Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa

Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa
Classification Protestant
Orientation Pentecostal
Polity Mixed presbyterian and episcopal
Associations Apostolic Faith Mission: International,
Pentecostal World Conference,
South African Council of Churches
Region South Africa
Founder John G. Lake and Thomas Hezmalhalch [1]
Origin 1908
Separations 1919 Black Zionists,
1928 Latter Rain Assemblies,
1958 Pentecostal Protestant Church
Members 1.2 million[2]
Official website www.afm-ags.org

The Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa (AFM) is a classical Pentecostal Christian denomination in South Africa. With 1.2 million adherents, it is South Africa's largest Pentecostal church and the fifth largest religious grouping in South Africa representing 7.6 percent of the population.[2][3][4] Dr. Isak Burger has led the AFM as president since 1996 when the white and black branches of the church were united. It is a member of the Apostolic Faith Mission International, a fellowship of 23 AFM national churches. It is also a member of the South African Council of Churches.[5]

The AFM is one of the oldest Pentecostal movement is South Africa with roots in the Azusa Street Revival, the Holiness Movement teachings of Andrew Murray and the teachings of John Alexander Dowie.[6] The AFM had an interracial character when it started, but, as in American Pentecostalism, this interracial cooperation was short-lived.[7] The decades from the 1950s to the 1980s were marked by the implementation of apartheid. After 1994, the white AFM moved rapidly towards unification with the black churches. By 1996, all the AFM churches were united in a single multi-racial church.[5]

The constitution of the AFM blends at the national level the elements of a presbyterian polity with an episcopal polity.[8] Decentralization is a major feature of its constitution, which allows local churches to develop their own policies.[3] The Apostolic Faith Mission displays a variety of identities and ministry philosophies, including seeker-sensitive, Word of Faith, Presbyterian, and classical Pentecostal.[3]

History

Early history: 1908–1912

John G. Lake and Thomas Hezmalhach after they established the Apostolic Faith Mission in South Africa. Hezmalhalch was the first President and Lake was his successor.[9]

While the Apostolic Faith Mission was founded in 1908 and Pentecostalism brought to South Africa by American missionaries, several factors helped create a favorable climate for the Pentecostal movement to spread in the country. First, revivals in the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (DRC) in 1860, 1874 and 1884 were characterized by deep conviction of sin followed by conversion, fervent prayer and some ecstatic phenomenon. Thus in 1908, some older DRC members were familiar and open to Pentecostalism. Second, the Dutch Reformed minister Andrew Murray was a prominent holiness teacher and helped create a climate for revival. A third factor was the Zionist churches, led by John Alexander Dowie from Zion City, Illinois, United States.[6]

In May 1908, five American missionaries—John G. Lake and Thomas Hezmalhalch, along with their wives, and A. Lehman—arrived in South Africa from Indianapolis. Lake and Hezmalhalch had links to Dowie's Zion City and had been baptized in the Holy Spirit at the Azusa Street Mission in Los Angeles. Despite these influences, however, the missionaries had no organizational affiliation. Arriving in Pretoria, Lake felt that the Holy Spirit was leading him to Johannesburg because they found no doors open in Pretoria. In Johannesburg, a Mrs Goodenough met them and invited them to stay in her house. She witnessed that the Holy Spirit had sent her to the train station to meet the American missionaries. They first began ministry at a rental hall in Doornfontein, a Johannesburg suburb, on 25 May 1908. The services consisted of a mixed racial group, and many who attended the first services were Zionists.[10] The missionaries moved to the Central Tabernacle, Bree Street, Johannesburg as the young Pentecostal movement grew. It was there that the Apostolic Faith Mission developed, initially as a committee first meeting in September 1908. It was not registered as a legal entity until 1913, however.[11]

By 1909, it had spread to the Orange River Colony. In South Africa, as at Azusa Street, the movement was initially multi-racial, appealing to both Boers and blacks. It expanded rapidly among African farm workers in the Orange River Colony and Wakkerstroom, where Pentecostal beliefs in divine healing through prayer would have made it an attractive alternative to traditional or medical treatment.[12] Lake made contact with the Wakkerstroom Zionists led by Pieter Louis Le Roux, and many Zionists joined the Apostolic Faith Mission. Their influence can be seen in the AFM's practice of baptism by triple immersion, once each in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit.[13] There was also interaction with other churches, such as the Plymouth Brethren and International Holiness movement, which often resulted in individuals or whole congregations joining the AFM. Most AFM converts, however, came from the Dutch Reformed churches.[14]

The AFM was a self-propagating movement early on due to the successful evangelism of Boer and African converts. In 1909, Lake wrote to The Upper Room, an American Pentecostal journal, that missionaries were not needed as the AFM had men "far superior to any that can come from America . . . who can speak English, Dutch, Zulu, and Basuto".[14] Towns and mining compounds were prime areas for missionary activity, reflected by the fact that 69 percent of AFM members lived in urban areas in 1928.[11] From urban centers, the AFM spread to rural areas through returning labor migrants or native preachers.

The interracial character of the AFM was, like American Pentecostalism, short-lived. One explanation for this shift was tensions over economic competition between poorer whites and blacks.[7] In July 1909, it was decided that baptisms of whites, blacks, and coloureds would be separate. Lake even addressed the South African Parliament, which he advised to adopt a policy of racial segregation similar to the policy for Native Americans in the United States.[15] An all white executive council controlled the movement, and a separate committee, also white controlled, was responsible for coordinating the "black work". This situation would lead to many black secessions from the AFM resulting in the formation of African Initiated Churches, but the church would continue to have a large black constituency, who continued to exercise considerable autonomy in their local churches.[16][17] As the AFM adopted the "daughter churches" approach to missions from the Dutch Reformed churches, eventually the AFM was divided into four main groupings: the white parent church, a large black daughter church, a coloured daughter church and an Indian daughter church.[18]

According to Barry Morton, "An analysis of the missionary career of John G. Lake shows that the initial spread of Pentecostalism and Zionism in southern Africa was facilitated by the systematic use of fraud and deception". Morton cites examples of misappropriation of AFM funds and the staging of miraculous healings.[19]

1913–1969: Divisions, institutionalization, accommodation

A 1939 photo showing three of the early leaders of the Pentecostal movement in South Africa: Pieter le Roux, Gerrie Wessels and David du Plessis

The return of Lake and Hezmalhalch to America was an important turning point for the AFM. Le Roux was elected its president in 1913, a role he filled until 1943. During his leadership, the AFM distanced itself from the black Zionist movement with its distinctive taboos and dress and began looking to the Dutch Reformed heritage and respectability.[17] During his leadership a large portion of the AFM's African constituency withdrew in 1919. Another schism occurred in 1928 when Maria Fraser led a number of AFM members to withdraw and form the Latter Rain Mission in South Africa.[3] She and her followers, known as Blourokkies (Blue Dresses) for the dresses worn by female adherents, emphasized Holy Spirit-inspired prophecy to a degree seen as unbiblical, excessive and dangerous by AFM officials. The movement did, however, contribute to a re-emphasis on the work and presence of the Holy Spirit in the church and ministry.

Upon becoming general secretary in 1935, David du Plessis oversaw a process of institutionalization from which a strong bureaucracy developed, directed by an increasingly educated leadership. It also had the effect of decreasing the role of the laity in the governance of the denomination. He is seen as the father of the "New Order" of AFM liturgy which called for more "respectable" and less extroverted Pentecostal church services.[3] By the 1940s, the simple halls that once housed AFM congregations had been replaced by buildings modeled on Dutch Reformed architecture. Elders and deacons were introduced in 1945, and by the 1960s relations between the AFM and Dutch Reformed churches had improved.[17]

While du Plessis advocated closer ties with the other Afrikaans churches in the 1950s and 60s, the AFM accommodated itself to South Africa's apartheid system. This move toward Afrikaner Nationalist support was led by AFM vice-president Gerrie Wessels, who became a National Party senator in 1955. During this time, the AFM (despite its large black, coloured, English and Indian membership) began to be spoken of as the "Fourth Afrikaans church" after South Africa's three Reformed churches.[3]

However, not everyone was satisfied with the new liturgical and political directions of the AFM. Wessel's political ties led to the radicalization of younger black pastors, the loss of the majority of the English membership, and a major division of Afrikaner members who did not share his political views. These Afrikaners not only disagreed with Wessel politically but also with du Plessis liturgically. In 1958, they broke from the AFM and formed the Pentecostal Protestant Church.[3]

Recent history

A modern AFM mega-church in Boksburg, east of Johannesburg

Since 1919, the black, coloured, and Indian sections of the AFM had developed as separate "daughter churches" or "mission churches". These were, however, dependent on the white church; the AFM's missions superintendent was the ex officio chairman of the daughter churches' Workers and Executive councils.[3] After 1991, the white and black churches remained separate, but blacks were made legal members for the first time. In 1996, the two sections came together to become one operational unit, and the church's newly elected president, Isak Burger, apologized for the past treatment of non-whites.

The AFM is a growing church that prioritize church planting and growth. It has spread to all towns and villages in South Africa. More than 2000 assemblies and branch assemblies have been established.[16]

Beliefs

Local churches within the Apostolic Faith Mission display a variety of identities and ministry philosophies, including seeker-sensitive, Word of Faith, Presbyterian, and classical Pentecostal.[3] The beliefs of the Apostolic Faith Mission are articulated in its Confession of Faith:[20]

Worship

Typical worship service at the AFM Word and Life

The AFM is a Pentecostal church and its liturgy reflects the ecstatic and experiential practices found in similar churches world-wide. Shouting, antiphonal singing, simultaneous and spontaneous prayer and dance are still commonly found in the worship services.[21]

The order of service is similar to other Pentecostal churches, for example the Assemblies of God. There is no formal order of service, but most churches follow a routine of congregational singing, an offering/tithe collection, prayer, a sermon and an altar call. During the service, congregants may operate in various spiritual gifts, such as a message in tongues, a prophecy and words of wisdom or knowledge, as inspired by the Holy Spirit. During the congregational singing part of a service, a believer’s attitude of worship is often expressed through raising their hands in the orans posture.[22]

Regular services are generally held on Sunday mornings and evenings. During the week, there are sometimes prayer or small group meetings and other types of gatherings.[23]

Organization

In 2000, the Apostolic Faith Mission adopted a new constitution which at the national level blends elements of its preexisting presbyterian polity with the "New Apostolic Paradigm", which moved it towards an episcopal polity.[8] According to this philosophy, successful, proven Christian leaders and pastors fulfill the role of apostles. At the local level, decentralization is the major effect of this new constitution, which allows local churches to develop their own policies. In the adoption of its new constitution, the AFM looked to the Assemblies of God in Australia as a model.[3]

Local and regional

Qualifications for membership are that one be born again, baptized, recognized as a member of a local assembly (church) and adhere to the Confession of Faith.[24] Local assemblies are led by a pastor and governing body, of which the pastor is a member. In addition to being a member of the governing body, the pastor is the assembly's leader and "vision carrier".[24] The governing body appoints pastors.

Local assemblies are organized into geographical regions. Regional leadership forums are representative bodies consisting of pastors and delegates from each local assembly.[25] Every three years, each forum elects a regional committee from among its members and a regional leader from among its pastors. The committee acts as an executive and advisory body to the regional leadership forum. Each region is represented by its leader on the National Leadership Forum. Non-geographical regions, in the form of networks of local churches that share a peculiar ministry philosophy, also exist.[3] These are normally led by the senior pastors of urban mega-churches, who network with a number of local assemblies nationwide that look to them for leadership and mentorship.

National

The AFM's national representative body is the triennial General Business Meeting.[26] Its main function is the election of the national officers: president, deputy president, general secretary and general treasurer. The four national officers always represent the significant ethnic groups within the church. Each local assembly is entitled to send a pastor and a delegate as voting members. Additional voting members are members of the National Leadership Forum, members of standing committees, one additional member representing each church department and one additional representative of the church's theological training institutions. Before 2000, the General Business Meeting was known as the Workers Council, met annually, and possessed greater power. After the adoption of the new constitution, most of the body's power was transferred to the National Leadership Forum.[3]

The National Leadership Forum, formerly known as the Executive Council, is the AFM's policy making body and the "guardian of doctrinal, ethical and liturgical matters in the church".[27] It licenses pastors, sets standards for ministerial training and settles disputes. It also convenes the annual National Leadership Conference and the General Business Meeting. While it has power to create and implement regulations, over 50 percent of the regional leadership forums can veto a regulation within 90 days of its passage by the National Leadership Forum. The National Leadership Forum's members are the national officers, the regional leaders, leaders of church departments and a representative of the AFM's theological training institutions. It may appoint additional members at its discretion. The administrative affairs of the national church are under the oversight of the national officers.

Theological Training

Theological training in the AFM is presently done at four campuses. Pastor M.A. Vilakazi is rector of the Theological Institute of Soshanguve north of Pretoria. Pastor. A. Govender is the rector of the AFMTS Covenant Campus in Durban. Pastor J.R. de Beer is principal of the Sarepta Theological College in Kuils Rivier, Cape Town. Prof. Jan Hattingh is rector of the Auckland Park Theological Seminary in Auckland Park, Johannesburg. These training institutions are in the process of being united, as decided by the General Business meeting of the AFM in 2007. [10]

The Apostolic Faith Mission Seminary is now in partnership with the North-West University.

References

  1. ↑ "History of the Church". Lake and Hezmalhalch in South Africa. Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  2. 1 2 Office Bearers of the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa. Accessed 2 September 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Clark, Matthew (2007). "Contemporary Pentecostal Leadership: The Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa as Case Study". Cyberjournal for Pentecostal-Charismatic Research (16)
  4. ↑ Public Attitudes in Contemporary South Africa. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council. 2002. p. 88. ISBN 0-7969-1994-1.
  5. 1 2 Horn, Nico (2006). "Power and empowerment in the political context of some Afrikaans-speaking Pentecostals in South Africa" (PDF). Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae XXXI (3): 225–253.
  6. 1 2 Maxwell, David (1999). "Historicizing Christian Independency: The South African Pentecostal Movement c. 1908–60". The Journal of African History 40 (2): 245–246. doi:10.1017/s002185379800735x
  7. 1 2 Matthew S. Clark, "Two Contrasting Models of Missions in South Africa: The Apostolic Faith Mission and the Assemblies of God," Asian Journal of Pentecostal Studies vol. 8, no. 1 (2005): 144.
  8. 1 2 Clark, "Two Contrasting Models of Missions in South Africa," 146.
  9. ↑ Robeck, Cecil M. (2006). The Azusa Street Mission and Revival: The Birth of the Global Pentecostal Movement. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-4185-0624-7.
  10. 1 2 Burger, Isak (2008). The Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa 1908–2008. Centurion: Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-620-40753-3.
  11. 1 2 Maxwell, "Historicizing Christian Independency", 249.
  12. ↑ Maxwell, "Historicizing Christian Independency", 246–248.
  13. ↑ Robeck, Cecil M. (2006). The Azusa Street Mission and Revival: The Birth of the Global Pentecostal Movement. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson Inc. pp. 274–280. ISBN 978-1-4185-0624-7.
  14. 1 2 Maxwell, "Historicizing Christian Independency", 250.
  15. ↑ Maxwell, "Historicizing Christian Independency", 259.
  16. 1 2 Anderson, Allan (2001). "Pentecostals and Apartheid in South Africa during Ninety Years 1908–1998". Cyberjournal for Pentecostal-Charismatic Research (9)
  17. 1 2 3 Maxwell, "Historicizing Christian Independency", 252.
  18. ↑ Clark, "Two Contrasting Models of Missions in South Africa," 144–145.
  19. ↑ Barry Morton: '‘The Devil Who Heals’: Fraud and Falsification in the Evangelical Career of John G Lake, Missionary to South Africa 1908–1913'.In: African Historical Review, 44:2 (2012), pag.98-118
  20. ↑ Confession of Faith of the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa. Accessed 2 September 2010.
  21. ↑ Elphick, Richard (1997). Christianity in South Africa: a political, social, and cultural history. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20939-7.
  22. ↑ Menzies, William W (2005). Roozen David R. and Niemand James R., ed. Church, identity, and change: theology and denominational structures in unsettled times. p. 100.
  23. ↑ "Services". AFM Krugersdorp. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  24. 1 2 Constitution of the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa, a church incorporated in terms of the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa (Private) Act 24 of 1961, as amended, p. 3. Accessed 2 September 2010.
  25. ↑ Constitution of the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa, p. 4.
  26. ↑ Constitution of the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa, p. 6.
  27. ↑ Constitution of the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa, p. 5.

External links

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