German Football League

"GFL" redirects here. For other uses, see GFL (disambiguation).
For the body that operates Germany's top two association football leagues, also known in English as the "German Football League", see Deutsche Fußball Liga.
German Football League
Current season, competition or edition:
Current sports event 2016 German Football League
Formerly

American Football Bundesliga

(1979–1999)

Sport American football
Founded 1979
No. of teams 16
Country Germany
Most recent champion(s) New Yorker Lions
Most titles New Yorker Lions (10)
Official website gfl.info

The German Football League (GFL) is the elite league for American football in Germany. Playing rules are based on those of the American NCAA.

In 1999, the league, previously called the American Football Bundesliga and formed in 1979, adopted the name German Football League.[1]

League set-up

German federal states with GFL teams in 2015

The GFL is partitioned into north and south conferences, each with eight teams. In each conference, every team plays against every other team of its own conference, both at home and away. Until 2011, each team also played home and away interconference games against the team from the opposing conference that finished the previous season on the same rank. However, this was abandoned with the league expansion to 16 teams. After the end of the regular season, four teams from both conferences enter the playoffs, to determine the German championship. The winner of a conference plays against the 4th place team of the other group, second against third of the other conference. The final is called the German Bowl. The lowest ranked team of each conference plays against the winner of the second division, and may be relegated if they lose.

The league had been expanded from 12 to 14 teams for the 2011 season. It further increased the number of teams to 16 in 2012.[2]

Below the GFL sits the GFL 2, formerly the 2nd Bundesliga, which was formed in 1982.[3] It is also divided into a northern and southern division, with eight teams in each. For the 2011 season, both the northern and the southern champions are promoted, while the runners-up of the two divisions will play the last placed team in the GFL division above for another spot in the league in 2012.[2]

For most of its history, the GFL has been divided into a northern and southern division. Only in 1979 was it played in single division format, while, from 1986 to 1990, it was divided into four regional divisions.

As of 2010, the Munich Cowboys have played more GFL games than any other team, 335, followed by the Berlin Adler with 312, the only other team with more than 300 league games. The Cowboys have played 29 out of a possible 32 seasons at the highest level of the game in Germany, more than any other club.[4]

History

Early years

The history of American football in Germany, outside the US Army bases in the country, began in 1977, when the Frankfurter Löwen were formed as the first club to play the game in Germany. At first, this team was only able to play US Army teams, lacking German opposition.[1] The formation of the league dates back to a German TV interview with Alexander Sperber, son of an U.S. Army soldier and German mother, which created enough interest to form a numnber of teams and the league, referred to as German-American Football League.[5] In March 1979, the AFBD, the American Football Federation of Germany (German: American Football Bund Deutschland), was formed, the first of its kind in Europe. This organisation, in 1982, was replaced by the AFVD, the American Football Association of Germany (German: American Football Verband Deutschland).[6]

In 1979, the American Football Bundesliga, later to be renamed the German Football League,[7] was formed, consisting of six clubs, the Frankfurter Löwen, Ansbach Grizzlies, Düsseldorf Panther, Munich Cowboys, Berliner Bären, and Bremerhaven Seahawks.[1] Of those six, the top two teams would contest the first ever German Bowl on 10 November 1979.[3] The first-ever league game was held on 4 August 1979, played between the Frankfurter Löwen and the Düsseldorf Panther, and ended in a victory for Frankfurt.[6]

The league saw a split in its second and third season, with Düsseldorf and Bremerhaven leaving the competition to take part in a separate, short-lived competition, the Nordwestdeutsche Football-Liga – NFL.[8] By 1981, the Bundesliga was expanded to two regional divisions of seven clubs each.[3] The early years of the league were dominated by two teams, Frankfurt and Ansbach, who met each other in the first three editions of the German Bowl. Of those, Frankfurt won the first two, remaining unbeaten in 1979, and Ansbach the last. The era of the Frankfurter Löwen was hereby ended and the club went defunct in the mid-1980s, while the Ansbach Grizzlies continued to be an outstanding team, playing in all of the first eight German Bowls.[9] Unlike the first season, play-off semi finals were played in 1980 and 1981 to determine the two German Bowl contestants. From 1982, the play-offs were enlarged to include a quarter final round as well.[3]

Ansbach vs Düsseldorf era

The 1982 season, which saw Ansbach repeat its title, remaining unbeaten all season, this time against the Cologne Crocodiles, saw an increase of clubs to fifteen, including the two break-away clubs Düsseldorf and Bremerhaven.[3] After that, the era of the Düsseldorf Panther versus Ansbach Grizzlies rivalry began, with the two teams meeting in the next four finals. Of those, the team from Düsseldorf won the 1983, 1984 and 1986 editions, while the Grizzlies earned their third championship in 1985. With the Panthers in 1983 and 1986 and the Grizzlies in 1985, both teams were able to win the title without a loss all season. With the 1986 final, the golden era of the Ansbach Grizzlies ended and the club disappeared out of the top level all together by 1991.[9]

League expansion 1986 to 1990

From 1986, a wild card round was introduced in the play-offs, taking the number of teams in the play-offs to twelve. The league had now expanded to 24 teams, divided into four divisions. Two of those were in the north, one in the south and the fourth one in Central Germany.[3]

The 1987 German Bowl saw two completely new teams compete against each other, the Badener Greifs making their only appearance in the championship game to date, while the Berlin Adler won their first of, as of 2010, six national championships. Both teams went into the German Bowl without a defeat all season. In 1988, Red Barons Cologne defeated the Düsseldorf Panther in the final, while, from 1989 onwards, the Berlin Adler became the first team to win three championships in a row, all against teams from Cologne. The Adler also managed to remain unbeaten in 1989 and 1990 and only suffered one defeat in 1991, at home against the Cologne Crocodiles.[9] After the 1990 season, the play-offs were reduced to eight teams again, dropping the wild card round, a system still in place as of 2010. The league, which had peaked at 26 clubs in four regional divisions in 1990, was reduced to the two-divisional format, with eight teams per division.[3]

Düsseldorf Panther era

The Panther earned their fourth title in 1992, defeating the Munich Cowboys, which, in the following year, won the championship themselves, against Cologne Crocodiles, who suffered their fourth defeat in their fourth German Bowl. Munichs title in an undefeated 1993 season was to be the last occasion for the next twelve years that a team from the South would reach the final, and the last time until 2011, that a team from the South would win the championship. The Bundesliga and the German Bowl were from now on dominated by the North.[9] After the 1993 season, still contested with 16 clubs, the number of clubs was gradually reduced further. In 1994, 14 clubs in two divisions of seven competed in the league, from 1995, the division strength was reduced to six. For the next 16 seasons, six teams per division was the set number, with occasional seasons going underway in reduced strength because of late withdrawals. Also, an inter conference round was introduced in 1994, with teams from different divisions now meeting for the first time during the regular season.[3]

In 1994 and 1995, the Düsseldorf Panther once more won the German Bowl, with the second title won against a new force in the game in Germany, the Hamburg Blue Devils. In 1996, the Blue Devils then reversed the fortunes and defeated the Panthers in the final.[9]

Braunschweig Lions vs Hamburg Blue Devils era

The most dominant era of any team in German football begun in 1997, when the Braunschweig Lions reached and won the German Bowl for the first time. The Lions would play in every one of the next twelve German Bowls, up until 2008, and win seven of those. Their first title, in 1997, was won against the Cologne Crocodiles, who were now five out five in German Bowl defeats. The following six seasons, the final was contested by the Lions and the Blue Devils on five occasions, with the Lions winning in 1998 and 1999, while the Blue Devils won 2001, 2002 and 2003. Only in 2000 did neither of those two win the Bowl, instead, the Cologne Crocodiles finally reversed their fortunes and won a championship in their sixth attempt.[9] In between, in 1999, the Bundesliga was renamed to German Football League.[1] In 2002, the league also lost its longest-serving founding member, the Munich Cowboys suffering relegation for the first time, alongside another one of the "original six", the Düsseldorf Panther, who had however missed the 1980 and 1981 seasons because of the league split.[3]

Braunschweig lost a fifth final in a row in 2004, when the Berlin Adler won their first title in 13 years. After this, the Braunschweig Lions set a new record, winning four German Bowls straight, beating four different teams in the finals. In 2005, the Blue Devils were once more the opposition, followed by two southern teams, the Marburg Mercenaries in 2006 and the Stuttgart Scorpions in 2007, in an unbeaten season for the Lions. The seventh title for the Lions came in 2008, against the new force of the Kiel Baltic Hurricanes.[9]

Current

Kiel also played in the 2009 final, losing to the Berlin Adler, before finally being successful in 2010 and winning their first title against the same team.[9]

In 2011, the league season has been expanded from 72 to 98 games because of the enlargement of the league. It also saw the end of an 18-year title drought for the south, when the Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns defeated Kiel 48-44 to take out the national championship for the first time.[10][11]

For the 2012 season, the Mönchengladbach Mavericks, runners-up in the northern division in 2011, were refused a licence,[12] leaving an extra spot in the league which was awarded to the Lübeck Cougars. The Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns repeated their 2011 success and once more defeated the Kiel Baltic Hurricanes in the German Bowl, becoming the first team from the south to win back-to-back championships since the 1982 Ansbach Grizzlies.

The 2013 season saw a return to northern dominance with all four southern teams knocked ot in the quarter finals and the German Bowl contested by the revived Braunschweig Lions, now as the New Yorker Lions, and the Dresden Monarchs who made their first appearance in the championship final, with the Lions winning their eighth German Bowl in a close 35-34 game with the only turnover coming with the last play when Dresden was driving down the field for a potentially game winning score.

The 2014 season began with the withdrawal of the Hamburg Blue Devils before the start of the season, leaving the northern division with only seven clubs. In the north Braunschweig won another division title with a perfect season while the Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns won the southern division for a fourth consecutive time (who then went on to beat Kiel and Dresden in the Playoffs to reach the final). The 2014 German Bowl was contested by the two division champions with Braunschweig taking out their ninth title with Schwäbisch Hall only scoring a Field Goal until the fourth quarter. The Lions won their ninth German Bowl victory with the highest-ever winning margin, defeating the Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns 47–9.[13]

North–south disparity

Success in American football in Germany and at the German Bowl differs hugely between the clubs from the northern and the southern division, with the south, as of 2015, only winning eight German Bowls and the north the remaining 29. Similarly, southern clubs have only made 20 appearances in the Bowl, while northern clubs have appeared 54 times. After the first three German Bowls, the final was never again contested by two southern clubs. Since the end of the golden era of the Ansbach Grizzlies in 1986, southern clubs have only made nine appearances in the championship game and suffered a championship drought from 1993 to 2011. From 1993 to 2006 no southern team reached the German Bowl, with twelve consecutive finals played without southern participation. On five occasions no southern team progressed beyond the quarter finals. In 1989, 1995, 1996, 1999 and 2013 all four semi-finalists came from the northern division.[9][14]

The disparity is also documented by the inter conference games held from 1994 to 2011 between the northern and southern divisions. Of the 190 games played in this era, the north won 140, almost 75 percent, the south only 48 while two were drawn:[3]

Season Teams Games Won Drew Lost
1994 North – South 12 9 0 3
1995 North – South 12 10 0 2
1996 North – South 9 7 0 2
1997 North – South 0 0 0 0
1998 North – South 10 8 0 2
1999 North – South 10 10 0 0
2000 North – South 9 6 0 3
2001 North – South 12 9 0 3
2002 North – South 12 9 0 3
2003 North – South 12 6 0 6
2004 North – South 10 8 0 2
2005 North – South 10 4 0 6
2006 North – South 12 8 0 4
2007 North – South 12 9 0 3
2008 North – South 12 9 1 2
2009 North – South 10 10 0 0
2010 North – South 12 10 1 1
2011 North – South 14 8 0 6
Overall North – South 190 140 2 48

Restrictions on foreign players

As a sign of the strong influence of Americans in the game in Germany, upon formation of the Bundesliga in 1979, there was no restriction on how many foreigners a team could field. The only stipulation was, that every team had to field a minimum of three German nationals at any time. Soon, this changed, and the allowed number of foreigners on the field for a team at any given time, in this case specifically, Americans, was reduced to five.[6]

In 1982, this number was reduced to four, in 1983 to three and, by 1986, only two were allowed on the field for a team at any given time.[6]

In November 2010, a new Bundesspielordnung, the rule book of American football in Germany, was published. One major change was that the sport now placed citizens of European Union countries on equal footing with German nationals, meaning, restrictions on the number of these players per team on the field were now not in place anymore. However, the restrictions on non-EU nationals remained in place, unless those players could prove that they had spent at least three years playing for a youth team in the sport in Germany.[15]

For the 2011 season, a club can sign up up to ten non-EU players, have six of those on the line-up for any given game but only two of those on the field at any given time. These restrictions are specifically in place for US, Canadian, Mexican and Japanese citizens and, on request, exemptions can be made for players from countries without established structures in the sport. This rule is designed to prevent an advantage to the wealthier clubs, who could otherwise recruit a large number of players from the traditional American football countries.[16]

GFL Teams in 2016

GFL North

Team City Stadium Capacity
Berlin Adler Berlin Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark 20,000
Berlin Rebels Berlin Mommsenstadion 15,005
Dresden Monarchs Dresden Heinz-Steyer-Stadion 3,000
Düsseldorf Panther Düsseldorf Stadion des VfL Benrath 14,360
New Yorker Lions Braunschweig Eintracht-Stadion 25,500
Kiel Baltic Hurricanes Kiel Holstein-Stadion 11,386
Hamburg Huskies Hamburg Stadion Hammer Park 2,000
Hildesheim Invaders Hildesheim Eintracht Homefield

GFL South

Team City Stadium Capacity
Allgäu Comets Kempten Illerstadion 4,500
Frankfurt Universe Frankfurt Frankfurter Volksbank Stadion 12,542
Marburg Mercenaries Marburg Georg-Gaßmann-Stadion 12,000
Munich Cowboys Munich Dantestadion 18,000
Rhein-Neckar Bandits Mannheim MTG-Stadion 6,000
Saarland Hurricanes Saarbrücken Ludwigsparkstadion 35,303
Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns Schwäbisch Hall Hagenbachstadion 2,200
Stuttgart Scorpions Stuttgart Gazi-Stadion auf der Waldau 12,000

German Bowls

Main article: German Bowl

German Bowl participants since 1979:[9]

App. Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Season(s)†
15 New Yorker Lions‡ 10 5 .667 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015
9 Düsseldorf Panther 6 3 .667 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996
8 Berlin Adler 6 2 .750 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994, 2004, 2009, 2010
8 Hamburg Blue Devils 4 4 .500 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005
8 Ansbach Grizzlies 3 5 .375 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986
6 Cologne Crocodiles 1 5 .167 1982, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000
5 Kiel Baltic Hurricanes 1 4 .200 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
4 Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns 2 2 .500 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015
3 Frankfurter Löwen 2 1 .667 1979, 1980, 1981
2 Red Barons Cologne 1 1 .500 1988, 1989
2 Munich Cowboys 1 1 .500 1992, 1993
1 Badener Greifs 0 1 .000 1987
1 Marburg Mercenaries 0 1 .000 2006
1 Stuttgart Scorpions 0 1 .000 2007
1 Dresden Monarchs 0 1 .000 2013

GFL season placings

The placings in the league since the renaming of the league to GFL after the 1999 season:[3][17][18][19][20][21][22]

North

GFL North 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
New Yorker Lions 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 4 6 6 1 1 1 x
Dresden Monarchs 4 3 3 3 6 4 3 3 5 3 2 2 2 x
Kiel Baltic Hurricanes 4 6 6 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 3 x
Hamburg Huskies 4 x
Berlin Rebels 6 5 5 6 5 x
Berlin Adler 4 3 2 4 5 2 3 1 2 4 2 4 5 6 x
Düsseldorf Panther 3 3 5 6 6 3 4 7 7 7 x
Hildesheim Invaders x
Cologne Falcons 5 4 5 6 8 3
Hamburg Blue Devils 5 1 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 7 6
Lübeck Cougars 8
Mönchengladbach Mavericks 2
Assindia Cardinals 5 5 6 4 5 7
Hannover Musketeers 6
Cologne Crocodiles 1 4 3 5

South

GFL South 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 x
Allgäu Comets 5 2 x
Stuttgart Scorpions 4 2 2 4 3 3 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 6 2 3 x
Saarland Hurricanes 5 5 5 5 4 5 6 6 7 5 6 4 x
Munich Cowboys 1 1 6 5 6 3 6 5 4 8 3 4 5 x
Marburg Mercenaries 6 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 6 x
Rhein Neckar Bandits 2 4 7 7 x
Frankfurt Universe x
Franken Knights 3 6 3 2 4 5 7 8 8
Wiesbaden Phantoms 5 6 8
Plattling Black Hawks 5 3 7
Weinheim Longhorns 4 4 4 6
Darmstadt Diamonds 4 5 6
Rhein Main Razorbacks 2 3 1 1
Aschaffenburg Stallions 5
Landsberg Express 6
GFL Champions GFL Runners up Divisional champion Play-off participation

Divisional champions

This is a list of the winners of the regional divisions of the GFL. A record eleven divisional titles were won by the New Yorker Lions, while the Ansbach Grizzlies still hold the record for division titles in the south, seven, despite not having competed in the league for twenty years:[3]

Year North South
1979 Frankfurter Löwen
1980 Frankfurter Löwen Hanau Hawks
1981 Frankfurter Löwen Ansbach Grizzlies
1982 Cologne Crocodiles Ansbach Grizzlies
1983 Düsseldorf Panther Ansbach Grizzlies
1984 Düsseldorf Panther Ansbach Grizzlies
1985 Düsseldorf Panther Ansbach Grizzlies
Year North A North B Central South
1986 Düsseldorf Panther Berlin Adler Badener Greifs Ansbach Grizzlies
1987 Düsseldorf Panther Berlin Adler Badener Greifs Noris Rams
Year North A North B South A South B
1988 Düsseldorf Panther Berlin Adler Bad Homburg Falken Ansbach Grizzlies
1989 Red Barons Cologne Berlin Adler Badener Greifs Noris Rams
1990 Düsseldorf Panther Berlin Adler Badener Greifs Munich Cowboys
Year North South
1991 Berlin Adler Noris Rams
1992 Berlin Adler Munich Cowboys
1993 Cologne Crocodiles Munich Cowboys
1994 Berlin Adler Munich Cowboys
1995 Düsseldorf Panther Hanau Hawks
1996 Düsseldorf Panther Noris Rams
1997 Hamburg Blue Devils Hanau Hawks
1998 Braunschweig Lions Stuttgart Scorpions
1999 Braunschweig Lions Rüsselsheim Razorbacks
2000 Cologne Crocodiles Munich Cowboys
2001 Hamburg Blue Devils Munich Cowboys
2002 Braunschweig Lions Rhein Main Razorbacks
2003 Braunschweig Lions Rhein Main Razorbacks
2004 Braunschweig Lions Marburg Mercenaries
2005 Braunschweig Lions Marburg Mercenaries
2006 Braunschweig Lions Marburg Mercenaries
2007 Braunschweig Lions Stuttgart Scorpions
2008 Kiel Baltic Hurricanes Marburg Mercenaries
2009 Berlin Adler Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns
2010 Kiel Baltic Hurricanes Marburg Mercenaries
2011 Kiel Baltic Hurricanes Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns
2012 Kiel Baltic Hurricanes Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns
2013 New Yorker Lions Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns
2014 New Yorker Lions Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns
2015 New Yorker Lions Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns

European Football League participation

Since the inception of the Eurobowl in 1986, German clubs have taken part in the competition in most seasons. In most cases, the German Bowl winner of the previous season was qualified. In some seasons more than one German club took part in the competition. On nine occasions clubs from Germany have won the Eurobowl. The participations of German clubs at the European Football League and, since 2014, in the BIG6 European Football League:[23]

Year Club Progress
1986 Ansbach Grizzlies Lost QF: United Kingdom Birmingham Bulls (18–29)
1987 not held
1988 Berlin Adler Lost SF: Netherlands Amsterdam Crusaders (28–29)
1989 Red Barons Cologne Lost SF: Italy Legnano Frogs (15–49)
1990 Berlin Adler Lost SF: United Kingdom Manchester Spartans (33–35)
1991 Berlin Adler Lost EB: Netherlands Amsterdam Crusaders (20–21)
1992 Berlin Adler Lost QF: Italy Torino Giaguari (13–35)
1993 Düsseldorf Panther Lost Qual.: United Kingdom London Olympians (29–32)
1994 Munich Cowboys Lost SF: Italy Bergamo Lions (18–25)
1995 Düsseldorf Panther Won EB: United Kingdom London Olympians (21–14)
1996 Hamburg Blue Devils Won EB: France Aix-en-Provence Argonauts (21–14)
Düsseldorf Panther Lost QF: France Aix-en-Provence Argonauts (27–28) a.e.t.
Berlin Adler Lost QF: Italy Legnano Frogs (13–45)
1997 Hamburg Blue Devils Won EB: Italy Phoenix Bologna (35–14)
1998 Hamburg Blue Devils Won EB: France La Courneuve Flash (38–19)
Braunschweig Lions Lost SF: Germany Hamburg Blue Devils (14–24)
1999 Braunschweig Lions Won EB: Germany Hamburg Blue Devils (27–23)
Hamburg Blue Devils Lost EB.: Germany Braunschweig Lions (23–27)
Rüsselsheim Razorbacks Lost Qual.: Czech Republic Prague Panthers (21–26)
Cologne Crocodiles Lost Qual.: Italy Bergamo Lions (17–41)
2000 Hamburg Blue Devils Lost EB: Italy Bergamo Lions (20–42)
Cologne Crocodiles Lost SF: Italy Bergamo Lions (56–62) a.e.t.
Braunschweig Lions Lost QF: Germany Cologne Crocodiles (15–24)
2001 no participation
2002 Braunschweig Lions Lost EB: Italy Bergamo Lions (20–27)
2003 Braunschweig Lions Won EB: Austria Chrysler Vikings Vienna (21–14)
2004 no participation
2005 no participation
2006 Braunschweig Lions Knocked out in group stage
Hamburg Blue Devils Knocked out in group stage
2007 Marburg Mercenaries Lost EB: Austria Dodge Vikings Vienna (19–70)
2008 Stuttgart Scorpions Lost QF: Austria Graz Giants (9–24)
2009 Braunschweig Lions Lost QF: Austria Tirol Raiders (7–35)
Berlin Adler Knocked out in group stage
2010 Berlin Adler Won EB: Austria Vienna Vikings (34–31)
2011 Berlin Adler Lost EB: Austria Swarco Raiders Tirol (12-27)
Kiel Baltic Hurricanes Knocked out in group stage
2012 Berlin Adler Lost SF: Austria Vienna Vikings (7–34)
Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns Lost QF: Austria Vienna Vikings (13–25)
2013 Berlin Adler Lost SF: Austria Vienna Vikings (17–41)
Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns Lost QF: Switzerland Calanda Broncos (28–42)
2014 Berlin Adler Won EB: Germany New Yorker Lions (20–17)
Kiel Baltic Hurricanes Won EFLB: Spain Badalona Dracs (40–0)
New Yorker Lions Lost EB: Germany Berlin Adler (17–20)
Dresden Monarchs Knocked out in group stage
Cologne Falcons Knocked out in group stage
Düsseldorf Panther Knocked out in group stage
2015 New Yorker Lions Won EB: Germany Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns (24–14)
Kiel Baltic Hurricanes Won EFLB: Germany Allgäu Comets (49–28)
Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns Lost EB: Germany New Yorker Lions (14–24)
Allgäu Comets Lost EFLB: Germany Kiel Baltic Hurricanes (28–49)
Berlin Adler Knocked out in group stage
Marburg Mercenaries Knocked out in group stage

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Geschichte (German) AFVD website, accessed: 29 December 2010
  2. 1 2 Spielplan der GFL für 2011 steht (German) GFL website, published: 8 December 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Football History(German) Historic American football tables from Germany, accessed: 2 January 2010
  4. ↑ Ewige Bundesligatabelle (German) Historic tables of American football in Germany, accessed: 3 January 2011
  5. ↑ Football Goes International The Washington Post, published: 24 August 1980, accessed: 28 September 2015
  6. 1 2 3 4 Google book review: Turnen and sport: transatlantic transfers author: Annette R. Hofmann, accessed: 12 January 2010
  7. ↑ GFL German Football League (German) AFVD website, accessed: 29 December 2010
  8. ↑ TEAMGEIST – STOLZ – ENTHUSIASMUS (German) Düsseldorf Panther website – Club history, accessed: 3 January 2010
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bowls GFL website, accessed: 29 December 2010
  10. ↑ Unicorns gewinnen German Bowl XXXIII (German) GFL website, published: 8 October 2011, accessed: 12 October 2011
  11. ↑ Erfolg dank Goethe (German) Sueddeutsche Zeitung, published: 10 October 2011, accessed: 12 October 2011
  12. ↑ Mavericks - Ende eines Football-Märchens (German) Westdeutsche Zeitung, published: 23 December 2011, accessed: 8 January 2012
  13. ↑ German Bowl XXXVI - Der Pressespiegel (German) football-aktuell.de, accessed: 12 October 2014
  14. ↑ Wird 2016 das „Jahr des Südens?“ (German) football-aktuell.de, accessed: 20 October 2015
  15. ↑ Neue Bundesspielordnung (German) AFVD website, published: 3 November 2010, accessed: 14 January 2011
  16. ↑ Bundesspielordnung (German) Official rules of the game in Germany, published: 31 October 2010, accessed: 14 January 2011
  17. ↑ GFL 2008 www.football-aktuell.de, accessed: 2 January 2011
  18. ↑ GFL 2009 www.football-aktuell.de, accessed: 2 January 2011
  19. ↑ GFL 2010 www.football-aktuell.de, accessed: 2 January 2011
  20. ↑ GFL 2011 www.football-aktuell.de, accessed: 13 September 2012
  21. ↑ GFL 2012 www.football-aktuell.de, accessed: 13 September 2012
  22. ↑ GFL 2013 www.football-aktuell.de, accessed: 9 October 2013
  23. ↑ Eurobowl (German) Historic tables of American football in Germany, accessed: 7 January 2011

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