Spanish Socialist Workers' Party

Spanish Socialist Workers' Party Partido Socialista Obrero Español

Abbreviation	PSOE
President	Micaela Navarro
Secretary-General	Pedro Sánchez
Founder	Pablo Iglesias Posse
Spokesperson in Congress	Antonio Hernando
Spokesperson in Senate	María Chivite
Founded	2 May 1879
Headquarters	Calle de Ferraz, 70 28008 Madrid, Spain
Newspaper	El Socialista
Student wing	Campus Joven
Youth wing	Socialist Youth of Spain
Trade Union wing	General Union of Workers
Membership (2014)	198,123^[1]
Ideology	Social democracy^[2]^[3] Pro-Europeanism^[4]^[5]
Political position	Centre-left^[2]
European affiliation	Party of European Socialists
International affiliation	Progressive Alliance, Socialist International
European Parliament group	Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
Colors	Red
Congress of Deputies	89 / 350
Senate	66 / 265
European Parliament	14 / 54
Local Government (2011)	20,823 / 67,611
Regional Parliaments	345 / 1,268
Regional Governments	9 / 19
Party flag

Website
www.psoe.es
Politics of Spain Political parties Elections

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (Spanish: Partido Socialista Obrero Español [parˈtiðo soθjaˈlista oˈβɾeɾo espaˈɲol]; better known by its initials, PSOE [peˈsoe]), is a social-democratic^[6] political party in Spain.

PSOE ruled in democratic Spain between 1982 and 1996, and between 2004 and 2011. It is the current oldest party in Spanish history.

The party, under Felipe González, formed a majority government after its victory in the 1982 election which lasted until 1993, after which it formed a minority government until 1996. PSOE has had strong ties with the General Union of Workers (UGT), a Spanish trade union. For decades, UGT membership was a requirement for PSOE membership. However, since the 1980s, UGT has frequently criticized the economic policies of PSOE, even calling for a general strike on 14 December 1988.^[7]

PSOE was last in government between 2004 and 2011 under José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. The PSOE is a member of the Party of European Socialists, Progressive Alliance and the Socialist International.^[7] In the European Parliament, PSOE's 14 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) sit in the Socialists and Democrats European parliamentary group.

Ideology

PSOE was founded with the purpose of representing and defending the interests of the working class formed during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. In its beginnings, PSOE's main objective was the defence of worker's rights and the achievement of the ideals of socialism, emerging from contemporary philosophy and Marxist politics, by securing political power for the [working class] and socialising the means of production in order to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat in the transition to socialist society.

The ideology of the Spanish Socialist Worker's Party has evolved throughout the 20th Century according to relevant historical events and the evolution of Spanish society.

In 1979 the party abandoned its definitive Marxist theses at the hands of its then secretary general Felipe González, not before overcoming great tensions and two congresses, the first of which preferred to maintain Marxism. Before this situation, notable internal leaders like Pablo Castellano or Luis Gómez Llorente founded the internal faction of Left Socialists, which included the militants who would not renounce Marxism. This allowed for the consolidation of the leftist forces in PSOE. From this moment, the diverse events both outside and within the party led to projects that resembled those of other European social democratic parties and acceptance of the defence of the market economy.

Currently, PSOE defines itself as "social democratic, centre-left and progressive". Concerning the territorial model of the Spanish State, PSOE supports an asymmetric federalism.^[8] It is grouped with other self-styled socialists, social democrats and labour parties in the Party of European Socialists.

Early history (1879–1974)

Pablo Iglesias founded the party back in 1879.

Casa Labra Pub

PSOE was founded on 2 May 1879 in the Casa Labra Pub (city of Madrid) by the historical Spanish workers' leader Pablo Iglesias.^[7] The first program of the new political party was passed in an assembly of 40 people, on 20 July of that same year. Although PSOE was rather weak during the late 19th century, its active participation in strikes from 1899 to 1902 and especially its electoral coalition with the main Republican parties led in 1910 to the election of Pablo Iglesias as the first Socialist representative in the Spanish Cortes.

The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940.^[9]

PSOE formed part of the Spanish Government during the Second Spanish Republic and as part of the Spanish Popular Front, elected to government in February 1936. During the civil war years, PSOE was divided into three wings: a leftist revolutionary Marxist wing, led by Francisco Largo Caballero that advocated dictatorship of the proletariat, nationalization of every industry, and total redistribution of land; a moderate, social-democratic faction, led by Indalecio Prieto; and a reformist one, led by Julian Besteiro.^[10]

The dictator Francisco Franco banned PSOE in 1939, and the party was legalized again in 1977. During Franco's rule members of PSOE were persecuted, with many leaders, members and supporters being imprisoned or exiled and even executed.

Modern history (1974–present)

Ferraz 70, PSOE headquarters since 1982

Its 25th Congress was held in Toulouse in August 1972. In 1974 at its 26th Congress in Suresnes, Felipe González was elected Secretary General, replacing Rodolfo Llopis Ferrándiz. González was from the "reform" wing of the party, and his victory signaled a defeat for the historic and veteran wing of the Party. The direction of the party shifted from the exiles to the young people in Spain who hadn't fought the war.^[7]

Llopis led a schism to form the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historic) González showed intentions to move the party away from its Marxist and socialist background, turning PSOE into a social-democratic party, similar to those of the rest of western Europe. In 1977 PSOE became the unofficial opposition leading party with 29.2% of the vote and 118 seats in the Parliament (which until then it had been the Communists, leading more aggressively among a larger representation of underground parties since the last free popular vote during the Civil War on Republican territory) in what was still a pluralistic party election but heading towards a de facto two-party system. Their standing was further boosted in 1978 when the 6 deputies of the Popular Socialist Party agreed to merge with the party.

In their 27th congress in May 1979 González resigned because the party would not abandon its Marxist character. In September the extraordinary 28th congress was called in which González was re-elected when the party agreed to move away from Marxism. European social-democratic parties supported González's stand, and the Social Democratic Party of Germany granted them money. PSOE party symbol was changed from the anvil with the book to the social-democratic rose in the fist, as used by the French Socialist Party. In the referendum of 1978, PSOE supported the Spanish Constitution, which was approved. In the 1979 Spanish general election PSOE gained 30.5% of the vote and 121 seats, remaining the main opposition party.

1980 PSOE Anti-NATO billboard. While opposing Spanish membership to NATO when they were on opposition, the party changed its posture in government, and supported the "Yes" option on the 1986 NATO membership referendum.

At 28 October 1982 Spanish general election, PSOE was victorious, with 48.1% of the vote (10,127,392 total). Felipe González became Prime Minister of Spain on 2 December, a position he held until May 1996.

Though the party had opposed NATO, after reaching the government most party leaders supported keeping Spain inside the organisation. The González administration organised a referendum on the question in 1986, calling for a favourable vote, and won. The administration was criticised for avoiding the official names of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and NATO, using the unofficial Atlantic Alliance terms. A symbol of this U-turn is Javier Solana who campaigned against NATO but ended up years later as its Secretary General.

Felipe González was the Spanish Prime Minister from 1982 to 1996.

PSOE Supported the United States in the Gulf War (1991). PSOE won the 1986, 1989 and 1993 general elections. Under the Gonzalez Administration, public expenditure on education, health, and pensions rose in total by 4.1 points of the country's GDP between 1982 and 1992.^[11]

Economic crisis and state terrorism (GAL) against the violent separatist group ETA eroded the popularity of Felipe González, and in 1996, PSOE lost the elections to the conservative People's Party (PP). Between 1996 and 2001 PSOE weathered a crisis, with Gonzalez resigning in 1997. PSOE suffered a heavy defeat in 2000 (34.7%).

PSOE remained as the ruling party in the autonomous communities of Andalusia, Extremadura, Castilla-La Mancha and Asturias.

In 2000, a new general secretary, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (also known as ZP), was elected, renewing the party. Later, PSOE won the municipal elections of 2003.

PSOE strongly opposed the Iraq War, which was supported by the PP.

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero

On 13 November 2003 PSOE (Socialists' Party of Catalonia, PSC) increased its vote total but scored second in the regional election in Catalonia, after Convergence and Union. After a period of negotiations, the party formed a pact with Republican Left of Catalonia, Initiative for Catalonia Greens and the United and Alternative Left, and have governed in Catalonia since then.

On 14 March 2004, PSOE won the 2004 Spanish general election with almost 43% of the votes, following the 11-M terrorist (11 March) attacks, and maintained their lead in the elections to the European Parliament.

In 2005, PSOE called for a Yes vote on the European Constitution. PSOE also favoured the negotiations between the government and ETA during the 2006 cease-fire, which had a de facto end with the Barajas Airport terrorist attack.

On 9 March 2008 PSOE won the 2008 general elections again with José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero remaining Prime Minister of Spain. The Socialists increased their share of seats in the Congress of Deputies from 164 to 169 after the latest election.

However, after waning popularity throughout their second term, mainly due to their handling of the worsening economic climate in Spain in the aftermath of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, PSOE were defeated in the general elections of November 2011 by the conservative People's Party. Shortly after, an extraordinary congress was held, in which Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, former Deputy to Zapatero and Minister of the Interior, was elected Secretary General defeating Carme Chacón, the other candidate, who stood for the Zapatero platform. This victory caused huge internal divisions and weakened the party's external image.

In 2013, PSOE held a political conference which introduced a completely new platform, widely seen as a move to the left in a desperate attempt to steal votes from parties such as United Left, whose popularity rose steadily due to the general discontent with the two-party system and spending cuts. That platform was the basis for the European Parliament election manifesto, promoted as a solid alternative to the conservative plan for Europe. The expectations inside the party, which chose Elena Valenciano as their election candidate, were really optimistic; however, the social democrats suffered another huge defeat due to the appearance of new parties such as Podemos which managed to gain the support of left-wing voters; PSOE won 14 seats. Shortly thereafter, Rubalcaba resigned as Secretary General and an Extraordinary Congress was convoked. This congress was the first to use a primary election system with three candidates: Pedro Sánchez, Eduardo Madina and José Antonio Pérez-Tapias. Pedro Sánchez was elected with 49 percent of the vote of the affiliates and therefore became Secretary General on 27 July.

In 2015 municipal elections were held, where the PSOE won 25% of the vote, one of its worst results in the history of democracy, together with the fall of the Popular Party, which won 27% of votes, it meant the end of the two-party system in Spain in favor of new parties. The PSOE lost 943 councilors but passes govern 2-7 communities through pacts left.

On 20 December, the general election was held, which produced a parliament broken into four major parties. PSOE, due to the large increase for parties like Podemos (far left) and Citizens (center), got about 20% of the vote, its worst result since democracy was restored.

Election results

Congress of Deputies

Election	Seats	+/−	Votes	%	Outcome	Leader
1977	118 / 350		5,371,866	29.3 (#2)	First Opposition	Felipe González
1979	121 / 350	3	5,469,813	30.4 (#2)	First Opposition	Felipe González
1982	202 / 350	81	10,127,392	48.1 (#1)	Majority Government	Felipe González
1986	184 / 350	18	8,901,718	44.1 (#1)	Majority Government	Felipe González
1989	175 / 350	9	8,115,568	39.6 (#1)	Majority Government	Felipe González
1993	159 / 350	16	9,150,083	38.8 (#1)	Minority Government	Felipe González
1996	141 / 350	18	9,425,678	37.6 (#2)	First Opposition	Felipe González
2000	125 / 350	16	7,918,752	34.2 (#2)	First Opposition	Joaquín Almunia
2004	164 / 350	39	11,026,163	42.6 (#1)	Minority Government	José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
2008	169 / 350	5	11,289,335	43.9 (#1)	Minority Government	José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
2011	110 / 350	59	7,003,511	28.8 (#2)	First Opposition	Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba
2015	90 / 350	20	5,545,315	22.0 (#2)	To be determined	Pedro Sánchez

European Parliament

Election	Seats	+/−	Votes	%	Candidate
1987	28 / 60	28	7,522,706	39.1 (#1)	Fernando Morán
1989	27 / 60	1	6,275,552	39.6 (#1)	Fernando Morán
1994	22 / 64	5	5,719,707	30.8 (#2)	Fernando Morán
1999	24 / 64	2	7,477,823	35.3 (#2)	Rosa Díez
2004	25 / 54	1	6,741,112	43.5 (#1)	Josep Borrell
2009	23 / 54	2	6,141,784	38.8 (#2)	Juan Fernando López Aguilar
2014	14 / 54	9	3,614,232	23.0 (#2)	Elena Valenciano

Local councils

Election	Councillors	+/−	Votes	%	Leader
1979	12,059 / 67,505		4,615,837	28.2 (#2)	Felipe González
1983	23,325 / 67,312	11,266	7,683,197	43.0 (#1)	Felipe González
1987	23,241 / 65,577	84	7,229,782	37.1 (#1)	Felipe González
1991	25,260 / 66,308	2,019	7,224,242	38.3 (#1)	Felipe González
1995	21,189 / 65,869	4,071	6,838,607	30.8 (#2)	Felipe González
1999	21,917 / 65,201	728	7,296,484	34.3 (#2)	Joaquín Almunia
2003	23,224 / 65,510	1,307	7,999,178	34.8 (#1)	José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
2007	24,029 / 66,131	805	7,760,865	34.9 (#2)	José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
2011	21,766 / 68,230	2,263	6,275,314	27.8 (#2)	José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
2015	20,858 / 67,515	908	5,613,733	25.0 (#2)	Pedro Sánchez

Terms

Baron: Unofficial term for the party's regional leaders. They can be very powerful, especially if they run an autonomous community. There have been conflicts between barons and the central directorate in the past. Some barons were Pasqual Maragall (Catalonia), who didn't run for re-election in 2006; Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra (Extremadura), who didn't run for re-election in 2007; Manuel Chaves (Andalucia), who renounced Andalucia's presidency in 2009 to assume Third Vice Presidency of the Spanish Government; José Montilla (Catalonia), now opposition leader. The term barón is more colloquial than official, representing the great power regional leaders have in the party, but it has been falling out of use since 2008.
Compañero ("companion", "comrade"): A term of address among Socialists, analogous to the English comrade.
Currents: There have been several internal groups within PSOE, based on personal or ideological affinities. Some of them have ended with separation from PSOE. The failed trial of primary elections for PSOE candidates was an attempt to conciliate currents. Examples of currents are "Guerristas" (followers of Alfonso Guerra), "Renovadores" (renewers, right wing of the Party) or Izquierda Socialista (Socialist Left).

Historical leaders

	President	Term
1.	Pablo Iglesias	1879–1925
2.	Julián Besteiro	1925–1932
3.	Francisco Largo Caballero	1932–1935
4.	Indalecio Prieto	1935–1948
5.	Trifón Gómez	1948–1955
–	Vacant	1955–1964
6.	Pascual Tomás	1964–1967
7.	Ramón Rubial	1967–1970
–	In exile	1970–1976
8.	Ramón Rubial	1976–1999
9.	Manuel Chaves	1999–2012
10.	José Antonio Griñán	2012–2014
11.	Micaela Navarro	2014–present

	Secretary-General	Term
1.	Ramón Lamoneda	1936–1944
2.	Rodolfo Llopis	1944–1972
–	In exile	1972–1974
3.	Felipe González	1974–1997
4.	Joaquín Almunia	1997–2000
5.	José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero	2000–2012
6.	Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba	2012–2014
7.	Pedro Sánchez	2014–present

Notable members

References

↑
1 2 PSOE. Ideology: Social democracy. Political Position: Centre-left - European Social Survey
↑ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
↑ Gibbons 1999, p. 48: «This was in line with the PSOE's strongly pro-European policies»
↑ Campoy-Cubillo 2012, p. 163: «The Saharawi cause was embraced not only by the Europeanist PSOE»
↑
The PSOE is described as a social-democratic party by numerous sources:
- Nikiforos P. Diamandouros; Richard Gunther (2001). Parties, Politics, and Democracy in the New Southern Europe. JHU Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-8018-6518-3. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
- Dimitri Almeida (2012). The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus. CRC Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-136-34039-0. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
- Richard Collin; Pamela L. Martin (2012). An Introduction to World Politics: Conflict and Consensus on a Small Planet. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4422-1803-1. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- Anttiroiko, Ari-Veikko (2006). Encyclopedia of Digital Government. Idea Group Inc (IGI). p. 397. ISBN 978-1-59140-790-4.
1 2 3 4 "History of PSOE" (in Spanish). PSOE own site. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
↑ (Spanish) El líder del PSOE señala que "todos los federalismos son asimétricos" y opta por este modelo porque la Constitución "se quedó un poquito a medias" – La Vanguardia
↑ Kowalski, Werner. Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 – 19. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. p. 325
↑ Helen Graham, "The Spanish Socialist Party in Power and the Government of Juan Negrín, 1937-9," European History Quarterly (1988) 18#2 pp 175–206. online
↑ Regimes, Politics, and Markets: Democratization and Economic Change in ... – José María Maravall – Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 9 February 2014.

Bibliography

Reynoso, Diego (2004), Votos ponderados: sistemas electorales y sobrerrepresentación distrital, FLACSO México, 249, ISBN 978-970-701-521-0
Anttiroiko, Ari-Veikko; Mälkiä, Matti (2007), Encyclopedia of Digital Government, Idea Group Inc (IGI), 1916, ISBN 978-1-59140-790-4
Amoretti, Ugo M.; Bermeo, Nancy Gina (2004), Federalism and Territorial Cleavages, JHU Press, p. 498, ISBN 9780801874086
Field, Bonnie N.; Botti, Alfonso (2013), Politics and Society in Contemporary Spain: From Zapatero to Rajoy, Palgrave Macmillan, 256, ISBN 978-1-137-30662-3
Gibbons, John (1999), Spanish Politics Today, Manchester University Press, 174, ISBN 9780719049460
Campoy-Cubillo, Adolfo (2012), Memories of the Maghreb: Transnational Identities in Spanish Cultural Production, Palgrave Macmillan, 230, ISBN 9781137028150

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Partido Socialista Obrero Español.

Spanish Socialist Workers' Party

Secretary Generals of the PSOE	Pablo Iglesias (1879–1925) Julián Besteiro (1925–1931) Francisco Largo Caballero (1931–1935) Ramón Gómez Peña (1935–1948) José Gómez Osorio (1939–1940) Sócrates Gómez (1940–1944) Juan Gómez Egido (1944) Eduardo Villegas (1944–1946) Miguel Ángel Martínez (1946 – 1965) Antonio Trigo Mairal (1948–1949) Antonio Hernández Vizcaíno (1949–1952) Tomás Centeno (1952–1953) Teodomiro Menéndez (1953–1954) José María Fernández (1953–1954) Rodolfo Llopis (1954–1972) Felipe González (1972–1997) Joaquín Almunia (1997–2000) José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2000–2012) Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba (2012–2014) Pedro Sánchez (2014–present)

Presidents of the PSOE	Pablo Iglesias (1879–1925) Julián Besteiro (1925–1931) Francisco Largo Caballero (1931–1935) Indalecio Prieto (1935–1948) Trifón Gómez (1948–1955) Pascual Tomás (1964–1967) Ramón Rubial (1967–1970; 1976–1999) Manuel Chaves (2000–2012) José Antonio Griñán (2012–2014) Micaela Navarro (2014–present)

Parties by autonomous community	Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Islands Basque Country Canary Islands Cantabria Castile-La Mancha Castile and Leon Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencian Community

Congresses	1888 1890 1892 1894 1899 1902 1905 1908 1912 1915 1918 1919 1920 1921 1925 1932 1944 1946 1948 1948 XVII 1952 XIX XX XXI 1964 1967 1970 1972 1974 1976 May 1979 Sep 1979 1981 1984 1988 1990 1994 1997 2000 2004 2008 2012 2014 2016

Afiliated Organisations	Socialist Youth of Spain IDEAS Foundation for progress El Socialista Socialist Left

Political parties in Spain

Congress of Deputies (350)	People's Party (123) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (90) Podemos (69) Ciudadanos (40) Popular Unity (2) Republican Left of Catalonia (9) Democracy and Freedom (8) Basque Nationalist Party (6) EH Bildu (2) Canarian Coalition (1)

Senate (266)	People's Party (145) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (67) Podemos (23) Democracy and Freedom (8) Republican Left of Catalonia (8) Basque Nationalist Party (7) Ciudadanos (3) Canarian Coalition (2) Euskal Herria Bildu (1) Geroa Bai (1) Gomera Socialist Group (1)

Other parties in regional parliaments	Aragonese Party Aragonese Union Asturias Forum Compromís Galician Left Alternative Galician Nationalist Bloc Leonese People's Union More for Majorca Navarrese People's Union Popular Unity Candidates Proposal for the Islands Regionalist Party of Cantabria Union, Progress and Democracy

European Parliament (54 of 751)	People's Party (EPP, 16) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (S&D, 14) Izquierda Plural (United Left (4) and ANOVA (1): GUE/NGL, 5 - Initiative for Catalonia Greens (1): Greens/EFA, 1) Podemos (GUE/NGL, 5) Union, Progress and Democracy (ALDE, 4) Ciudadanos (ALDE, 2) Coalition for Europe (CDC (1) and PNV (1): ALDE, 2 - UDC (1): EPP, 1) L'Esquerra pel Dret a Decidir (Greens/EFA, 2) The Peoples Decide (GUE/NGL, 1) European Spring (Greens/EFA, 1)

Politics portal List of political parties Politics of Spain

Party of European Socialists (PES)

European Parliament group: Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats

Parties

Member parties (EU)	SPÖ PS sp.a BSP/БСП SDP EDEK/ΕΔΕΚ ČSSD A SDE SDP PS SPD PA.SO.K./ΠΑ.ΣΟ.Κ. MSZP MSZDP Lab PD PSI LSDP LSAP PL PvdA SLD UP PS PSD SMER-SD SD PSOE SAP Lab SDLP

Member parties (non-EU)	A

Associated parties (EU)	PBSD/БСДП

Associated parties (non-EU)	PS SDP BiH S SDSM/СДСМ DPS SDP DS SP/PS CHP HDP

Observer parties (EU)	LSDSP Saskaņa

Observer parties (non-EU)	PS ARF ESDP/الديمقراطي GD HaAvoda/העבודה Meretz/מרצ PDM USPT CTP Fatah/فتح PSD FDTL

Party Presidents

European Parliament
Group Presidents

Guy Mollet
Hendrik Fayat
Pierre Lapie
Willi Birkelbach
Käte Strobel
Francis Vals
Georges Spénale
Ludwig Spénale
Ernest Glinne
Rudi Arndt
Jean-Pierre Cot
Pauline Green
Enrique Barón Crespo
Martin Schulz
Hannes Swoboda
see European Parliament

European Commissioners

Vytenis Andriukaitis (Health and Food Safety)
Corina Crețu (Regional Policy)
Neven Mimica (International Cooperation and Development)
Federica Mogherini (Foreign Affairs and Security Policy)
Pierre Moscovici (Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs)
Maroš Šefčovič (Energy Union)
Frans Timmermans (Rule of Law and Charter of Fundamental Rights)
Karmenu Vella (Environment, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries)
see Juncker Commission

Heads of government
at the Council of the European Union

Werner Faymann (Austria)
Zoran Milanović (Croatia)
Bohuslav Sobotka (Czech Republic)
Helle Thorning-Schmidt (Denmark)
François Hollande (France)
Matteo Renzi (Italy)
Algirdas Butkevičius (Lithuania)
Joseph Muscat (Malta)
António Costa (Portugal)
Robert Fico (Slovakia)
Stefan Löfven (Sweden)
see European Council

Eurofoundation: Foundation for European Progressive Studies

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