Angolan general election, 1992

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General elections were held in Angola on 29 and 30 September 1992 to elect a President and National Assembly, the first time multi-party elections had been held in the country. They followed the signing of the Bicesse Accord on 31 May 1991 in an attempt to end the 17-year-long civil war.[1] Voter turnout was 91.3% for the parliamentary election and 91.2% for the presidential election.[2]

The ruling People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) won both elections, however eight opposition parties, in particular the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), rejected the 1992 election as rigged. An official observer wrote that there was little UN supervision, that 500,000 UNITA voters were disenfranchised and that there were 100 clandestine polling stations. UNITA sent negotiators to the capital, but at the same time prepared measures to resume the civil war. As a consequence, hostilities erupted in Luanda and immediately spread to other parts of the country. Several thousand to tens of thousands of UNITA members or supporters were killed nationwide by MPLA forces in a few days, in what is known as the Halloween Massacre. War resumed immediately. [3][4][5] [6]

Results

President

According to the constitution adopted in 1992, the failure of any candidate to win more than 50% of the vote meant that a second round was required, with José Eduardo dos Santos and Jonas Savimbi as sole candidates. However, Savimbi said the election had neither been free nor fair and refused to participate in the second round.[7] Because of the Civil War this second round never took place, and dos Santos continued as President, even without the constitutionally necessary democratic legitimation.

Candidate Party Votes %
José Eduardo dos SantosMPLA1,953,33549.57
Jonas SavimbiUNITA1,579,29840.07
António Alberto NetoAngolan Democratic Party85,2492.16
Holden RobertoNational Liberation Front83,1352.11
Honorato LandoLiberal Democratic Party of Angola75.7891.92
Luís dos PassosDemocratic Renewal Party58,1211.47
Bengui Pedro JoãoSocial Democratic Party38,2430.97
Simão CaceteFront for Democracy26,3850.67
Daniel ChipendaIndependent20,8450.52
Anália de Victória PereiraLiberal Democratic Party11,4750.29
Rui PereiraSocial Renewal Party9,2080.23
Invalid/blank votes460,455
Total4,401,339100
Registered voters/turnout4,828,46891.2
Source: African Elections Database

National Assembly

A total of 12 parties won seats, with the ruling MPLA winning nearly 54% of the total votes and 129 of the 220 seats, whilst UNITA won 70 seats.

Party Votes % Seats
MPLA2,124,12653.74129
UNITA1,347,63634.1070
National Liberation Front94,7422.405
Liberal Democratic Party94,2692.393
Social Renewal Party89,8752.276
Democratic Renewal Party35,2930.891
Democratic Angola – Coalition34,1660.861
Social Democratic Party33,0880.841
Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola13,9240.351
Angolan Democratic Forum12,0380.301
Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance10,6080.271
Angolan National Democratic Party10,2810.261
National Democratic Convention of Angola10,2370.260
Social Democratic Party of Angola10,2170.260
Independent Angolan Party9,0070.230
Liberal Democratic Party of Angola8,0250.200
Democratic Party of Angola8,0140.200
Angolan Renewal Party6,7190.170
Invalid/blank votes458,310
Total4,410,575100220
Registered voters/turnout4,828,46891.3
Source: African Elections Database

References

  1. Angola: The Bicesse Accords EISA
  2. Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) Elections in Africa: A data handbook, pp71-74 ISBN 0-19-829645-2
  3. National Society for Human Rights, Ending the Angolan Conflict, Windhoek, Namibia, July 3, 2000 (opposition parties, massacres); John Matthew, Letters, The Times, UK, November 6, 1992 (election observer); NSHR, Press Releases, September 12, 2000, May 16, 2001 (MPLA atrocities).
  4. National Society for Human Rights, Ending the Angolan Conflict, Windhoek, Namibia, July 3, 2000.
  5. John Matthew, Letters, The Times, UK, November 6, 1992 (election observer).
  6. Angola: Resumption of the civil war EISA
  7. Rothchild, Donald S., Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation, 1997. Pages 134.
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