Aluminate

In chemistry aluminate is a compound containing an oxyanion of aluminium, such as sodium aluminate. In the naming of inorganic compounds it is a suffix that indicates a polyatomic anion with a central aluminum atom.^[1]

Aluminate oxyanions

Aluminum oxide is amphoteric: it dissolves in both bases and acids. When dissolved in bases it forms hydroxoaluminate ions in the same way as aluminium hydroxide or aluminium salts. The hydroxyaluminate or hydrated aluminate can be precipitated and then calcined to produce anhydrous aluminates. Aluminates are often formulated as a combination of basic oxide and aluminium oxide, for example the formula of anhydrous sodium aluminate NaAlO₂ would be shown as Na₂O.Al₂O₃. A number of aluminate oxyanions are known:

• The simplest is the approximately tetrahedral AlO₄⁵⁻ found in the compound Na₅AlO₄,^[2]
• framework AlO₂⁻ ions in anhydrous sodium aluminate NaAlO₂^[3] and monocalcium aluminate, CaAl₂O₄ made up of corner sharing {AlO₄} tetrahedra.^[4]
• A ring anion, the cyclic Al₆O₁₈¹⁸⁻ anion, found in tricalcium aluminate, Ca₃Al₂O₆, which can be considered to consist of 6 corner sharing {AlO₄} tetrahedra.^[5]
• A number of infinite chain anions in the compounds Na₇Al₃O₈ which contains rings linked to form chains, Na₇Al₁₃O₁₀ and Na₁₇Al₅O₁₆ which contain discrete chain anions.^[6]

Mixed oxides containing aluminium

There are many mixed oxides containing aluminium where there are no discrete or polymeric aluminate ions. The spinels with a generic formula A²⁺B₂³⁺O₄²⁻ that contain aluminium as Al³⁺, such as the mineral spinel itself, MgAl₂O₄ are mixed oxides with cubic close packed O atoms and aluminium Al³⁺ in octahedral positions.^[7]

BeAl₂O₄, Chrysoberyl, isomorphous with olivine, has hexagonal close packed oxygen atoms with aluminium in octahedral positions and beryllium in tetrahedral positions.^[8]

Some oxides with the general formula of MAlO₃ sometimes called aluminates or orthoaluminates such as YAlO₃, Yttrium ortho-aluminate are mixed oxides and have the perovskite structure.^[9] Some oxides such as YAl₅O₈, usually called YAG, have the garnet structure.^[7]

Hydroxoaluminates

The Al(OH)₄⁻ anion is known in high pH solutions of Al(OH)₃.^[6]

Aluminate glasses

Alumina on its own cannot easily be made glassy with current techniques, however with the addition of a second compound many types of aluminate glasses can be formed. The glasses produced display a range of interesting and useful properties, such as high refractive index, good infrared transparency, and high melting point, as well as the ability to host laser active and fluorescent ions. Aerodynamic levitation is a key method used to study and produce many aluminate glasses. Levitation allows high purity to be maintained in the melt at temperatures in excess of 2000K.^[10]

Some materials that are known to form glass in binary combination with aluminum oxide are: rare earth oxides, alkaline earth oxides (CaO, SrO, BaO) lead oxide, and silicon dioxide.

Also, the Al₂O₃ (Aluminate) system has been discovered to form sapphire-like glass ceramics. Often, this ability is based upon compositions in which interplay between glass forming ability and glass stability is approximately balanced.^[11]

Applications of aluminates

Sodium aluminate, NaAlO₂, is used industrially in dyeing to form a mordant and the hydrated forms are used in water purification, sizing of paper and in the manufacture of zeolites, ceramics and catalysts in the petrochemical industry. In the isomerization process of alkenes and amines^[12] Calcium aluminates are important ingredients of cements.^[6]

Li₅AlO₄ is used in the nuclear power industry.^[13]

Aluminate suffix used in the naming of inorganic compounds

Examples are:

• Tetrachloroaluminate ion AlCl₄⁻ found in for example lithium tetrachloroaluminate.^[6]
• Tetrahydroaluminate ion AlH₄⁻ found in for example lithium aluminium hydride.^[6]
• Hexafluoroaluminate ion AlF₆³⁻ found in for example sodium hexafluoroaluminate.^[6]

Aluminates made using new raw materials

A huge number of recent research studies have focused on an effective solution for waste treatment. This has led some residues to be made into new raw materials for many industries. Such an achievement ensures a reduction in energy and natural resource usage, decreasing of the negative environmental impact and creating new fields of work.

A good example comes from the metals industry, particularly the aluminum industry. Aluminum recycling is a beneficial activity for the environment, since it recovers resources from both manufacturing and consumer waste. Slag and scrap which were previously considered as waste, are now the raw material for some highly profitable new industries. There is added-value in materials made using an aluminum residue which is currently considered as a hazardous waste. Current research is investigating the use of this waste to manufacture glass, glass-ceramic, boehmite and calcium aluminate.^[14]

Notes