Amirante Islands

Amirante Islands

Satellite Image Map, with neighboring Alphonse Group in the lower left
Geography
Location	Indian Ocean
Archipelago	Seychelles
Area	9.91 km2 (3.83 sq mi)
Country
Seychelles
Demographics
Population	100
Density	10 /km2 (30 /sq mi)

Amirante Islands

Location of Amirante Islands in the Indian Ocean

The Amirante Islands (Les Amirantes), a group of coral islands and atolls, belong to the Outer Islands of the Seychelles.

They stretch about 155 km from the African Banks (African Islands) in the north to Île Desnœufs (Isle des Noeufs) in the south, all on the shallow Amirantes Bank (Amirantes Plateau, with depths of mostly 25 to 70 m), except the main island Île Desroches in the east, and submerged Lady Denison-Pender Shoal at the northern end. 90 km south of the Amirante Islands is Alphonse Group, the closest group of islands, which are sometimes incorrectly considered part of the Amirantes.

History

The Amirantes were discovered by Vasco da Gama on his second voyage of exploration in 1502, and named "Ilhas do Almirante" (Admiral Islands). Previous knowledge of the islands by Arab and Indian traders is possible. Along with the Seychelles, the islands were first claimed by France in 1742. Formal possession was asserted in 1756. By the Treaty of Paris (1814), the islands were passed officially to the British, as a part of Mauritius. In 1909, the Seychelles became a separate colony, thereby including the Amirantes. On November 8, 1965, the United Kingdom split Île Desroches from the Seychelles to become part of the newly created British Indian Ocean Territory. The purpose was to allow the construction of military facilities for the mutual benefit of the United Kingdom and the United States. On June 23, 1976, Île Desroches was returned to the Seychelles as a result of it attaining independence.

The total land area is 9.91 km². The total population is less than 100, with 50 in the main settlement of Desroches.

Islands

There are eight single islands (five low sand cays and three uplifted sand cays), plus three atolls with a total of 18 islets (St. Joseph Atoll with 14, Desroches with 1, Poivre Atoll with 3). In addition to these 11 units, the following table also has entries for a reef and a shoal without islets, for the sake of completeness. The five largest ones in area are inhabited. The different island types are marked by different background colours in the table.

Lady Denison-Pender Shoal

This shoal, with a least depth of 14.6 m, is located immediately north of the Amirantes Bank, but separated from it by water more than 300 m deep. It is 10 km northwest of North Island on African Banks, the northernmost island of the Amirante Islands. It is named after the cable steamer CS Lady Denison Pender that was built in Glasgow in 1920 and was in service until 1963.

African Banks

African Banks (African Islands) is a pseudo-atoll at the northern end of the Amirante Islands chain, with water depths less than eight meters over an area that extends 4 km north-south and 3 km east-west, or 10 km². There is a coral rim along the eastern side, in the north ow which is the most northerly island of the Amirante Islands, North Island. It is flat sandstone island 275 m long and 45 to 90 m wide, with no human settlement. There is a derelict automatic lighthouse at the northeastern end, North Island Lighthouse. North Island is frequently visited by poachers, who are responsible for considerable exploitation and disturbance of nesting birds. Tourists occasionally visit by charter yachts. The island is almost treeless (one coconut tree in 1995), and covered by grass and low-growing vegetation. African Banks used to have a second islet, ÎIe du Sud (South Island), 2.9 km south of North Island, that eroded in 1976, leaving a small sandstone ridge exposed only at low tide. It was 230 m long and 70 m wide. Both island locations are near the eastern reef edge. The western part of African Banks is characterized by a ridge 18 to 37 m deep. The closest island to African Banks is Remire Island, about 25 km to the south.

The origin of the name of the African Banks or Bancs Africains is not known. They were discovered and named Îlots Africains in 1797 by Admiral Willaumez, then a Capitaine de Vaisseau in command of the frigate Régénérée.

Remire (Eagle) Island and Remire Reef (NASA Satellite Image)

NASA astronaut image of Saint Joseph Atoll and D'Arros Island.

Remire Reef

Remire Reef dries in patches at low water and extends 5.6 km SSW, with a width of 2 km. The reef area is almost 10 km². There are no islets or cays on the reef. Nearby Remire Island, 2.5 km southeast, is clearly detached and separated from Remire Reef by a deep channel.

Remire Island

Remire, or Eagle island, is 0.27 km² in area. It is located at approximately 5°6′30″S 53°8′30″E / 5.10833°S 53.14167°E / -5.10833; 53.14167, about 2.5 km west of the southern extremity of Remire Reef, detached from it and a separate geographical unit. It is about halfway between African Banks, which is 25 km north, and D'Arros Island, 31.5 km south. It has trees over 15 m high. It is uninhabited, but it has a paved airstrip, with a length of 457 m (ICAO code FSSR), and formerly had a small number of inhabitants. The island is described in detail in Island Home by Wendy Veevers-Carter (daughter of Clarence Day), who lived there with her husband Mark Veevers-Carter in the 1960s.^[1]

Eagle Island bears the name of an English ship which visited it in 1771 by the Chevalier de la Biollière. The origin of its French name is not known.

D'Arros Island

D'Arros Island is located only 2 km west of the northern part of St. Joseph Atoll, but it is a separate geographical unit, separated by 60 to 62 m deep water of a 1.1 km wide channel, which is deeper than much of the Amirantes Bank. It is an oval-shaped, flat coral sand cay, oriented northeast-southwest, 1.9 km long and 1.0 km wide, and nowhere higher than 3 m. The island stands on a detached patch reef similarly orientated, with maximum dimensions of 2.8 and 1.4 km. A shallow sand spit extends 0.8 km northeast from it. The island stands on the northern sector of the reef. There are drying reef flats 250 to 400 m wide on its south side, but only a narrow fringing reef about 75 m wide on its north side. The land area of the island occupies 1.5 km². Much of the island area is covered by vegetation. The tree tops reach a height of 27 m. The vegetation is dominated by coconut palms and Casuarina equisetifolia.

The privately owned island has a hotel. It is permanently inhabited by the hotel staff only. There is a small cultivated area. An unpaved airstrip 975 m long bisects the island (ICAO code FSDA). There are no regular flights but, occasionally, scheduled flights to nearby Desroches divert to D’Arros.

The island bears the name of the Baron d'Arros, Marine Commandant at Mauritius, then Isle de France, from 1770 to 1771.

Saint Joseph Atoll

Saint Joseph Atoll is located at the eastern edge of the Amirantes Bank. Depths of 500 m are found only 1.5 km east of the reef edge, and of 1000 m one kilometer further east. The atoll is roughly oval-shaped, 7 km long and 4.4 km wide. Its total area is 22.53 km², of which 11.74 km² comprises the peripheral reef flat, 4.8 km² the interior lagoon, and only 1.39 km² the land area of all islets. The lagoon is completely enclosed by the surrounding reef. At low water it drains over a narrow sill, Passe Lerein Fin, at its western end. The lagoon has a maximum depth of 6.4 m. Other soundings range from 2.1 to 3.7 m. The peripheral reefs, in addition to being exceptionally wide, are covered (except on the west side) with mobile sand. Intertidal sand sheets are encroaching on the margins of the lagoon on its windward side, which is marked for much of its extent by a discontinuous linear sandbar. There are no growing reefs in the lagoon. There was once a small settlement at the western end of St. Joseph islet, now abandoned. The tree tops are about 24 m high.

The atoll has 14 sandy islets: the three larger ones along the northeast and east shore, which are covered by coconut plantations, and the remaining ones in the south:

1. Ressource Island (third largest, northernmost)
2. Fouquet Island (ÎIe aux Fouquets) (second largest, northeast)
3. Poule Island (ÎIe aux Poules)
4. Chien Island
5. Saint Joseph Island (largest, easternmost)
6. Benjamen Island
7. Petit Carcassaye Island
8. Grand Carcassaye Island
9. Pelican Island (Pélicans)
10. ÎIe Paul
11. Bancs Ferrari
12. Banc de Sable
13. Banc aux Cocos
14. Vars

Some sources cite a smaller number of islands, because the shape especially of the smaller islets is constantly changing, with the effect that some of them merge. The Carcassaye islets, for example, actually form the southern part of St. Joseph islet.

Bertaut Reef (NASA Image)

Desroches Island
from the southwest

Poivre Atoll from the south

Bertaut Reef

Bertaut Reef is about 22.5 km SSW of Saint Joseph Island and 14.5 km north of Poivre Atoll. Desroches Island is 50 km east. It measures 8.4 km northwest-southeast, and is up to 3.4 km wide in the southeastern part, and up to 2.7 km in the northwestern part. It covers an area in excess of 20 km². Only in the south and southeast waves break over a shallow reef edge. Bertaut Reef has a small uninhabited and unvegetated sand cay on its southern part, with an area of about 2000 m². The reef is steep-to and the sea breaks heavily over its edge.

Île Desroches

Desroches is the main island of the Amirantes, with a population of about 50, a hotel, and a paved airstrip 1372 m long (IATA code DES, ICAO code FSDA). It is located 36 km east of the Amirantes Bank, and separarated from it by water over 1300 meters deep, making it the easternmost island of the Amirantes chain. It lies on the southern edge of a reef of atoll character. At the northern edge of the atoll are the Shark Rocks, with least depths between 3 and 6 meters. There is a lighthouse on the northeast end of the Desroches Island. The island is fringed by a drying reef which extends 1.6 km offshore from the northeastern extremity and 0.8 km from the southwestern extremity. The island is low and is covered with coconut palms and tall hardwood trees. A deep channel, about 1.6 km wide, leads into the lagoon. The least depth in the channel is 18.3 m, and it crosses the atoll in a position about 11 km northwest of Desroches.

Desroches has been named after the Chevalier des Roches, the Governor of Isle de France and Réunion (then Bourbon) from 1767 to 1772. It was explored by the Chevalier de la Billioère in 1771.

Along with the remaining Amirante Islands, Desroches had been a part of the Seychelles since it became a separate colony in 1909. On November 8, 1965, the United Kingdom split Desroches from the Seychelles to become part of the newly created British Indian Ocean Territory together with Farquhar Group, Aldabra and the Chagos Archipelago, but were returned to the Seychelles with the first two. The purpose was to allow the construction of military facilities for the mutual benefit of the United Kingdom and the United States. On June 23, 1976, Desroches was returned to Seychelles as a result of it attaining independence.

Poivre Islands

Poivre Atoll (French for pepper) is near the eastern edge of Amirante Bank. A settlement stands on the east side of Poivre Island in the north, amid a clump of trees. This island is bisected by an unpaved airfield, about 1100 meters long and 90 meters wide. There are three islets on the reef (with land area):

1. Poivre (North), 1.1 km²
2. Florentin, 0.024 km²
3. ÎIe du Sud, 1.356 km²

Poivre was named in 1771 by Chevalier de la Biollière after Pierre Poivre, the famous "Peter Pepper" and Intendant of Isle de France and Réunion (then Bourbon) from 1769 to 1772.

Étoile Cay

Etoile Cay is an uninhabited circular coral cay which is 4.6 m high, lies 29 km northeast of Boudeuse Cay. It lies on a coral knoll about 1.6 km in diameter. The cay is treeless. The only vegetation is grasses and low bushes, fringed by a steep sandy beach. Landing is easy during calm weather.

Étoile Cay is believed to have been named after one of the two ships of Bougainville's famous voyage round the world, from 1766 to 1769. It was explored and named by the Chevalier du Roslan in 1771.

Boudeuse Cay

Boudeuse Cay is the fartherst southwestern feature on Amirante Bank, and the westernmost island of the chain. It is a sandstone platform island, 4.6 m high, sandy, and with no resident human population. There is a small sandy beach, but it is difficult to land because of heavy breakers even during calm weather. The island has no trees, and no introduced vegetation, possibly making it one of the most pristine islands in the area. Boudeuse is believed to have been named after one of the two ships of Bougainville's famous voyage round the world, from 1766 to 1769. It was explored and named by the Chevalier du Roslan in 1771.

Marie Louise Island

Marie Louise Island

Marie Louise Island is located at the southern end of the Amirantes 13 km from its nearest neighbour, Desnoeufs. The island is a low and sandy coral cay, roughly oval in shape, with a 1250 m long north-south axis, and a width of 600 m, has a maximum elevation of 9 m, although more generally 5 to 6 m, and an area of 52.6 ha. It is permanently inhabited with a population of about 15 agricultural workers and beach fishermen based in a small settlement on the west coast above the beach and opposite the only safe anchorage. Landing by boat is difficult. There is a paved airstrip with a length of 518 m along the northern part of the eastern shore (ICAO code FSMA). There are no regular, scheduled flights. More than half of the island, in the northwestern part, is cultivated with coconut palms. Part of the island is covered with casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia) trees. There is a coral reef on the east side of the island which breaks.

The site is used as a support base for the collection of Sterna fuscata eggs on the neighbouring island of Desnoeufs to the south-west, where there is no resident population outside the nesting season.

The Island was named by the Chevalier du Roslan in 1771 after his ship Marie Louise. Since the end of the 19th century, the island has been leased and inhabited without interruption. In 1905, the population numbered 86. There was an export of 3500 tons of guano that year. Guano has been the main economy until 1963, when still 3000 tons were produced. Additional products were copra and dried fish.

In the 1980s there have been attempts in developing the island into a tourist destination. Some bungalows were constructed. The attempts failed because of air traffic limitations by the large number of seabirds. Additionally, airplane landing is difficult, because of the steep coast that is littered with rocks.

Île Desnœufs

Île Desnœufs (Isle des Noeufs), the southernmost island of the Amirantes chain, is a nearly circular island with a high rim surrounding a central depression (instead of a lagoon). It is up to 5.5 m high. Most of the land is exposed sandstone, after the guano has been exploited in the late 19th century. The island has a fringing reef, and the reef flat is narrow. The terrestrial vegetation is limited because of the high number of seabirds, perhaps more than 1,250,000 terns as well as numerous boobies. The island is almost treeless and is covered by grasses and other low-growing plants.

The island is a base for the commercial exploitation of seabirds, especially the eggs of the sooty tern (Onychoprion fuscatus). There is no permanent human population, but buildings have been constructed and are used during the nesting season, which is June to August. Visits are made at other times by residents of nearby Marie-Louise island and by fishermen. Landing can be extremely difficult, with heavy swells sweeping round the island even during the calmest sea conditions.

The origin of the name seems to be its French meaning, "one of nine", as it is one of the nine main islands of the Amirantes.

Alphonse Group

90 km south of the Amirante Islands is Alphonse Group, the closest group of islands, which are sometimes incorrectly considered part of the Amirantes chain because they appear as a southern continuation or extension of the Amirantes chain. Alphonse Group lies however clearly south of the Amirantes Bank, separated from it by deep water (generally 1000 to 2000 meters deep).

See also

• Geography of Seychelles

References

External links

Amirante Islands on Birdlife International

• African Banks (with information about South Island being eroded by 1976)
• Boudeuse
• D'Arros
• Desnoeufs
• Etoile
• Marie Louise

Outer islands of Seychelles / Coralline Seychelles (Zil Elwannyen Sesel) Outer island Groups Aldabra Group Alphonse Group Amirante Islands Farquhar Group Southern Coral Group Islands and Atolls Aldabra Group Aldabra Assumption Island Cosmoledo Astove Island Alphonse Group Alphonse Atoll St. François Atoll Amirante Islands African Banks Bertaut Reef Boudeuse Cay D'Arros Island Desroches Island Étoile Cay Île Desnœufs Marie Louise Island Poivre Islands Remire Island Saint Joseph Atoll Farquhar Group Farquhar Atoll Providence-Cerf St. Pierre Island Southern Coral Group Coëtivy Island Île Platte