auction house on January 24, 1969, although no arrests were made.
Izmir Archaeology Museum July 24, 1969

Various artifacts and other art worth $5 million were stolen from the Izmir Archaeology Museum in Istanbul, Turkey on July 24, 1969 (during which a night watchman was killed by the unidentified thieves). Turkish police soon arrested a German citizen who, at the time of his arrest on August 1, had 128 stolen items in his car.
Stephen Hahn Art Gallery November 17, 1969

Art thieves stole seven paintings, including works by Cassatt, Monet, Pissarro and Rouault, from art dealer Stephen Hahn's Madison Avenue art gallery at an estimated value of $500,000 on the night of November 17, 1969. Incidentally, Stephen Hahn had been discussing art theft with other art dealers as the theft was taking place.
Montreal Museum of Fine Arts September 4, 1972

On September 4, 1972, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts was the site of the largest art theft in Canadian history, when armed thieves made off with jewelry, figurines and 18 paintings worth a total of $2 million (approximately $10.9 million today), including works by Delacroix, Gainsborough and a rare Rembrandt landscape. The works have never been recovered. In 2003, the Globe and Mail estimated that the Rembrandt alone would be worth $1 million.

 [14]
Russborough House 1974–2002

Russborough House, the Irish estate of the late Sir Alfred Beit, has been robbed four times since 1974.

In 1974, members of the IRA, including Rose Dugdale, bound and gagged the Beits, making off with nineteen paintings worth an estimated £8 million. A deal to exchange the paintings for prisoners was offered, but the paintings were recovered after a raid on a rented cottage in Cork, and those responsible were caught and imprisoned.

In 1986, a Dublin gang led by Martin Cahill stole eighteen paintings worth an estimated £30 million in total. Sixteen paintings were subsequently recovered, with a further two still missing to this day (2006).

Two paintings worth an estimated £3 million were stolen by three armed men in 2001. One of these, a Gainsborough had been previously stolen by Cahill's gang. Both paintings were recovered in September 2002.

A mere two to three days after the recovery of the two paintings stolen in 2001, the house was robbed for the fourth time, with five paintings taken. These paintings were recovered in December 2002 during a search of a house in Clondalkin.
Kanakria mosaics and the looting of Cypriot Orthodox Churches following the invasion of Cyprus 1974

Following the invasion of Cyprus in 1974 by Turkey, and the occupation of the northern part of the island churches belonging to the Cypriot Orthodox Church have been looted in what is described as "…one of the most systematic examples of the looting of art since World War II".[15] Several high-profile cases have made headline news on the international scene. Most notable was the case of the Kanakaria mosaics, 6th century AD frescoes that were removed from the original church, trafficked to the USA and offered for sale to a museum for the sum of US$20,000,000. These were subsequently recovered by the Orthodox Church following a court case in Indianapolis.

 [16][17]
Picasso works in the Palais des Papes January 31, 1976

On January 31, 1976, 118 paintings, drawings and other works by Picasso were stolen from an exhibition at the Palais des Papes in Avignon, France.

 [18][19][20]
L. A. Mayer Institute for Islamic Art April 15, 1983

On April 15, 1983, more than 200 rare clocks and watches were stolen from the L. A. Mayer Institute for Islamic Art in Jerusalem. Among the stolen watches was one known as the Marie-Antoinette, the most valuable piece of the watch collection made by the French-Swiss watchmaker Abraham-Louis Breguet on order by Queen Marie Antoinette, it is estimated to be worth $30 million. The heist is considered to be the largest robbery in Israel. The man responsible for the robbery was Naaman Diller. On November 18, 2008, French and Israeli police officials discovered half of the cache of stolen timepieces in two bank safes in France. Of the 106 rare timepieces stolen in 1983, 96 have now been recovered. Among those recovered was the rare Marie-Antoinette watch. In 2010, Nilli Shomrat, Diller's widow, was sentenced to 300 hours of community service and given a five-year suspended sentence for possession of stolen property.

 [21][21][22]
Musée Marmottan Monet October 28, 1985

On October 28, 1985, during daylight hours, five masked gunmen with pistols at the security and visitors entered the museum and stole nine paintings from the collection. Among them were Impression, Sunrise (Impression, Soleil Levant) by Claude Monet, the painting from which the Impressionism movement took from. Aside from that also stolen were Camille Monet and Cousin on the Beach at Trouville, Portrait of Jean Monet, Portrait of Poly, Fisherman of Belle-Isle and Field of Tulips in Holland also by Monet, Bather Sitting on a Rock and Portrait of Monet by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Young Woman at the Ball by Berthe Morisot, and Portrait of Monet by Sei-ichi Naruse and were valued at $12 million.[23] The paintings were later recovered in Corsica in 1990.[24]
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum March 18, 1990

The largest art theft in world history occurred in Boston on March 18, 1990 when thieves stole 13 pieces, collectively worth $300 million, from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. A reward of $5,000,000 is still offered for information leading to their return.

The pieces stolen were: Vermeer's The Concert, which is the most valuable stolen painting in the world; two Rembrandt paintings, The Storm on the Sea of Galilee (his only known seascape) and Portrait of a Lady and Gentleman in Black; A Rembrandt self-portrait etching; Manet's Chez Tortoni; five drawings by Edgar Degas; Govaert Flinck's Landscape with an Obelisk; an ancient Chinese Qu; and a finial that once stood atop a flag from Napoleon's Army.
The Scream
(National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design)		 February 12, 1994
Main article: The Scream § Thefts

In 1994, Edvard Munch's The Scream was stolen from the National Gallery in Oslo, Norway, and held for ransom. It was recovered later in the year.
Kunsthalle Schirn July 28, 1994

Three paintings were stolen from a German gallery in 1994, two of them belonging to the Tate Gallery in London. In 1998, Tate conceived of Operation Cobalt, the secret buyback of the paintings from the thieves. The paintings were recovered in 2000 and 2002, resulting in a profit of several million pounds for Tate, because of prior insurance payments.
Mather Brown's Thomas Jefferson July 28, 1994

While being stored in preparation to be reproduced, the portrait of Thomas Jefferson painted by artist Mather Brown in 1786, was stolen from a Boston warehouse on July 28, 1994. Authorities apprehended the thieves and recovered the painting on May 24, 1996 following a protracted FBI investigation.
Sofia Imber Museum of Contemporary Art (MACCSI) 1999-2000

The work of Henri Matisse Odalisque with red trousers, dating back to 1925 was stolen from the museum and replaced by a bad imitation, this work valued at ten million dollars was recovered in 2012 and returned to the institution two years later.
Cooperman Art Theft hoax 1999

In July 1999, Los Angeles ophthalmologist Steven Cooperman was convicted of insurance fraud for arranging the theft of two paintings, a Picasso and a Monet, from his home in an attempt to collect $17.5 million in insurance.
Nationalmuseum December 22, 2000

One Rembrandt and two Renoir paintings were stolen from the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, Sweden, when three armed thieves broke into the museum and managed to flee using a boat, moored in front of the museum. By 2001, the police had recovered one of the Renoirs and by March 2005 they had recovered the second one in Los Angeles. That year, in September, they recovered the Rembrandt in a sting operation in a hotel in Copenhagen.

 [25]
Stephane Breitwieser 2001
Main article: Stephane Breitwieser

Stephane Breitwieser admitted to stealing 238 artworks and other exhibits from museums travelling around Europe; his motive was to build a vast personal collection. In January 2005, Breitwieser was given a 26-month prison sentence. Unfortunately, over 60 paintings, including masterpieces by Brueghel, Watteau, François Boucher, and Corneille de Lyon were chopped up by Breitwieser's mother, Mireille Stengel, in what police believe was an effort to remove incriminating evidence against her son.

 [26]
Van Gogh Museum December 8, 2002

The two paintings Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church in Nuenen and View of the Sea at Scheveningen by Vincent van Gogh were stolen from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Two men were convicted for the theft, but the paintings were never recovered. The FBI Art Crime Team estimates their combined value at 30 million US$.

 [27][28][29]
The Scream and Madonna
(Munch Museum)		 August 22, 2004
Main article: The Scream § Thefts

On August 22, 2004, another original of The Scream was stolen—Munch painted several versions of The Scream—together with Munch's Madonna. This time the thieves targeted the version held by the Munch Museum, from where the two paintings were stolen at gunpoint and during opening hours. Both paintings were recovered on August 31, 2006, relatively undamaged. Three men have already been convicted, but the gunmen remain at large. If caught, they could face up to eight years in prison.

 [30][31]
Munch paintings theft in Norway March 6, 2005

On March 6, 2005, three more Munch paintings were stolen from a hotel in Norway, including Blue Dress, and were recovered the next day.

 [32]
Kunsthistorisches Museum May 11, 2003

On May 11, 2003, Benvenuto Cellini's Saliera was stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, which was covered by a scaffolding at that time due to reconstruction works. On January 21, 2006 the Saliera was recovered by the Austrian police.
Henry Moore Foundation Perry Green December 15, 2005

The artist's cast of Reclining Figure 1969–70, a bronze sculpture of British sculptor Henry Moore, was stolen from the Henry Moore Foundation's Perry Green base on December 15, 2005. Thieves are believed to have lifted the 3.6 × 2 × 2 metres (11.8 × 6.6 × 6.6 ft) wide, 2.1-tonne statue onto the back of a Mercedes lorry using a crane. Police investigating the theft believe it could have been stolen for scrap value.

 [33]
Museu da Chácara do Céu February 24, 2006

On February 24, 2006, the paintings Man of Sickly Complexion Listening to the Sound of the Sea by Salvador Dalí, The Dance by Pablo Picasso, Luxembourg Gardens by Henri Matisse, and Marine by Claude Monet were stolen from the Museu da Chácara do Céu in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The thieves took advantage of a carnival parade passing by the museum and disappeared into the crowd. The paintings haven't been recovered yet.

 [34]
São Paulo Museum of Art December 20, 2007

On December 20, 2007, around five o'clock in the morning, three men invaded the São Paulo Museum of Art and took two paintings, considered to be among the most valuable of the museum: the Portrait of Suzanne Bloch by Pablo Picasso and Cândido Portinari's O lavrador de café. The whole action took about 3 minutes. The paintings, which are listed as Brazilian National Heritage by IPHAN,[35] remained missing until January 8, 2008, when they were recovered in Ferraz de Vasconcelos by the Police of São Paulo. The paintings were returned, undamaged, to the São Paulo Museum of Art.[36][37]
Foundation E.G. Bührle February 11, 2008

On February 11, 2008, four major impressionist paintings were stolen from the Foundation E.G. Bührle in Zürich, Switzerland. They were Monet's Poppy Field at Vetheuil, Ludovic Lepic and his Daughter by Edgar Degas, Van Gogh's Blossoming Chestnut Branches, and Cézanne's Boy in the Red Vest. The total worth of the four is estimated at $163 million.

 [38][39]
Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo June 12, 2008

On June 12, 2008, three armed men broke into the Pinacoteca do Estado Museum, São Paulo with a crowbar and a carjack around 5:09 am and stole The Painter and the Model (1963), and Minotaur, Drinker and Women (1933) by Pablo Picasso, Women at the Window (1926) by Emiliano Di Cavalcanti and Couple (1919) by Lasar Segall. It was the second theft of art in São Paulo in six months. On August 6, 2008, two paintings was discovered in the house of one of thieves and recovered by police in same city.

 [40]

[41][42][43]

Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris May 10, 2010

On May 20, 2010, the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris reported the overnight theft of five paintings from its collection. The paintings taken were Le pigeon aux petits pois by Pablo Picasso, La Pastorale by Henri Matisse, L'Olivier près de l'Estaque by Georges Braque, La Femme à l'éventail (Modigliani) by Amedeo Modigliani and Nature Morte aux Chandeliers by Fernand Léger and were valued at €100 million euros ($123 million).

 [44][45]
Venus Over Manhattan June 19, 2012

On June 19, 2012, Salvador Dalí's Cartel de Don Juan Tenorio was stolen from the then month-old Venus Over Manhattan gallery in New York City. The theft was captured on tape. The drawing was mailed back to the gallery from Greece, and was displayed for the last day of a 10-day show.

 [46][47]
Dulwich Park December 19–20, 2012 A cast of Barbara Hepworth's (5/6) Two Forms (Divided Circle) was displayed in Dulwich Park from 1970 until it was cut from it plinth by scrap metal thieves in December 2011. It was insured for £500,000, but its scrap value was estimated at perhaps £750. Southwark Council offered a reward of £1,000, and the Hepworth Estate increased the reward to £5,000, for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the thieves. [48][49][50][51][52]
Kunsthal October 16, 2012
Main article: Kunsthal § Art theft

On October 16, 2012, seven paintings were stolen from the museum in Rotterdam. The paintings included Monet's Waterloo Bridge, London and Charing Cross Bridge, London, Picasso's Tete d'Arlequin, Gauguin's Femme devant une fenêtre ouverte, Matisse's La Liseuse en Blanc et Jaune, De Haan's Autoportrait, and Lucian Freud's Woman with Eyes Closed.

 [53]
Sripuranthan Chola Idols January, 2006

In 2006, about 8 antique Chola idols, that of Natarajar and Uma Mashewari, Vinayagar, Devi, Deepalaksmi, Chandrashekarar, Sampanthar and Krishnar, were stolen from the Brihadeeswarar temple at Sripuranthan, allegedly on the orders of New York-based art dealer Subhash Kapoor, and smuggled to the United States. Of these statues the Natarajar idol was sold to the National Gallery of Australia, Canberra for USD 5.1 million and the Vinayagar idol to the Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio and the Uma Maheswari idol to Asian Civilisation Museum, Singapore. The scandal was exposed by the investigative website Chasing Aphrodite, and received wide coverage in the Indian media. The Australian Government decided to return to idol to India and it was handed over to the Indian Prime Minister. The other museums also agreed to return the stolen idols.

 [54][55][56][57][58][59][60]

Notable unrecovered works

Images of some artworks that have been stolen and have not yet been recovered.

Fictional art theft

Genres such as crime fiction often portray fictional art thefts as glamorous or exciting raising generations of admirers. Most of these sources add adventurous, even heroic element to the theft, portraying it as an achievement. In literature, a niche of the mystery genre is devoted to art theft and forgery. In film, a caper story usually features complicated heist plots and visually exciting getaway scenes. In many of these movies, the stolen art piece is a MacGuffin.[61]

Literature

Film

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hopkins, Nick (8 January 2000). "How art treasures are stolen to order". The Guardian (London).
  2. ↑ Skene, Cameron (September 1, 2007). "Art theft ranked as fourth-largest criminal enterprise". National Post (Canada).
  3. 1 2 Anthony M. Amore; Tom Mashberg (2012). Stealing Rembrandts: The Untold Stories of Notorious Art Heists. ISBN 978-0230339903.
  4. ↑ Bryant, Chris. "Heritage for sale," Times (London). July 17, 2007.
  5. ↑ Lyall, Sarah. "A Titian Is No Longer at Large; Its Thief Is," New York Times. September 19, 2002.
  6. 1 2 Kennedy, Randy, "His Heart Is in the Art of Sleuthing", p C1, The New York Times, June 7, 2010, retrieved same day
  7. ↑ Yarrow, Andrew L. "A Lucrative Crime Grows Into a Costly Epidemic," New York Times. March 20, 1990.
  8. ↑ "Report of Nazi-Looted Trove Puts Art World in an Uproar", New York Times, Nov. 4, 2013
  9. ↑ video: "Expert: stolen Nazi art find 'astounding'", The Telegraph, U.K., Nov. 4, 2013
  10. 1 2 "Modernist art haul, 'looted by Nazis', recovered by German police", The Guardian, U.K. Nov. 3, 2013
  11. ↑ "Nazi art: does Germany have a problem returning art stolen by the Nazis?", The Telegraph, U.K., Nov. 4, 2013
  12. ↑ Banks, Summer (25 January 2008). "Now you see it, now you don't". Yale Daily News. Archived from the original on January 29, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  13. ↑ Time Magazine, Stealing the Mona Lisa, 1911. Consulted on August 15, 2007.
  14. ↑ "CBC Digital Archives, ''Art heist at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts''". Archives.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
  15. ↑ Morris, Chris (18 January 2002). "Shame of Cyprus's looted churches". BBC. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  16. ↑ Mannheimer, Steve (October 1989). "Litigators of the lost art – court orders return of Byzantine mosaics to their homeland" (– Scholar search). Saturday Evening Post. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  17. ↑ Bourloyannis, Christiane; Virginia Morris (January 1992). "Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyrprus v. Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts, Inc". The American Journal of International Law (American Society of International Law) 86 (1): 128–133. doi:10.2307/2203143. JSTOR 2203143.
  18. ↑ "Picasso paintings stolen in Paris". BBC News. 28 February 2007. Archived from the original on April 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
  19. ↑ CBC Arts (28 February 2007). "Picasso works stolen from artist's granddaughter". CBC. Archived from the original on May 25, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
  20. ↑ "Chronologie – Les vols de tableaux dans des musées français". Le Point. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
  21. 1 2 "Widow of man behind fabled watch robbery convicted in U.S. court". Haaretz. 3 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
  22. ↑ "43 rare clocks stolen from Israel found in France.". 3 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
  23. ↑ Cook, Don (October 28, 1985). "9 Masterworks, 5 by Monet, Seized in Paris – Gunmen Stage "Art Theft of the Century"". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  24. ↑ "The World's Greatest Art Heists". Forbes. February 12, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  25. ↑ "Stolen Rembrandt work recovered". BBC News. 16 September 2005. Archived from the original on September 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
  26. ↑ Riding, Alan (17 May 2002). "Art 'collector' arrested / Frenchman's mother accused of destroying pieces stolen from museums all over Europe". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
  27. ↑ "Two van Gogh Works Are Stolen in Amsterdam", New York Times, 2002. Retrieved on 2012-02-23.
  28. ↑ Lawrence Van Gelder, "Jail for Van Gogh Thieves", New York Times, 2004. Retrieved on 2012-02-23.
  29. ↑ Van Gogh Museum Robbery, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved on 2012-02-23.
  30. ↑ "Stolen Munch paintings found safe". BBC. August 31, 2006.
  31. ↑ "Munch paintings recovered". Aftenposten. August 31, 2006.
  32. ↑ "Stolen Munch art found in Norway". BBC. 7 March 2005.
  33. ↑ "£3m Henry Moore sculpture stolen". BBC News (BBC). December 17, 2005. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  34. ↑ "Monet stolen under carnival cover". BBC. 25 February 2006. Archived from the original on January 27, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  35. ↑ (Portuguese) * IPHAN – Official Note – The paintings "O lavrador de Café", "Retrato de Suzanne Bloch" as well as the entire collection of MASP are considered Brazilian National Heritage since 1969 due to its importance to the culture of the country.
  36. ↑ MacSwan, Angus (21 December 2007). "Security questioned in Picasso theft in Brazil". Reuters.
  37. ↑ Winter, Michael (8 January 2008). "Stolen Picasso, Portinari recovered in Brazil". USA TODAY.
  38. ↑ Harnischfeger, Uta; Bowley, Graham (11 February 2008). "4 Masterworks Stolen by Armed Robbers in Zurich". NY Times.
  39. ↑ 2 Stolen Paintings Found by Swiss
  40. ↑ "Two Picassos stolen in Brazil". BBC News. 13 June 2008.
  41. ↑ "Thieves steal Picasso painting in Brazil". Cynsheng. 13 June 2008.
  42. ↑ "Thieves steal Picassos, Brazilian works from São Paulo museum". France 24. 13 June 2008.
  43. ↑ "Quadros recuperados devem voltar hoje para Pinacoteca". Globo.com. 7 August 2008.
  44. ↑ Hewage, Tim (May 20, 2010). "Thief Steals Paintings In Paris Art Heist". Sky News. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  45. ↑ Jones, Sam (May 20, 2010). "Picasso and Matisse masterpieces stolen from Paris museum". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on May 23, 2010. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  46. ↑ "$150,000 Salvador Dali painting stolen from New York City art gallery". MSNBC. 22 June 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
  47. ↑ Newcomb, Alyssa (30 June 2012). "Stolen Salvador Dali Drawing Mysteriously Returned by Mail". ABC News. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
  48. ↑ Very grand theft: Barbara Hepworth's park sculpture is stolen for scrap metal , The Independent, 21 December 2011
  49. ↑ Barbara Hepworth sculpture stolen from London park, The Guardian, 20 December 2011
  50. ↑ Barbara Hepworth: £500k 'Two Forms' sculpture stolen by metal thieves, The Telegraph, 20 December 2011
  51. ↑ Barbara Hepworth sculpture stolen from Dulwich Park, BBC News, 20 December 2011
  52. ↑ Reward for Hepworth art stolen from Dulwich Park increased, BBC News, 23 December 2011
  53. ↑ Kreijger, Gilbert (October 16, 2012). "Dutch art heist nets works by Monet, Picasso, Matisse". Reuters.
  54. ↑ Mariappan, Julie (11 September 2014). "Stolen Nataraja, Ardhanariswara idols return to the land of temples" (Chennai). The Times of India. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  55. ↑ McDermott, Quentin; Richards, Deborah (25 March 2014). "The Dancing Shiva". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  56. ↑ Morgan, Joyce (15 March 2014). "Is the NGA's 'looted' Shiva a statue of naivety?". The Saturday Paper. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  57. ↑ Felch, Jason (10 March 2014). "UPDATED > Radford Speaks, RETIRES: Director of Australia’s National Gallery Is In Denial". Chasing Aphrodite: The Hunt for Looted Antiquities in the World's Museums. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  58. ↑ "Toledo Museum of Art to Return Ganesha Sculpture to India". Toledo Museum of Art. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  59. ↑ "Kapoor Acquisitions". Toledo Museum of Art. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  60. ↑ "Stolen idol of Goddess Uma Maheswari to return from Singapore" (Chennai). Deccan Chronicle. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  61. ↑ "Stolen (2005) - Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast - AllMovie". AllMovie.

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