Angela Davis

For the Australian saxophonist, see Angela Davis (musician).
Not to be confused with Michaela Angela Davis.
Angela Yvonne Davis

Davis in 2010
Born Angela Yvonne Davis
(1944-01-26) January 26, 1944
Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
Alma mater
Occupation Educator, author, social activist
Employer University of California, Santa Cruz (retired)
Political party Communist Party USA (1969–91), Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism (1991–currently)
Spouse(s) Hilton Braithwaite (1980–198?)[1][2]

Angela Yvonne Davis (born January 26, 1944) is an American political activist, academic scholar, and author. She emerged as a prominent counterculture activist and radical in the 1960s as a leader of the Communist Party USA, and had close relations with the Black Panther Party through her involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. Her interests include prisoner rights; she founded Critical Resistance, an organization working to abolish the prison-industrial complex. She was a professor (now retired) at the University of California, Santa Cruz in its History of Consciousness Department and a former director of the university's Feminist Studies department.[3]

Davis was prosecuted under federal law and acquitted at trial of conspiracy in the 1970 armed take-over of a Marin County, California courtroom, in which four persons died.[4]

Her research interests are feminism, African-American studies, critical theory, Marxism, popular music, social consciousness, and the philosophy and history of punishment and prisons. Her membership in the Communist Party led to Ronald Reagan's request in 1969 to have her barred from teaching at any university in the State of California. She was twice a candidate for Vice President on the Communist Party USA ticket during the 1980s.[5]

Early life

Davis was born in Birmingham, Alabama. The family lived in the "Dynamite Hill" neighborhood, which was marked in the 1950s by whites bombing houses of middle-class blacks who had moved into the area. Davis occasionally spent time on her uncle's farm and with friends in New York City.[6] Her family included brothers Ben and Reginald and sister Fania. Ben played defensive back for the Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[7]

Davis attended Carrie A. Tuggle School, a segregated black elementary school; later she attended Parker Annex, a middle-school branch of Parker High School in Birmingham. During this time Davis' mother, Sallye Bell Davis, was a national officer and leading organizer of the Southern Negro Youth Congress, an organization influenced by the Communist Party, which was trying to build alliances among African Americans in the South. Consequently, Davis grew up surrounded by communist organizers and thinkers who significantly influenced her intellectual development.[8]

By her junior year in high school, Davis had applied to and was accepted at an American Friends Service Committee program that placed black students from the South in integrated schools in the North. She chose Elisabeth Irwin High School in Greenwich Village. There she was introduced to socialism and communism, and recruited by a Communist youth group, Advance.[9]

Education

Brandeis University

Davis was awarded a scholarship to Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, where she was one of three black students in her freshman class. She initially felt alienated by the isolation of the campus, but she soon made friends with foreign students. She encountered the Frankfurt School philosopher Herbert Marcuse at a rally during the Cuban Missile Crisis and became his student. In a 2007 television interview, she said, "Herbert Marcuse taught me that it was possible to be an academic, an activist, a scholar, and a revolutionary."[10] She worked part-time to earn enough money to travel to France and Switzerland before she attended the eighth World Festival of Youth and Students in Helsinki, Finland. She returned home in 1963 to a Federal Bureau of Investigation interview about her attendance at the Communist-sponsored festival.[11]

During her second year at Brandeis, Davis decided to major in French and continued her intensive study of philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. Davis was accepted by the Hamilton College Junior Year in France Program. Classes were initially at Biarritz and later at the Sorbonne. In Paris, she and other students lived with a French family. She was in Biarritz when she learned of the 1963 Birmingham church bombing, committed by a member of the Ku Klux Klan, in which four girls were killed. She was deeply grieved as she was personally acquainted with the young victims.[11]

Nearing completion of her degree in French, Davis realized her major interest was in philosophy instead. She became particularly interested in the ideas of Herbert Marcuse and, on her return to Brandeis, she sat in on his course. Marcuse, she wrote, turned out to be approachable and helpful. She began making plans to attend the University of Frankfurt for graduate work in philosophy. In 1965 she graduated magna cum laude, a member of Phi Beta Kappa.[11]

University of Frankfurt

In Germany, with a stipend of $100 a month, she first lived with a German family. Later, she moved with a group of students into a loft in an old factory. After visiting East Berlin during the annual May Day celebration, she felt that the East German government was dealing better with the residual effects of fascism than were the West Germans. Many of her roommates were active in the radical Socialist German Student Union (SDS), and Davis participated in some SDS actions. Events in the United States, including the formation of the Black Panther Party and the transformation of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to an all-black organization, made her ready to return to the US.[11]

Postgraduate work

Marcuse had moved to a position at the University of California, San Diego, and Davis followed him there after her two years in Frankfurt.[11] On her way back, Davis stopped in London to attend a conference on "The Dialectics of Liberation." The black contingent at the conference included the Trinidadian-American Stokely Carmichael and the British Michael X. Although moved by Carmichael's rhetoric, she was reportedly disappointed by her colleagues' black nationalist sentiments and their rejection of communism as a "white man's thing."[12] Davis joined the Black Panthers as well as the Che-Lumumba Club (an all-black branch of the Communist Party USA), named for international leaders Che Guevara and Patrice Lumumba.[13]

Davis earned her master's degree from UC-San Diego. She earned her doctorate in philosophy from Humboldt University in East Berlin.[14]

Professor at University of California, Los Angeles, 1969–70

Beginning in 1969, Davis was an acting assistant professor in the philosophy department at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Although both Princeton and Swarthmore had tried to recruit her, she opted for UCLA because of its urban location.[15] At that time, she was known as a radical feminist and activist, a member of the Communist Party USA ,and an associate of the Black Panther Party.[3]

Angela Davis (center, no glasses) enters Royce Hall at UCLA in October 1969 to give her first lecture.

The Board of Regents of the University of California, urged by then-California Governor Ronald Reagan, fired her from her $10,000 a year post in 1969 because of her membership in the Communist Party. The Board of Regents was censured by the American Association of University Professors for their failure to reappoint Davis after her teaching contract expired.[16] On October 20, when Judge Jerry Pacht ruled the Regents could not fire Davis solely because of her affiliations with the Communist Party, Davis resumed her post.[17]

The Regents released Davis again, on June 20, 1970, when they fired her for the "inflammatory language" she had used in four different speeches. "We deem particularly offensive", the report said, "such utterances as her statement that the regents 'killed, brutalized (and) murdered' the People's Park demonstrators, and her repeated characterizations of the police as 'pigs'".[18][19][20]

Arrest and trial

Davis was a supporter of the Soledad Brothers, three inmates accused of killing a prison guard at Soledad Prison.[21]

On August 7, 1970, Jonathan Jackson, a heavily armed, 17-year-old African-American high-school student, gained control over a courtroom in Marin County, California. Once in the courtroom, Jackson armed the black defendants and took Judge Harold Haley, the prosecutor, and three female jurors as hostages.[22][23] As Jackson transported the hostages and two black convicts away from the courtroom, the police began shooting at the vehicle. The judge and the three black men were killed in the melee; one of the jurors and the prosecutor were injured. The firearms which Jackson used in the attack, including the shotgun used to kill Judge Haley, had been purchased by Davis two days prior and the barrel of the shotgun had been sawn off.[23] Davis was found to have been corresponding with one of the inmates involved.[24]

As California considers "all persons concerned in the commission of a crime, whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense... principals in any crime so committed", Marin County Superior Judge Peter Allen Smith charged Davis with "aggravated kidnapping and first degree murder in the death of Judge Harold Haley" and issued a warrant for her arrest. Hours after the judge issued the warrant on August 14, 1970, a massive attempt to arrest Angela Davis began. On August 18, 1970, four days after the initial warrant was issued, the FBI director J. Edgar Hoover listed Davis as the third woman and the 309th person to appear on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitive List.[22][25]

Soon after, Davis became a fugitive and fled California. According to her autobiography, during this time she hid in friends' homes and moved at night. On October 13, 1970, FBI agents found her at a Howard Johnson Motor Lodge in New York City.[26] President Richard M. Nixon congratulated the FBI on its "capture of the dangerous terrorist, Angela Davis".

Angela Davis with Valentina Tereshkova, 1972

On January 5, 1971, after several months in jail, Davis appeared at the Marin County Superior Court and declared her innocence before the court and nation: "I now declare publicly before the court, before the people of this country that I am innocent of all charges which have been leveled against me by the state of California." John Abt, general counsel of the Communist Party USA, was one of the first attorneys to represent Davis for her alleged involvement in the shootings.[27] While being held in the Women's Detention Center, Davis was initially segregated from other prisoners, in what she referred to as solitary confinement. With the help of her legal team, she obtained a federal court order to get out of the segregated area.[28]

Angela Davis and Erich Honecker in GDR, 1972

Across the nation, thousands of people began organizing a movement to gain her release. In New York City, black writers formed a committee called the Black People in Defense of Angela Davis. By February 1971 more than 200 local committees in the United States, and 67 in foreign countries, worked to free Davis from prison. In 1972 the state allowed her release on bail from county jail.[22] On February 23, 1972, Rodger McAfee, a dairy farmer from Fresno, California, paid her $100,000 bail with the help of Steve Sparacino, a wealthy business owner. Portions of her legal defense expenses were paid for by the United Presbyterian Church.[22][29]

Davis was tried, and the all-white jury returned a verdict of not guilty. The fact that she owned the guns used in the crime was judged not sufficient to establish her responsibility for the plot. She was represented by Leo Branton Jr. He hired psychologists to help the defense determine who in the jury pool might favor their arguments, a technique that has since become more common. He also hired experts to dismantle the reliability of eyewitness accounts, which have been shown in numerous studies to be flawed.[30]

Representation in other media

On January 28, 1972, Garrett Brock Trapnell hijacked TWA Flight 2. One of his demands was Davis' release.

Other activities in the 1970s

Cuba

After her acquittal, Davis visited Cuba. She followed the precedents set by her fellow activists Robert F. Williams, Huey Newton, Stokely Carmichael, and Assata Shakur. Her reception by Afro-Cubans at a mass rally was so enthusiastic that she was reportedly barely able to speak.[34] Davis perceived Cuba to be a racism-free country, which led her to believe that "only under socialism could the fight against racism be successfully executed." When she returned to the United States, her socialist leanings increasingly influenced her understanding of race struggles.[35]

Soviet Union

In 1979 Davis was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union.[36] She visited Moscow in July of that year to accept the prize.

Jonestown and People's Temple

In the mid-1970s, Jim Jones, who developed the cult People's Temple, initiated friendships with progressive leaders in the San Francisco area including Dennis Banks and Davis.[37] On September 10, 1977, Davis spoke via radio-phone dispatch to members of his People's Temple living in Guyana within Jonestown. This was 14 months before the group's mass murder-suicide.[38][39] In her statement during the "Six Day Siege", she expressed support for the People's Temples anti-racism efforts and told members there was a conspiracy against them. She said that "when you are attacked, it is because of your progressive stand, and we feel that it is directly an attack against us as well."[40]

Later academic career

Davis was Professor of Ethnic Studies at the San Francisco State University from at least 1980–84.[41]

Davis was a professor in the History of Consciousness and the Feminist Studies Departments at the University of California, Santa Cruz from 1991 to 2008.[42] Since then she is Distinguished Professor Emerita.[43]

Davis was a Distinguished Visiting Professor at Syracuse University in Spring 1992[44] and October 2010.[45]

In 2014, Davis returned to UCLA as a Regents' Lecturer. She delivered a public lecture on May 8 in Royce Hall, where she had given her first lecture 45 years earlier.[46]

Political activism and speeches

Davis left the Communist Party in 1991, leaving it to help found the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism. Her group broke from the Communist Party USA because of the latter's support of the Soviet coup attempt of 1991 following the fall of the Soviet Union and tearing down of the Berlin Wall.[47] She continues to serve on the Advisory Board of the Committees.[48]

Davis has written several books. A principal focus of her current activism is the state of prisons within the United States. She considers herself an abolitionist, not a "prison reformer." She has referred to the United States prison system as the "Prison-industrial complex," aggravated by the establishment of privately run prisons.[49] Davis suggested focusing social efforts on education and building "engaged communities" to solve various social problems now handled through state punishment.[3]

Davis was one of the founders of Critical Resistance, a national grassroots organization dedicated to building a movement to abolish the prison-industrial complex.[50] In recent works, she has argued that the prison system in the United States more closely resembles a new form of slavery than a criminal justice system. According to Davis, between the late 19th century and the mid-20th century, the number of prisons in the United States sharply increased but crime rates continued to rise. During this time, the racism in American society is demonstrated by the disproportionate share of the African-American population who are incarcerated. "What is effective or just about this "justice" system?" she urged people to question.[51]

Davis has lectured at Rutgers University, San Francisco State University, Stanford University, Smith College, Bryn Mawr College, Brown University, Syracuse University, and other schools. As most of her teaching is at the graduate level, she says that she concentrates more on posing questions that encourage development of critical thinking than on imparting knowledge.[3] In 1997, she identified as a lesbian in Out magazine.

As early as 1969 Davis began public speaking engagements. She expressed her opposition to the Vietnam War, racism, sexism, and the prison-industrial complex, and her support of gay rights and other social justice movements. In 1969 she blamed imperialism for the troubles suffered by oppressed populations.

"We are facing a common enemy and that enemy is Yankee Imperialism, which is killing us both here and abroad. Now I think anyone who would try to separate those struggles, anyone who would say that in order to consolidate an anti-war movement, we have to leave all of these other outlying issues out of the picture, is playing right into the hands of the enemy", she declared.[52]

More than a generation later, in 2001 she publicly spoke against the war on terror following the 9/11 attacks, continued to criticize the prison-industrial complex, and discussed the broken immigration system. She said that if people wanted to solve social justice issues, they had to "hone their critical skills, develop them and implement them." Later, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, she declared that the "horrendous situation in New Orleans" was due to the structures of racism, capitalism, and imperialism with which our leaders ran this country.[53]

Davis opposed the 1995 Million Man March, arguing that the exclusion of women from this event necessarily promoted male chauvinism. She said that Louis Farrakhan and other organizers appeared to prefer that women take subordinate roles in society. Together with Kimberlé Crenshaw and others, she formed the African American Agenda 2000, an alliance of Black feminists.[54]

Davis at the University of Alberta, March 28, 2006.

Davis has continued to oppose the death penalty. In 2003, she lectured at Agnes Scott College, a liberal arts women's college in Atlanta, Georgia on prison reform, minority issues, and the ills of the criminal justice system.[55]

At the University of California, Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz), she participated in a 2004 panel concerning Kevin Cooper. She also spoke in defense of Stanley "Tookie" Williams on another panel in 2005,[56] and 2009.[57]

In 2008, Davis participated as a keynote speaker at Vanderbilt University's conference, "Who Speaks for the Negro?".[58] She has visited the University twice since then; most recently she gave the Commemorative Murray Lecture on February 25, 2015, to talk with students in a fireside chat on college activism.[59]

On April 16, 2009, she was the keynote speaker at the University of Virginia Carter G. Woodson Institute for African American and African Studies symposium on The Problem of Punishment: Race, Inequity, and Justice.[60]

On October 31, 2011, Davis spoke at the Philadelphia and Washington Square Occupy Wall Street assemblies. Due to restrictions on electronic amplification, her words were human microphoned.[61][62]

In 2012 Davis was awarded the 2011 Blue Planet Award, an award given for contributions to humanity and the planet.[63]

At the 27th Empowering Women of Color Conference in 2012, Davis mentioned that she was a vegan.[64]

Davis has called for the release of Rasmea Odeh, associate director at the Arab American Action Network, who was convicted of immigration fraud.[65]

On January 23, 2012, Davis was the Rhode Island School of Design's MLK Celebration Series keynote speaker and 2012 Honoree.[66]

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

In a New York City speech on July 9, 1975, Russian dissident and Nobel Laureate Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn told an AFL-CIO meeting that Davis was derelict in having failed to support prisoners in various socialist countries around the world, given her stark opposition to the US prison system. He claimed a group of Czech prisoners had appealed to Davis for support, which he said she refused to offer.[67]

Representation in other media

Davis is depicted, among other figures of communism, in the painting The funerals of Togliatti (1972) by Renato Guttuso; she's in the left framework, near the author's self-portrait, Elio Vittorini and Jean-Paul Sartre.[68]

Laureen Hobbs's character in the 1976 movie Network is loosely modeled after her.

Bibliography

Angela Davis interviews and appearances in audiovisual materials

Archives

  1. The National United Committee to Free Angela Davis is at the Main Library at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California (A collection of thousands of letters received by the Committee and Davis from people in the US and other countries.)
  2. The complete transcript of her trial, including all appeals and legal memoranda, has been preserved in the Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Library in Berkeley, California.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Angela Davis, Sweetheart of the Far Left, Finds Her Mr. Right". People. July 21, 1980. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  2. ↑ "Angela Davis Now". LA Times. March 8, 1989. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Interview with Angela Davis". BookTV. October 3, 2004.
  4. ↑ Timothy, Mary (1974). Jury Woman. Palo Alto, California: Emty Press. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  5. ↑ Davis, Angela. "Angela Davis Graduates 1965". Brandeis WGS 35. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
  6. ↑ Davis, Angela Yvonne (March 1989). "Rocks". Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0667-7.
  7. ↑ Aptheker, Bettina (1999). The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis (2nd ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  8. ↑ Kum-Kum Bhavnani, Bhavnani; Davis,Angela (Spring 1989). "Complexity, Activism, Optimism: An Interview with Angela Y. Davis". Feminist Review (31): 66–81. JSTOR 1395091.
  9. ↑ Horowitz, David (November 10, 2006). "The Political Is Personal". Front Page Magazine. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
  10. ↑ Barbarella Fokos (August 23, 2007). "The Bourgeois Marxist". sandiegoreader.com. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Davis, Angela Yvonne (March 1989). "Waters". Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0667-7.
  12. ↑ Davis, Angela Yvonne (March 1989). "Flames". Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0667-7.
  13. ↑ "Angela Davis Biography: Academic, Civil Rights Activist, Scholar, Women's Rights Activist". biography. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  14. ↑ Mechthild Nagel (May 2, 2005). "Women Outlaws: Politics of Gender and Resistance in the US Criminal Justice System". SUNY Cortland. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  15. ↑ Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University. January 8, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
  16. ↑ Google Books. Google Books. May 25, 1972. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  17. ↑ Wolfgang Saxon (April 14, 1997). "Jerry Pacht, 75, Retired Judge Who Served on Screening Panel". New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  18. ↑ Turner, Wallace (April 28, 2011). "California Regents Drop Communist From Faculty". The New York Times.
  19. ↑ Davies, Lawrence (April 28, 2011). "UCLA Teacher is Ousted as Red". The New York Times.
  20. ↑ "UCLA Barred from Pressing Red's Ouster". The New York Times. April 28, 2011.
  21. ↑ "Angela Davis Biography: Academic, Civil Rights Activist, Scholar, Women's Rights Activist". biography. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Aptheker, Bettina (1997). The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis. Cornell University Press.
  23. 1 2 "Search broadens for Angela Davis". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. August 17, 1970. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
  24. ↑ White, Bay, Martain. Freedom on My Mind. Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 725. ISBN 978-0-312-64884-8.
  25. ↑ "Biography". Davis (Angela) Legal Defense Collection, 1970–1972. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  26. ↑ Charleton, Linda (April 28, 2011). "F.B.I Seizes Angela Davisin Motel Here". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  27. ↑ Abt, John; Myerson, Michael (1993). Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02030-8.
  28. ↑ Davis, Angela Yvonne (March 1989). "Nets". Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0667-7.
  29. ↑ Sol Stern (June 27, 1971). "The Campaign to Free Angela Davis and Ruchell Magee". The New York Times.
  30. ↑ William Yardley (April 27, 2013). "Leo Branton Jr., Activists' Lawyer, Dies at 91". New York Times (US). Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  31. ↑ Matteo Ceschi. "Singing What We Were to Know What We Are: The Quartetto Cetra and National History Italian TV Entertainment". Accademia.edu. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  32. ↑ Song Review by Steve Kurutz. "Sweet Black Angel – The Rolling Stones". Allmusic.com. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  33. ↑ "Message From The Tribe" Tribe Records AR 2506.
  34. ↑ Gott, Richard (2004). Cuba: A New History. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 230. ISBN 0-300-10411-1.
  35. ↑ Sawyer, Mark (2006). Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba. Los Angeles: University of California. pp. 95–97.
  36. ↑ "Angela Davis Given Russian Peace Prize". Eugene Register-Guard. May 1, 1979. p. 120. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  37. ↑ Scheers, Julia (2011). A Thousand Lives: the Untold Story of Jonestown. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 33. ISBN 9781451628968. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  38. ↑ Reiterman, Tim; Jacobs, John (1982). Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton. p. 369. ISBN 978-0-525-24136-2.
  39. ↑ "Angela Davis & the Six Day Siege". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple.
  40. ↑ "Statement of Angela Davis (Text)". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  41. ↑ Brooke, James (July 29, 1984). "Other Women Seeking Number 2 Spot Speak Out". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  42. ↑ "Angela Davis". Brittanica. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  43. ↑ "Angela Davis profile". UC Santa Cruz. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  44. ↑ "Watson Professorship". Syracuse University. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  45. ↑ "Davis to Lecture". Syracuse University Press Office. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  46. ↑ Letisia Marquez, ″Angela Davis returns to UCLA classroom 45 years after controversy″, UCLA University News; May 5, 2014.
  47. ↑ Lind, Amy; Stephanie Brzuzy (2008). Battleground: Women, Gender, and Sexuality. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 406. ISBN 0-313-34038-2. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
  48. ↑ "Advisory board". Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism website. Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism. July 20, 2007. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
  49. ↑ Davis, Angela (September 10, 1998). "Masked racism: reflections on the prison-industrial complex". Color Lines.
  50. ↑ Tim Phillips, "On the Birthday of Angela Davis, the New York Times Promotes More Profiling and Police", Activist Defense, January 26, 2013.
  51. ↑ Davis, Angela (2003). Are prisons Obsolete?. Canada: Open Media Series.
  52. ↑ Davis, Angela. "Speech by Angela Davis at a Black Panther Rally in Bobby Hutton Park". East Bay. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  53. ↑ "Angela Davis making a live public speech". YouTube. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  54. ↑ E. Frances White (2001). Dark Continent of Our Bodies: Black Feminism and the Politics of Respectability. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-56639-880-0.
  55. ↑ "ASC Spotlight–Africana Studies". Agnesscott.edu. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  56. ↑ "Angela Davis: 'The State of California May Have Extinguished the Life of Stanley Tookie Williams, But They Have Not Managed to Extinguish the Hope for a Better World'". Democracy Now!. December 13, 2005. Archived from the original on October 17, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  57. ↑ Bybee, Crystal (November 11, 2009). "Fourth Annual Stanley Tookie Williams Legacy Summit". East Bay. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  58. ↑ "Who Speaks for the Negro". Jean and Heard Alexander Library, Vanderbilt University.
  59. ↑ Bernstein, Gregory (March 11, 2015). ""A Fireside Chat on Activism" with Angela Davis". Vanderbilt Hustler.
  60. ↑ Bromley, Anne. "Angela Davis to Headline the Woodson Institute's Spring Symposium", The Woodson Institute Newsletter. April 2, 2009; accessed November 3, 2009.
  61. ↑ Nation of Change, nationofchange.org; accessed February 28, 2015.
  62. ↑ "Occupy Philly address". Youtube.com. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  63. ↑ "Censure award for TEPCO Award to be handed over in Tokyo to those responsible for Fukushima (Ethecon)". financegreenwatch.org. June 22, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
  64. ↑ "Grace Lee Boggs in Conversation with Angela Davis". Making Contact. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  65. ↑ "Angela Davis: Free Rasmea Odeh, political prisoner". The Detroit News. November 4, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  66. ↑ "Davis Calls Students to Action". Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  67. ↑ Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (October 1976). Warning to the West. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-374-51334-1.
  68. ↑ guttuso25.jpg Detail of the painting; accessed February 28, 2015.
  69. ↑ "Activist Professor Angela Davis", Woman's Hour, BBC Radio 4, December 3, 2014.

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