Americans

Americans are citizens of the United States of America.^[40] The country is home to people of many different national origins. As a result, most Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship and allegiance.^[40] Although citizens make up the majority of Americans, non-citizen residents, dual citizens, and expatriates may also claim an American identity.^[41]

Overview

The majority of Americans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries, with the exception of the Native American population and people from Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands who became American through expansion of the country in the 19th century,^[42] and American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Northern Mariana Islands in the 20th century.^[43]

Despite its multi-ethnic composition,^[44][45] the culture of the United States held in common by most Americans can also be referred to as mainstream American culture, a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Northern and Western European colonists, settlers, and immigrants.^[44] It also includes influences of African-American culture.^[46] Westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.^[44]

In addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, and make up the American diaspora.^[47][48][49]

Racial and ethnic groups

The United States of America is a diverse country, racially, and ethnically.^[53] Six races are officially recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes: White, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and people of two or more races. "Some other race" is also an option in the census and other surveys.^[54][55][56]

The United States Census Bureau also classifies Americans as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that comprises the largest minority group in the nation.^[54][55][57]

White and European Americans

People of European descent, or White Americans (also referred to as Caucasian Americans), constitute the majority of the 308 million people living in the United States, with 72.4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census.^{[lower-alpha 1][50][59]} They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.^[50] Of those reporting to be White American, 7,487,133 reported to be Multiracial; with largest combination being white and black.^[59] Additionally, there are 29,184,290 White Hispanics or Latinos.^[59] Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 46 states. There are four minority-majority states: California, Texas, New Mexico, and Hawaii.^[50] In addition, the District of Columbia has a non-white majority.^[50] The state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine.^[60]

The largest continental ancestral group of Americans are that of Europeans who have origins in any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European diaspora.^[61]

The Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States.^[62] Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States.^[63] Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents.

In the 2013 American Community Survey, German Americans (14.6%), Irish Americans (10.5%), English Americans (7.7%) and Italian Americans (5.4%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States forming 38.2% of the total population.^[64] However, the English-Americans and British-Americans demography is considered a serious under-count as the stock tend to self-report and identify as simply 'Americans' due to the length of time they have inhabited America.^{[65][66][67][68]}

Overall, as the largest group, European Americans have the lowest poverty rate^[69] and the second highest educational attainment levels, median household income,^[70] and median personal income^[71] of any racial demographic in the nation.

Population by ancestry group[72][73]
Rank	Ancestry group	Percentage of total est. population	Pop. estimates	Ref	John Steinbeck (German) John F. Kennedy (Irish) George Washington (English) Frank Sinatra (Italian) Martha Stewart (Polish) Paul Revere (French) Sam Houston (Scottish) Marilyn Monroe (Norwegian) Thomas Edison (Dutch)
1	German	14.60%	46,162,557	[64]
2	Irish	10.50%	33,348,049	[64]
3	English	7.70%	24,483,225	[64]
4	American	7.00%	22,217,931	[64]
5	Italian	5.40%	17,222,421	[64]
6	Mexican	5.40%	16,794,111	[74]
7	Polish	3.00%	9,383,332	[64]
8	French (except Basque)	2.60%	8,227,938	[64]
9	Scottish	1.70%	5,310,285	[64]
10	Norwegian	1.40%	4,484,167	[64]
11	Dutch	1.40%	4,271,869	[64]
	White and European American (Total)		231,040,398	[59]
2010 United States Census & 2013 American Community Survey

Hispanic and Latino Americans

Hispanic or Latino Americans (of any race) make up the largest ethnic minority in the United States and form the second largest group after non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, making up 16.3% of the population, according to the 2010 United States Census.^{[lower-alpha 2][75][76]}

Hispanic/Latino Americans are very racially diverse, and as a result form an ethnic category, rather than a race.^{[77][78][79][80]}

People of Spanish or Hispanic descent have lived in what is now the United States since the founding of St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles. In the State of Texas, Spaniards first settled the region in the late 1600s and formed a unique cultural group known as Tejanos.

Population by national origin[81][82]
Rank	National origin	Percentage of total est. population	Pop.	Vikki Carr (Mexican) Sonia Sotomayor (Puerto Rican) Mel Martinez (Cuban) Fernando del Valle (Salvadoran) Al Horford (Dominican) Daphne Zuniga (Guatemalan) Sofia Vergara (Colombian) Raquel Welch (Bolivian) Bill Guerin (Nicaraguan)
1	Mexican	10.29%	31,798,258
2	Puerto Rican	1.49%	4,623,716
3	Cuban	0.57%	1,785,547
4	Salvadoran	0.53%	1,648,968
5	Dominican	0.45%	1,414,703
6	Guatemalan	0.33%	1,044,209
	All other	2.64%	8,162,193
	Hispanic and Latino American (total)	16.34%	50,477,594
2010 United States Census

Black and African Americans

African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.^[83] According to the Office of Management and Budget, the racial category include those who self-identify as African American, Sub-Saharan Africans, and Afro-Caribbeans.^[84] According to the 2009 American Community Survey, there were 38,093,725 blacks in the United States, which represented 12.4% of the population. In addition, there were 37,144,530 non-Hispanic blacks, which represented 12.1% of the population.^[85] This number increased to 42 million according to the 2010 United States Census, when including Multiracial African Americans,^[84] making up 14% of the total population of the United States.^{[lower-alpha 3][86]} African Americans make up the second largest race in the United States, but the third largest group after White Americans and Hispanic or Latino Americans (of any race);^[75] the majority of the population (55%) live in the South, while compared to 2000 Census there is a decrease of African Americans in the Northeast and Midwest.^[86]

Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captive Africans who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States, although some are—or are descended from—immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations.^[87] As an adjective, the term is usually spelled African-American.^[88] More recent immigrants from Africa may, or may not, self-identify as "African-American";^[89][90] and may experience conflict with American-born African-Americans.^{[91][92][93][94]}

The first African slaves were brought to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants and released them after a number of years. This practice was gradually replaced by the system of race-based slavery used in the Caribbean.^[95] All the American colonies had slavery, but it was usually the form of personal servants in the North (where 2% of the people were slaves), and field hands in plantations in the South (where 25% were slaves);^[96] by the beginning of the American Revolutionary War 1/5th of the total population was enslaved.^[97] During the revolution, some would serve in the Continental Army or Continental Navy,^[98][99] while others would serve the British Empire in Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment, and other units.^[100] By 1804, the northern states (north of the Mason–Dixon line) had abolished slavery.^[101] However, slavery would persist in the southern states until the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment.^[102] Following the end of the Reconstruction Era, which saw the first African American representation in Congress,^[103] African Americans became disenfranchised and subject to Jim Crow laws,^[104] legislation that would persist until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act due to the Civil Rights Movement.^[105]

Population by ancestry group[72]
Rank	Ancestry group	Percentage of total est. population	Pop. estimates	Dred Scott Frederick Douglass Martin Luther King, Jr. Colin Powell (Jamaican and Scottish) W. E. B. Du Bois (Haitian and Ghanaian) LeVar Burton (Nigerian) Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Trinidadian and Tobagonian) Jack Johnson (Ghanaian) Shirley Chisholm (Barbadian)
1	Jamaican	0.31%	986,897
2	Haitian	0.28%	873,003
3	Nigerian	0.08%	259,934
4	Trinidadian and Tobagonian	0.06%	193,233
5	Ghanaian	0.03%	94,405
6	Barbadian	0.01%	59,236
	Sub-Saharan African (total)	0.92%	2,864,067
	West Indian (total) (except Hispanic groups)	0.85%	2,633,149
	Black and African Americans (total)	13.6%	42,020,743 2010 United States Census[84]
2009–2011 American Community Survey

Asian Americans

Another significant population is the Asian American population, comprising 17.3 million in 2010, or 5.6% of the U.S. population.^{[lower-alpha 4][106][107]} California is home to 5.6 million Asian Americans, the greatest number in any state.^[108] In Hawaii, Asian Americans make up the highest proportion of the population (57 percent).^[108] Asian Americans live across the country, yet are heavily urbanized, with significant populations in the Greater Los Angeles Area, New York metropolitan area, and the San Francisco Bay Area.^[109]

They are by no means a monolithic group. The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Cambodia, Mainland China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Asians overall have higher income levels than all other racial groups in the United States, including whites, and the trend appears to be increasing in relation to those groups.^[110] Additionally, Asians have a higher education attainment level than all other racial groups in the United States.^[111][112] For better or worse, the group has been called a model minority.^{[113][114][115]}

While Asian Americans have been in what is now the United States since before the Revolutionary War,^{[116][117][118]} relatively large waves of Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigration did not begin until the mid-to-late 19th century.^[118] Immigration and significant population growth continue to this day.^[119] Due to a number of factors, Asian Americans have been stereotyped as "perpetual foreigners".^[120][121]

Asian ancestries[106]
Rank	Ancestry	Percentage of total population	Pop.	Anna May Wong (Chinese) Jose Calugas (Filipino) Kalpana Chawla (Indian) Maggie Q (Vietnamese) Seo Jae-pil (Korean) Ellison Onizuka (Japanese)
1	Chinese	1.2%	3,797,379
2	Filipino	1.1%	3,417,285
3	Indian	1.0%	3,183,063
4	Vietnamese	0.5%	1,737,665
5	Korean	0.5%	1,707,027
6	Japanese	0.4%	1,304,599
	Other Asian	0.9%	2,799,448
	Asian American (total)	5.6%	17,320,856
2010 United States Census

Middle Easterners and North Africans

See also Luis de Torres, Estevanico, and Joachim Gans

According to the American Jewish Archives and the Arab American National Museum, some of the first Middle Easterners and North Africans (viz. Jews and Berbers) arrived in the Americas between the late 14th and mid-16th centuries.^{[122][123][124][125]} Many were fleeing ethnic or ethnoreligious persecution during the Spanish Inquisition,^[126][127] and a few were also taken to the Americas as slaves.^[123]

According to the Arab American Institute (AAI), countries of origin for Arab Americans include Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.^[128]

In 1909, the Superior Court and the Department of Justice in Washington D.C. ruled on a case that redefined Middle Easterners and their racial distinction. According to the Arab American Historical Foundation and the Los Angeles Herald, a case in which George Shishim a Lebanese policeman, arrested a "white" man, who claimed that because Shishim was Lebanese, he must not be racially "white", but rather "Chinese-Mongolian".^[129] Shishim, his attorneys, and the Syrian-Lebanese and Arab American communities rallied to prove that Lebanese, Syrians, and all Arabs and Middle Easterners were in fact "white" to both gain official citizenship in the United States, as well as avoid other exclusive and restrictive penalties of being labeled as Asian.^[130] One of Shishim's arguments appealed to the white justices' desire to connect to their revered religious figure, Jesus. Shishim said: "If I am a Mongolian, then so was Jesus, because we came from the same land."^[129] As noted in the 1909 publication of the "Proceedings of the Asiatic Exclusion League", the presiding Judge Hutton concluded that Syrians had descended from Hebrews, who descended from "the Semitic family of the 'Indo-Aryan race'", but because the Mongol conquerors had killed the Syrian men, and interbred with the Syrian women, "western nations have been unable to restore [the Syrians'] original characteristics" (6).^[131] Shishim won and was granted citizenship, and Middle Easterners were thereafter legally considered "white" in the United States.

However, in 1910, Congress passed a bill that defined "Armenians, Assyrians, and Jews" as "Asiatics", while still approving their claims to citizenship.^[132] This declaration, while not taking away their citizenship, affirmed the ethnic origins and identities of Armenians, Assyrians, and Jews as "non-white".

Over the decades of the 20th century, as more Arab Americans, Jewish Americans and other ethnic groups settled in the United States, the racial discrimination they faced also increased.^[133][134] Due to the ruling in Shishim's case and the interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, United States citizens could not sue one another for discrimination if they belonged to "the same race".^[135] However, in 1987, after an Iraqi-American associate professor was refused tenure due to his Arab origins and a synagogue was spray-painted with anti-Semitic insignia, the Supreme Court ruled "unanimously today that Arabs, Jews and members of other ethnic groups may sue under a post-Civil War law's broad prohibition against discrimination."^[136] Parallel with this ruling, many members of these groups, from Jews to North Africans to Arab Americans, did not consider themselves "white".^{[137][138][139]}

Additionally, as modern scientific data improved, more information on the true origins and ethnic distinctions emerged. For example, studies have shown that Jews share more genetic relativity to other Jews around the world than to the surrounding non-Jewish ethnic groups.^[140] Some studies have also suggested that other Middle Eastern (non-Jewish) ethnic groups remain one of the closest relations to Jews.^[141]

The United States Census Bureau is presently finalizing the ethnic classification of MENA populations. In 2012, prompted in part by post-9/11 discrimination, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee petitioned the Department of Commerce's Minority Business Development Agency to designate the MENA populations as a minority/disadvantaged community.^[130] Following consultations with MENA organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East, North Africa and the Arab world, separate from the "white" classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The expert groups, including some Jewish organizations, felt that the earlier "white" designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they successfully lobbied for a distinct categorization.^[137][142] This process does not currently include ethnoreligious groups such as Jews or Sikhs, as the Bureau only tabulates these groups as followers of religions rather than members of ethnic groups.^[143]

As of December 2015, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well as Turkish, Sudanese, Djiboutian, Somali, Mauritanian, Armenian, Cypriot, Afghan, Azerbaijani and Georgian groups.^[144]

Middle Eastern Americans in the 2000^[145] - 2010 U.S. Census,^[146] the Mandell L. Berman Institute, and the North American Jewish Data Bank^[147]

Ancestry	2000	2000 (% of US population)	2010	2010 (% of US population)
Afghan	53,709	0.0191%	79,775	0.0258%
Arab	1,160,729	0.4125%	1,697,570	0.5498%
Armenian	385,488	0.1370%	474,559	0.1537%
Assyrian/Chaldo-Assyrian	81,749	0.0290%	106,821	0.0346%
Azerbaijani	14,205	0.0050%		%
Cypriot	7,643	0.0027%		%
Georgian	6,298	0.0022%		%
Iranian	338,266	0.1202%	463,552	0.1501%
Israeli	106,839	0.0380%	129,359	0.0419%
Jewish	6,155,000	2.1810%	6,543,820	2.1157%
Kurdish	9,423	0.0033%		%
Syriac	606	0.0002%		%
Tajik	905	0.0003%		%
Turkish	117,575	0.0418%	195,283	0.0633%
"Middle Eastern"	28,400	0.0101%		%
"North Caucasian"	596	0.0002%		%
"North Caucasian Turkic"	1,347	0.0005%	290,893	0.0942%
TOTAL	8,568,772	3.036418%	9,981,332	3.227071%

Although tabulated, "religious responses" were reported as a single total and not differentiated, despite totaling 1,089,597 in 2000.^[145]

Independent organizations provide improved estimates of the total populations of races and ethnicities in the US using the raw data from the US Census and other surveys.

For example, although any respondents who self-identified as Jewish were included under the religious responses in the census, as Jews are an ethnoreligious group with culture and ethnicity intertwined, estimates from the Mandell L. Berman Institute and the North American Jewish Data Bank put the total population of Jews between 5.34 and 6.16 million in 2000 and around 6.54 million in 2010.^[147] Similarly, the Arab-American Institute estimated the population of Arab Americans at 3.7 million in 2012.^[148]

The majority of Arab Americans are Christian.^[149][150] Most Maronites tend to be of Lebanese, Syrian, or Cypriot extraction; the majority of Christians of Cypriot and Palestinian background are often Eastern Orthodox.

Estimated African MENA populations in the United States:

• Algerian American: 8,752 (2000 Census^[145])
• Canarian American: 45,000-75,000 (2000 statistics)
• Djiboutian American: 300 (2000 Census^[151])
• Egyptian American: 190,078 (2010 census.^[152] In 2008 them were estimated in 800,000 - 2,000,000^[153])
• Libyan American: 9,000 (2010 Census)
• Mauritanian American: 992 (2000 Census)
• Moroccan American: 82,073 (2010 Census)
• Somali American: 85,700 (2012 ACS)
• Sudanese American: 42,249 (2010 Census)
• Tunisian American: 4,735 (2000 Census)

American Indians and Alaska Natives

According to the 2010 Census, there are 5.2 million people who are Native Americans or Alaska Native alone, or in combination with one or more races; they make up 1.7% of the total population.^{[lower-alpha 5][154]} According to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), a "American Indian or Alaska Native" is a person whose ancestry have origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central, or South America.^[154] 2.3 million individuals who are American Indian or Alaskan Native are multiracial;^[154] additionally the plurality of American Indians reside in the Western United States (40.7%).^[154] Collectively and historically this race has been known by several names;^[155] as of 1995, 50% of those who fall within the OMB definition prefer the term "American Indian", 37% prefer "Native American" and the remainder have no preference or prefer a different term altogether.^[156]

Native Americans, whose ancestry is indigenous to the Americas, originally migrated to the two continents between 10,000-45,000 years ago.^[157] These Paleoamericans spread throughout the two continents and evolved into hundreds of distinct cultures during the pre-Columbian era.^[158] Following the first voyage of Christopher Columbus,^[159] the European colonization of the Americas began, with St. Augustine, Florida becoming the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States.^[160] From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans declined in the following ways: epidemic diseases brought from Europe;^[161] genocide and warfare at the hands of European explorers and colonists,^{[162][163][164]} as well as between tribes;^[165][166] displacement from their lands;^[167] internal warfare,^[168] enslavement;^[169] and intermarriage.^[170][171]

Population by selected tribal groups[154][172]
Rank	National origin	Percentage of total population	Pop.	Florence Owens Thompson (Cherokee) Code talkers (Navajo) Pushmataha (Choctaw) Chief Bender (Chippewa) Sitting Bull (Sioux) Geronimo (Apache)
1	Cherokee	0.26%	819,105
2	Navajo	0.1%	332,129
3	Choctaw	0.06%	195,764
4	Mexican American Indian	0.05%	175,494
5	Chippewa	0.05%	170,742
6	Sioux	0.05%	170,110
	All other	1.08%	3,357,235
	American Indian (total)	1.69%	5,220,579
2010 United States Census

Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders

As defined by the United States Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders are "persons having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands".^[173] Previously called Asian Pacific American, along with Asian Americans beginning in 1976, this was changed in 1997.^[174] As of the 2010 United States Census there are 1.2 million who reside in the United States, and make up 0.4% of the nation's total population, of whom 56% are multiracial.^{[lower-alpha 6][175]} 14% of the population have at least a bachelor's degree,^[175] and 15.1% live in poverty, below the poverty threshold.^[175] As compared to the 2000 United States Census this population grew by 40%;^[173] and 71% live in the West; of those over half (52%) live in either Hawaii or California, with no other states having populations greater than 100,000.^[173] The largest concentration of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, is Honolulu County in Hawaii,^[175] and Los Angeles County in the continental United States.^[173]

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander by ancestries[173]
Rank	Ancestry	Percentage	Pop.	Duke Kahanamoku (Hawaiian) Dwayne Johnson (Samoan) Sonny Sandoval (Chamorro) Sione Pouha (Tongan)
1	Hawaiian	0.17%	527,077
2	Samoan	0.05%	184,440
3	Chamorro	0.04%	147,798
4	Tongan	0.01%	57,183
	Other Pacific Islanders	0.09%	308,697
	Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (total)	0.39%	1,225,195
2010 United States Census

Two or more races

The United States has a growing multiracial identity movement. Multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population;^[107] by the 2010 census the Multiracial increased to 9,009,073, or 2.9% of the total population.^[176] They can be any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "Some other race") and ethnicities.^[177] The largest population of Multiracial Americans were those of White and African American descent, with a total of 1,834,212 self-identifying individuals.^[176] Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States, is biracial with his mother being of English and Irish descent and his father being of Kenyan birth;^[178][179] however, Obama only self-identifies as being African American.^[180][181]

Population by selected Two or More Races Population[182]
Rank	Specific Combinations	Percentage of total population	Pop.	Booker T. Washington (African American and White) Olivia Munn (Asian (Chinese) and White (German and Irish)) Elvis Presley (Native American (Cherokee) and White (French Norman, German, Scots-Irish, Scottish)) Edmonia Lewis Black (Haitian, African American), Native American (Mississauga and Ojibwe)
1	White; Black	0.59%	1,834,212
2	White; Some Other Race	0.56%	1,740,924
3	White; Asian	0.52%	1,623,234
4	White; Native American	0.46%	1,432,309
5	African American; Some Other Race	0.1%	314,571
6	African American; Native American	0.08%	269,421
	All other specific combinations	0.58%	1,794,402
	Multiracial Americans (Total)	2.9%	9,009,073
2010 United States Census

Some other race

According to the 2010 United States Census, 6.2% or 19,107,368 Americans chose to self-identify with the "Some other race" category; the third most popular option. Also, 36.7% or 18,503,103 Hispanic/Latino Americans chose to identify as some other race as these Hispanic/Latinos may feel the U.S. Census does not describe their European and American Indian ancestry as they understand it to be.^[183] A significant portion of the Hispanic and Latino population self-identifies as Mestizo, particularly the Mexican and Central American community. Mestizo is not a racial category in the U.S. Census, but signifies someone who has both European and American Indian ancestry.

National personification

"Uncle Sam" is a national personification of the United States. The image bears resemblance to the real Samuel Wilson. The female personification, primarily popular during the 18th and 19th centuries, is "Columbia".

A national personification is an anthropomorphism of a nation or its people; it can appear in both editorial cartoons and propaganda.

Uncle Sam is a national personification of the United States and sometimes more specifically of the American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812. He is depicted as a stern elderly white man with white hair and a goatee beard, and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of the flag of the United States – for example, typically a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.

Columbia is a poetic name for the Americas and the feminine personification of the United States of America, made famous by African-American poet Phillis Wheatley during the American Revolutionary War in 1776. It has inspired the names of many persons, places, objects, institutions, and companies in the Western Hemisphere and beyond, including the District of Columbia, the seat of government of the United States.

Language

English is the de facto national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2007, about 226 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.^[185][186] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states.^[187] Both English and Hawaiian are official languages in Hawaii by state law.^[188]

While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.^[189] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents. The latter include court forms.^[190] Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.

Religion

Religion in the United States has a high adherence level compared to other developed countries, as well as a diversity in beliefs. The First Amendment to the country's Constitution prevents the Federal government from making any "law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this as preventing the government from having any authority in religion. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unusual among developed countries, although similar to the other nations of the Americas.^[192] Many faiths have flourished in the United States, including both later imports spanning the country's multicultural immigrant heritage, as well as those founded within the country; these have led the United States to become the most religiously diverse country in the world.^[193]

The majority of Americans (76%) are Christians, mostly within Protestant and Catholic denominations; these adherents constitute 51% and 25% of the population, respectively.^[194] Other religions include Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism, which collectively make up about 4% to 5% of the adult population.^{[194][195][196]} Another 15% of the adult population identifies as having no religious belief or no religious affiliation.^[194] According to the American Religious Identification Survey, religious belief varies considerably across the country: 59% of Americans living in Western states (the "Unchurched Belt") report a belief in God, yet in the South (the "Bible Belt") the figure is as high as 86%.^[194][197]

Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their own religion without discrimination: the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English Puritans, Pennsylvania by Irish and English Quakers, Maryland by English and Irish Catholics, and Virginia by English Anglicans. Although some individual states retained established religious confessions well into the 19th century, the United States was the first nation to have no official state-endorsed religion.^[198] Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office, and the First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination from government interference. The decision was mainly influenced by European Rationalist and Protestant ideals, but was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them.^[199]

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  The First Baptist Church in America in Providence, Rhode Island.

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  The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. is the largest Catholic church in the United States.

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  Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City, Utah is the largest temple of the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

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  Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island is America's oldest surviving synagogue.

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  The Islamic Center of America in Dearborn, Michigan is the largest mosque in North America.

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  Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights, California is one of the largest Buddhist temples in the Western Hemisphere.

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  Hindu Temple in Malibu, California.

Culture

Apple pie and baseball are icons of American culture.

The American culture is primarily a Western culture, but is influenced by Native American, West African, Asian, Polynesian and Latino cultures.

The United States of America has its own unique social and cultural characteristics, such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine and folklore.^[45]

Its chief early European influences came from English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers of colonial America during British rule. British culture, due to colonial ties with Britain that spread the English language, legal system and other cultural inheritances, had a formative influence.^[200] Other important influences came from other parts of Europe, especially Germany,^[201] France,^[202] and Italy.^[203]

Original elements also play a strong role, such as Jeffersonian democracy.^[204] Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American and a reactionary piece to the prevailing European consensus that America's domestic originality was degenerate.^[204] Prevalent ideas and ideals that evolved domestically, such as national holidays, uniquely American sports, military tradition,^[205] and innovations in the arts and entertainment give a strong sense of national pride among the population as a whole.^[206]

American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism, faith in freedom and democracy), the American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity.

American diaspora

Americans abroad and their descendants Africa Gambia Ghana Liberia Sierra Leone Asia China Hong Kong India Israel Black Hebrew Israelites Japan North Korea Pakistan Philippines Qatar United Arab Emirates Europe France African Americans Ireland United Kingdom African Americans North America Canada Black Nova Scotians New England Planters Six Nations United Empire Loyalists Costa Rica Cuba Guatemala Haiti Free Blacks Mexico Mormon Colonies Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Confederados New Texas Chile Ecuador Uruguay

See also

Footnotes

References

Asian Americans1, 2 Central Asian3 Mongolian Uzbek East Asian Chinese Hong Kong Taiwanese Tibetan4 Japanese Korean South Asian5 Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Indo-Caribbean Bengali Punjabi Tamil Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Tamil Southeast Asian Burmese Cambodian Filipino Hmong Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Mien Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Other Afro-Asian Amerasian Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans Eurasian Multiracial American Punjabi Mexican History General Immigration Military Topics Arts and Entertainment Demographics Politics Stereotypes Religion Buddhists Christians Catholics Protestants, etc. Hindus Jainism Muslims Sikhs Notes  1 The U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asians refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. 2 The United States Government classified Kalmyks as Asian until 1951, when Kalmyk Americans were reclassified as White Americans. 3 The U.S. Census Bureau considers Mongolians and Uzbeks as Central Asians, but a specific Central Asian American group similar to Middle Eastern American does not yet exist. 4 The U.S. Census Bureau reclassifies anyone identifying as "Tibetan American" as "Chinese American". 5 Bengali Americans may be classified as Bangladeshi or Indian. Punjabi Americans may be classified as Indian or Pakistani. Tamil Americans may be classified as Indian or Sri Lankan.