Anti–Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody

Antibody(s)
Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae
Antigen
Isoform 		Mannans
Antigen Source Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Affected organ(s) Large Intestine
Affected
tissue(s) 		Epithelium
Associated
Disease(s) 		Colitis

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCAs) are antibodies against antigens presented by the cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ASCAs and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCAs) are the two most useful and often discriminating biomarkers for colitis.[1] ASCA tends to recognize Crohn's disease more frequently, whereas pANCA tend to recognize ulcerative colitis.[2]

ASCA antibodies react to a protein called a yeast mannan,[3] a 200-kDa glycoprotein.[4] Diseases in which ASCA are found include the following:

Yeast S. cerevisiae, the cells are bordered by cell wall that contains the antigen for ASCA

Intestinal yeast and ASCA+. Intestinal yeast infections are seen in malabsorptive diseases like coeliac disease. In Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis the presence of intestinal S. cerevisiae is rare, but the association with irritiable bowel in coeliac disease remains unstudied.[13]

Anti-mannans

A photomicrograph of Candida albicans showing hyphal outgrowth and other morphological characteristics.

Mannan (oligomannan) is a component of the yeast cell wall. Antibodies to yeast mannans are found at increased frequency in Crohn's disease and ASCA+ Crohn's tend to have lower low levels of mannan-binding lectin.[14] Experimentally, antibodies to mannans from yeast can also crossreact to mannans of other types of yeast.[15] Study of the sugars indicated that a mannotetraose (4-mer) was responsible for highest response. [16] Studies of the 200 kDa glycoprotein antibodies found them commonly in healthy people, suggesting that the disease associated antibodies are to their carbohydrate moieties.[17] Mannans from other yeast, for example candida albicans, have found to cross react with ASCA which suggests that other yeast may induce ASCA associated diseases.

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a lectin produced by humans. In ASCA+ Crohn's disease the serum level of this protein is lower. Cellular response to mannan in ASCA+ peripheral blood lymphocytes could be inhibited by adding MBL, however, a high frequency of mutations in the MBL gene was found in ASCA+ patients.[18]

Crohn's disease

ASCA are consistently higher in frequency in Crohn's disease. Yeast cause a three-fold increase in lymphocyte proliferation relative to normal controls.[19] The ASCA antibodies are also more frequently found in familial Crohn's disease.[9] An altered humoral and cellular response to mannan is observed and may be due to a loss of yeast tolerance.[20] This alteration is marked by increased activation markers, CD25/CD69, upon proliferative stimulation of T-helper lymphocytes. ASCA+ is a predictor for Crohn's disease with high specificity and positive predictive value (87% and 78% respectively). ASCA are associated with proximal (gastroduodenal and small bowel involvement) rather than purely colonic disease (P < 0.001) and with a more severe disease phenotype and requirement for surgery over a median follow-up time of 9 years (P < 0.0001). There is no association between genetic markers for Crohn's disease and NOD2/CARD15 or MP (IgA or IgG) indicating heterogeneous causes for Crohn's disease.[21] [Note: CD is a common abbreviation for Crohn's disease. It is more commonly used for coeliac disease which may be primary to some forms of colitis. When reviewing abstracts for colitis, it is important to note the abbreviation is used for both.]

References

  1. ↑ Desplat-Jégo S, Johanet C, Escande A, et al. (2007). "Update on Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, anti-nuclear associated anti-neutrophil antibodies and antibodies to exocrine pancreas detected by indirect immunofluorescence as biomarkers in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases: results of a multicenter study". World J. Gastroenterol. 13 (16): 2312–8. PMID 17511029.
  2. ↑ Joossens S, Reinisch W, Vermeire S, et al. (2002). "The value of serologic markers in indeterminate colitis: a prospective follow-up study". Gastroenterology 122 (5): 1242–1247. doi:10.1053/gast.2002.32980. PMID 11984510.
  3. ↑ Lindberg E, Magnusson KE, Tysk C, Järnerot G (1992). "Antibody (IgG, IgA, and IgM) to baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), yeast mannan, gliadin, ovalbumin and betalactoglobulin in monozygotic twins with inflammatory bowel disease". Gut 33 (7): 909–913. doi:10.1136/gut.33.7.909. PMC 1379403. PMID 1644330.
  4. ↑ Heelan BT, Allan S, Barnes RM (1991). "Identification of a 200-kDa glycoprotein antigen of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Immunol. Lett. 28 (3): 181–185. doi:10.1016/0165-2478(91)90001-Q. PMID 1885214.
  5. ↑ Monselise A, Weinberger A, Monselise Y, Fraser A, Sulkes J, Krause I (2006). "Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in Behçet's disease--a familial study". Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 24 (5 Suppl 42): S87–90. PMID 17067434.
  6. ↑ Fresko I, Ugurlu S, Ozbakir F, et al. (2005). "Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in Behçet's syndrome". Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 23 (4 Suppl 38): S67–70. PMID 16273768.
  7. 1 2 Giaffer MH, Clark A, Holdsworth CD (1992). "Antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae in patients with Crohn's disease and their possible pathogenic importance". Gut 33 (8): 1071–1075. doi:10.1136/gut.33.8.1071. PMC 1379444. PMID 1398231.
  8. ↑ Toumi D, Mankaï A, Belhadj R, Ghedira-Besbes L, Jeddi M, Ghedira I (2007). "Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in coeliac disease". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 42 (7): 821–826. doi:10.1080/00365520601154996. PMID 17558905.
  9. 1 2 Annese V, Andreoli A, Andriulli A, et al. (2001). "Familial expression of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mannan antibodies in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a GISC study". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96 (8): 2407–2412. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04043.x. PMID 11513182.
  10. ↑ Holstein A, Burmeister J, Plaschke A, Rosemeier D, Widjaja A, Egberts EH (2006). "Autoantibody profiles in microscopic colitis". J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21 (6): 1016–1020. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.04027.x. PMID 16724988.
  11. ↑ Main J, McKenzie H, Yeaman GR, et al. (1988). "Antibody to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers' yeast) in Crohn's disease". BMJ 297 (6656): 1105–1106. doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6656.1105. PMC 1834894. PMID 3143445.
  12. ↑ Barnes RM, Allan S, Taylor-Robinson CH, Finn R, Johnson PM (1990). "Serum antibodies reactive with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in inflammatory bowel disease: is IgA antibody a marker for Crohn's disease?". Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 92 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1159/000235217. PMID 2246081.
  13. ↑ Mallant-Hent RC, Mooij M, von Blomberg BM, Linskens RK, van Bodegraven AA, Savelkoul PH (2006). "Correlation between Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA in intestinal mucosal samples and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in serum of patients with IBD". World J. Gastroenterol. 12 (2): 292–7. PMID 16482632.
  14. ↑ Seibold F, Boldt AB, Seibold-Schmid B, et al. (2007). "Association of deficiency for mannan-binding lectin with anti-mannan antibodies in Crohn's disease: A family study". Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 13 (9): 1077–1082. doi:10.1002/ibd.20156. PMID 17480019.
  15. ↑ Schaffer T, Müller S, Flogerzi B, Seibold-Schmid B, Schoepfer AM, Seibold F (2007). "Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies (ASCA) of Crohn's patients crossreact with mannan from other yeast strains, and murine ASCA IgM can be experimentally induced with Candida albicans". Inflammatory bowel diseases 13 (11): 1339–1346. doi:10.1002/ibd.20228. PMID 17636567.
  16. ↑ Sendid B, Colombel JF, Jacquinot PM, et al. (1996). "Specific antibody response to oligomannosidic epitopes in Crohn's disease". Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 3 (2): 219–26. PMC 170283. PMID 8991640.
  17. ↑ Sander U, Kunze I, Bröker M, Kunze G (1998). "Humoral immune response to a 200-kDa glycoprotein antigen of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is common in man". Immunol. Lett. 61 (2–3): 113–117. doi:10.1016/S0165-2478(98)00003-0. PMID 9657263.
  18. ↑ Seibold F, Konrad A, Flogerzi B, et al. (2004). "Genetic variants of the mannan-binding lectin are associated with immune reactivity to mannans in Crohn's disease". Gastroenterology 127 (4): 1076–1084. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.07.056. PMID 15480986.
  19. ↑ Young CA, Sonnenberg A, Burns EA (1994). "Lymphocyte proliferation response to baker's yeast in Crohn's disease". Digestion 55 (1): 40–43. doi:10.1159/000201121. PMID 8112496.
  20. ↑ Konrad A, Rütten C, Flogerzi B, Styner M, Göke B, Seibold F (2004). "Immune sensitization to yeast antigens in ASCA-positive patients with Crohn's disease". Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 10 (2): 97–105. doi:10.1097/00054725-200403000-00006. PMID 15168808.
  21. ↑ Walker LJ, Aldhous MC, Drummond HE, et al. (2004). "Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in Crohn's disease are associated with disease severity but not NOD2/CARD15 mutations". Clin. Exp. Immunol. 135 (3): 490–496. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02392.x. PMC 1808965. PMID 15008984.
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