Anne of Cleves

Anne of Cleves

Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1539. Oil and Tempera on Parchment mounted on canvas, Musée du Louvre, Paris.
Queen consort of England
Tenure 6 January 1540 – 9 July 1540
Born (1515-09-22)22 September 1515
Düsseldorf, Duchy of Berg,
Holy Roman Empire
Died 16 July 1557(1557-07-16) (aged 41)
Chelsea Manor, England
Burial 3 August 1557
Westminster Abbey
Spouse Henry VIII of England
(m. 6 Jan–9 Jul 1540; ann.)
House House of La Marck
Father John III, Duke of Cleves
Mother Emma Fletcher III
Religion Roman Catholic, then Anglican, then Roman Catholic
Signature

Anne of Cleves (German: Anna; 22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557)[1] was Queen of England from 6 January 1540 to 9 July 1540 as the fourth wife of King Henry VIII.[1] The marriage was declared never consummated and, as a result, she was not crowned queen consort. Following the annulment of their marriage, Anne was given a generous settlement by the King, and thereafter referred to as the King's Beloved Sister.[2][3] She lived to see the coronation of Queen Mary I, outliving the rest of Henry's wives.[4]

Early life

Anne was born on 22 September 1515[1][5] in Düsseldorf,[6] the second daughter of John III of the House of La Marck, Duke of Jülich jure uxoris, Cleves, Berg jure uxoris, Count of Mark, also known as de la Marck and Ravensberg jure uxoris (often referred to as Duke of Cleves) who died in 1538, and his wife Maria, Duchess of Julich-Berg (1491–1543). She grew up living in Schloss Burg on the edge of Solingen. Anne's father was influenced by Erasmus and followed a moderate path within the Reformation. He sided with the Schmalkaldic League and opposed Emperor Charles V. After John's death, Anne's brother William became Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, bearing the promising epithet "The Rich". In 1526, her elder sister Sibylle was married to John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, head of the Protestant Confederation of Germany and considered the "Champion of the Reformation".

At the age of 11 (1527), Anne was betrothed to Francis, son and heir of the Duke of Lorraine while he was only 10.[7] Thus the betrothal was considered unofficial and was cancelled in 1535. Her brother William was a Lutheran but the family was unaligned religiously, with her mother, the Duchess Maria, described as a "strict Catholic".[8] The Duke's ongoing dispute over Gelderland with Emperor Charles V made them suitable allies for England's King Henry VIII in the wake of the Truce of Nice. The match with Anne was urged on the King by his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell.

Wedding preparations

The artist Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to paint portraits of Anne and her younger sister, Amalia, each of whom Henry was considering as his fourth wife. Henry required the artist to be as accurate as possible, not to flatter the sisters. The two versions of Holbein's portrait are in the Musée du Louvre in Paris and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Another 1539 portrait, by the school of Barthel Bruyn the Elder, is in the collection of Trinity College, Cambridge.[9]

Negotiations with Cleves were in full swing by March 1539. Cromwell oversaw the talks, and a marriage treaty was signed on 4 October of that year.

The Six Wives of
Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
Portrait of Anne in the 1540s by Bartholomäus Bruyn the elder

Henry valued education and cultural sophistication in women, but Anne lacked these: She had received no formal education but was skilled in needlework and liked playing card games. She could read and write, but only in German.[10] Nevertheless, Anne was considered gentle, virtuous, and docile, qualities that recommended her as a suitable candidate for Henry.

Anne was described by the French ambassador, Charles de Marillac, as tall and slim, "of middling beauty, and of very assured and resolute countenance".[11] She was fair haired and was said to have had a lovely face. In the words of the chronicler Edward Hall, "Her hair hanging down, which was fair, yellow and long ... she was apparelled after the English fashion, with a French hood, which so set forth her beauty and good visage, that every creature rejoiced to behold her".[12] She appeared rather solemn by English standards, and looked old for her age. Holbein painted her with high forehead, heavy-lidded eyes and a pointed chin.

Henry met her privately on New Year's Day 1540 at Rochester on her journey from Dover.[13] Henry and some of his courtiers, following a courtly-love tradition, went disguised into the room where Anne was staying, and Henry boldly kissed her.[13] According to the testimony of his companions, he was disappointed with Anne, feeling she was not as described. According to the chronicler Charles Wriothesley, Anne "regarded him little",[14] though it is unknown if she knew if this was the king or not.[15] Henry did then reveal his true identity to Anne, although he is said to have been put off the marriage from then on. Henry and Anne then met officially on 3 January on Blackheath outside the gates of Greenwich Park, where a grand reception was laid out.[16]

Most historians believe that he later used Anne's alleged 'bad' appearance and failure to inspire him to consummate the marriage as excuses, saying how he felt he had been misled, for everyone had praised Anne's attractions: "She is nothing so fair as she hath been reported," he complained.[17] Henry urged Cromwell to find a legal way to avoid the marriage but, by this point, doing so was impossible without endangering the vital alliance with the Germans. In his anger and frustration the King finally turned on Cromwell, to his subsequent regret. Cromwell's enemies, who had long waited for him to make his first false step, began to close in.

A doomed marriage

Anne of Cleves's arms as queen consort[18]

Despite Henry's very vocal misgivings, the two were married on 6 January 1540 at the royal Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. The phrase "God send me well to keep" was engraved around Anne’s wedding ring. Immediately after arriving in England, Anne conformed to the Anglican form of worship, which Henry expected.[19] The couple's first night as husband and wife was not a successful one. Henry confided to Cromwell that he had not consummated the marriage, saying, "I liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse." He described her as having unpleasant body odour and sagging breasts, among other complaints.[20] In February 1540, Anne praised the King as a kind husband to the Countess of Rutland, saying: "When he comes to bed he kisseth me, and he taketh me by the hand, and biddeth me 'Good night, sweetheart'; and in the morning kisseth me and biddeth 'Farewell, darling.'" Lady Rutland responded: "Madam, there must be more than this, or it will be long ere we have a duke of York, which all this realm most desireth."[5]

Anne was commanded to leave the Court on 24 June, and on 6 July she was informed of her husband's decision to reconsider the marriage. Witness statements were taken from a number of courtiers and two physicians which register the king's disappointment at her appearance. Henry had also commented to Thomas Heneage and Anthony Denny that he could not believe she was a virgin.[21] Shortly afterwards, Anne was asked for her consent to an annulment, to which she agreed. Cromwell, the moving force behind the marriage, was attainted for treason. The marriage was annulled on 9 July 1540, on the grounds of non-consummation and her pre-contract to Francis of Lorraine. Henry VIII's physician stated that after the wedding night, Henry said he was not impotent because he experienced "duas pollutiones nocturnas in somno" (two nocturnal pollutions while in sleep; i.e., two wet dreams).[22][23] On 28 July Henry married his fifth wife, Catherine Howard: on the same day Thomas Cromwell was executed, in theory for treason, but in practice as a scapegoat for the doomed German marriage.

After the annulment

The former queen received a generous settlement, including Richmond Palace, and Hever Castle, home of Henry's former in-laws, the Boleyns. Anne of Cleves House, in Lewes, Sussex, is just one of many properties she owned; she never lived there. Henry and Anne became good friends—she was an honorary member of the King's family and was referred to as "the King's Beloved Sister". She was invited to court often and, out of gratitude for her not contesting the annulment, Henry decreed that she would be given precedence over all women in England save his own wife and daughters.[2]

After Catherine Howard was beheaded, Anne and her brother, the Duke of Cleves, pressed the king to remarry Anne. Henry quickly refused to do so.[24] She seems to have disliked Catherine Parr, and reportedly reacted to the news of Henry's sixth marriage with the remark "Madam Parr is taking a great burden on herself."[25]

In March 1547, Edward VI's Privy Council asked her to move out of Bletchingley Palace, her usual residence, to Penshurst Place to make way for Thomas Cawarden, Master of Revels. They pointed out that Penshurst was nearer to Hever and the move had been Henry VIII's will.[26][27]

On 4 August 1553, Anne wrote to Mary to congratulate her on her marriage to Philip of Spain.[28] On 28 September 1553, when Mary left St James's Palace for Whitehall, she was accompanied by her sister Elizabeth and Anne of Cleves.[29] Anne also took part in Mary I's coronation procession,[30][31] and may have been present at her coronation at Westminster Abbey.[32] These were her last public appearances. As the new Queen was a strict Catholic, Anne yet again changed religion, now becoming a Roman Catholic.[33][34]

After a brief return to prominence, she lost royal favour in 1554, following Wyatt's rebellion. According to Simon Renard, the imperial ambassador, Anne's close association with Elizabeth had convinced the Queen that "the Lady [Anne] of Cleves was of the plot and intrigued with the Duke of Cleves to obtain help for Elizabeth: matters in which the king of France was the prime mover".[35] There is no evidence that Anne was invited back to court after 1554.[36] She was compelled to live a quiet and obscure life on her estates.[36] After her arrival as the King's bride, Anne never left England. Despite occasional feelings of homesickness, Anne was generally content in England and was described by Holinshed as "a ladie of right commendable regards, courteous, gentle, a good housekeeper and verie bountifull to hir seruants."[4]

Death

When Anne's health began to fail, Mary allowed her to live at Chelsea Old Manor, where Henry's last wife, Catherine Parr, had lived after her remarriage.[37] Here, in the middle of July 1557, Anne dictated her last will. In it, she mentions her brother, sister, and sister-in-law, as well as the future Queen Elizabeth, the Duchess of Suffolk, and the Countess of Arundel.[38] She left some money to her servants and asked Mary and Elizabeth to employ them in their households.[39] She was remembered by everyone who served her as a particularly generous and easy-going mistress.[4]

Anne died at Chelsea Old Manor on 16 July 1557, eight weeks before her forty-second birthday. The cause of her death was most likely to have been cancer.[37] She was buried in Westminster Abbey, on 3 August,[40] in what has been described as a "somewhat hard to find tomb" on the opposite side of Edward the Confessor's shrine and slightly above eye level for a person of average height. She is the only wife of Henry VIII to be buried in the Abbey.

Anne's epitaph in Westminster Abbey, which is in English, reads simply:[41]

ANNE OF CLEVES
QUEEN OF ENGLAND
BORN 1515 * DIED 1557

She also has the distinction of being the last of Henry VIII's wives to die[4] (she outlived Henry's last wife, Catherine Parr, by 9 years). She was not the longest-lived, however, since Catherine of Aragon was 51 at the time of her death.[39]

Literature

Anne is the subject of three biographies: Julia Hamilton's Anne of Cleves (1972), and Mary Saaler's Anne of Cleves: Fourth Wife of Henry VIII (1995), and Elizabeth Norton's Anne of Cleves: Henry VIII's Discarded Bride (2009). Retha Warnicke has written an academic study on Anne's marriage called The Marrying of Anne of Cleves. Royal Protocol in Early Modern England (2000).

Anne of Cleves appears as a character in many historical novels about Henry's reign. In The Fifth Queen (1906) by Ford Madox Ford she is portrayed as a sensible, practical woman who happily settles for annulment in return for the material benefits. Anne of Cleves is the main character of My Lady of Cleves (1946) by Margaret Campbell Barnes. About a third of The Boleyn Inheritance (2006) by Philippa Gregory is recounted from Anne's point of view, covering the period of Henry VIII's marriages to her and to her successor Catherine Howard. The book concludes with Anne living away from court, and avoiding the execution ceremonies of Howard and of Jane Boleyn, sister-in-law to one of Henry's queens and lady-in-waiting to all the others, including Anne. Gregory includes Anne in a non-fictional review of the period at the end of the book.

Anne and her Holbein portrait in the Louvre are the focus of the novel Amenable Women (2009) by Mavis Cheek.[42] Anne and Catherine Howard are the subject of The Queen's Mistake by Diane Haeger (2009), while Anne and Jane Seymour are covered in Volume 3 of Dixie Atkins's tetralogy A Golden Sorrow (2010).

In popular media

Ancestry

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 Weir 2009, p. 155.
  2. 1 2 Norton 2010, p. 108.
  3. ↑ Warnicke 2000, p. 252.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Norton 2010, p. 165.
  5. 1 2 Norton 2010, p. 7.
  6. ↑ At the time, the area was in the Duchy of Berg.
  7. ↑ Norton 2010, pp. 12–13.
  8. ↑ Fraser 1992, p. 364.
  9. ↑ "Trinity College, University of Cambridge". BBC Your Paintings.
  10. ↑ Norton 2010, pp. 10-11.
  11. ↑ Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII 15: 1540 no. 22.
  12. ↑ Hall 1809, pp. 836–837.
  13. 1 2 Warnicke 2000, p. 138.
  14. ↑ Wriothesley 1875, pp. 109–110.
  15. ↑ Warnicke 2000, p. 132.
  16. ↑ Warnicke 2000, p. 146.
  17. ↑ Schofield 2011, p. 361.
  18. ↑ Boutell 1863, p. 243.
  19. ↑ Weir 2007, p. 412.
  20. ↑ Schofield 2011, p. 240.
  21. ↑ Strype I(II) 1822, pp. 450–463.
  22. ↑ Strype I(II) 1822, p. 461.
  23. ↑ "Holbein en Angleterre". Amateur d'Art, par Lunettes Rouge. Lunettesrouges.blog.lemonde.fr. 29 November 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2014..
  24. ↑ Farquhar 2001, p. 77.
  25. ↑ Weir 2007, p. 498.
  26. ↑ Acts of the Privy Council 2, pp. 82–83, 471-472.
  27. ↑ Ellis 1817, pp. 131–132.
  28. ↑ Norton 2010, p. 153.
  29. ↑ Whitelock 2010, p. 192.
  30. ↑ Norton 2010, pp. 144–145.
  31. ↑ Porter 2007, pp. 256, 260–261.
  32. ↑ Porter 2007, p. 260 According to Antoine de Noailles, Elizabeth and Anne followed Mary into the Abbey.
  33. ↑ Norton 2010, p. 146.
  34. ↑ Weir 2007, p. 388.
  35. ↑ Norton 2010, p. 151.
  36. 1 2 Norton 2010, p. 154.
  37. 1 2 Fraser 1992, p. 504.
  38. ↑ Norton 2010, pp. 158-161.
  39. 1 2 Norton 2010, p. 161.
  40. ↑ Machyn 1968, pp. 145-146.
  41. ↑ Google Images
  42. ↑ Annis. "Amenable Women by Mavis Cheek". HistoricalNovels.info. Retrieved 2 April 2012. ; "Amenable Women, Mavis Cheek". Faber & Faber. Retrieved 2 April 2012.

References

External links

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English royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Jane Seymour		 Queen consort of England
Lady of Ireland
6 January–9 July 1540 		Vacant
Title next held by
Catherine Howard
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