Altos Computer Systems

Not to be confused with Xerox Alto.

Altos Computer Systems was founded in 1977 by David G. Jackson and Roger William Vass Sr. It focused on small multi-user computers, starting with multi-user derivatives of CP/M, and later including Unix and Xenix-based machines. In its 1982 initial public offering on NASDAQ, the company raised $59M. Thereafter the company's stock was traded under the symbol ALTO.[1]

Coming under increasing pressure from competitors in the server market, such as Compaq and Sun Microsystems, Altos posted a $5M loss (its first ever) in the fiscal year ending in June, 1989.[2] In the aftermath, Altos was acquired by Acer in 1990 for $94M,[3] although mostly for its US distribution channels rather than its technology.[2][4] Shortly before this acquisition, there were about 128,000 Altos systems installed throughout the world.[2]

Company history and products

According to a brief history of the company, which ran as an advertisement on their 10th anniversary, Altos Computer Systems was started by Dave Jackson in 1977 when he designed a single-board microcomputer in a room he rented on Stevens Creek Boulevard. According to this account, the company bootstrapped itself with profitable sales from the beginning, with a revenue of $260,000 in the first year. Jackson named the company after Los Altos Hills, California, where he lived.[5]

In an interview from May 1979, the company's vice-president Roger Vass described the Altos' strategy at the time as selling OEM computer systems. Vass also said that the company's revenue had reached an annual figure of $5M that year, after 15 months of operations. The company's single-board computer product was named "Sun-Series 8000" at this point; it was based on 4-MHz Z80 processor and shipped with 32 KB of RAM, expandable to 64 KB. Altos eschewed using the (fairly standard at the time) S-100 bus, but packed their board with a disk controller (which could connect up to two 8-inch Shugart drives), two serial and one parallel port, while also leaving room for another optional Z80 to be used as DMA controller and an optional AMD 9511 floating-point coprocessor. As operating system, this machine could use CP/M or Oasis.[6]

ACS 8000

In the aforementioned interview, Vass also described their plans for the company's first multi-user computer, based on a CP/M-derived executive that they called AMEX (Altos Multiuser Executive). Their new design planned to support up to four users, by providing each user with its own 48 KB of dedicated program memory (addressable by the 8-bit Z80 processor through bank switching), while the 16 KB of memory for the operating system's image could be shared by all users.[6] An advertisement for the "Sun-Series ACS8000-6" sold under Altos' own brand appeared in the November 1979 issue of Byte, and indeed promised to support up to four users by means of its AMEX kernel, and supporting a maximum system memory of 208 KB.[7] The ACS 8000 could run at least three multi-user operating systems: Altos' own AMEX, Oasis, or MP/M.[8] The sample code for the Banked XIOS implementation published in the MP/M II System Implementors Guide was written by Altos (and carries a disclaimer that it only works as-is with their Sun Series 8000).[9]

The "8000" contained in the name of Altos' first series of computer did cause some confusion in the marketplace because its name may have suggested the inclusion of the 16-bit Zilog Z8000 processor, which had just been released in 1979, although Altos' ACS-8000 did not use this processor, but the older 8-bit Z80.[10] A 1981 review in Computerworld, comparing the ACS 8000 with other multi-user systems, found that Altos' Z80 processor was underpowered, especially for CPU-intensive tasks (most other multi-user systems used 16-bit processors by then), but the ACS-8000 was found adequate for multi-user order entry systems. A configuration with a 10-MB hard-drive plus a 1-MB 8" floppy drive, bundled with a printer and one terminal was priced at $12,340 (the same machine but with four terminals was $15,625), which was considerably less than most other multi-user systems, which were typically priced in the $25,000–$50,000 range.[11] Altos thus carved for itself a niche in the low-cost multi-user systems. The lack of any expansion slots was judged however as fairly limiting.[11] Their omission, as well the omission of circuitry that would have been necessary to connect the Z80 to the industry-standard S-100 bus, which was Intel-centric (around the Intel 8080) was one of the reasons why the ACS-8000 could keep its cost low (relative to its epoch).[10]

ACS 8600

Alto's next major product line would indeed use a 16-bit processor, but it would be Intel's 8086, seemingly chosen for reasons of availability both in terms of the hardware itself and of the CP/M-86 operating system.[10] The ACS-8600 series, launched in November 1981, was based on the 8086 with a 8089 used a standard communications co-processor. Supported operating systems were CP/M-86, MP/M-86, Oasis-16, and—for the first time—Xenix. This was still a machine based on 8" disk technology, both for floppy and hard disks. The entry level unit, equipped with 128 KB RAM and a single 1-MB floppy drive was priced at $8,990 at launch, while the high end version, with 512 KB of RAM and a 40 MB hard drive launched at $18,980.[12] By 1983 Altos was the leading 8086-based Unix vendor, running Xenix.[13]

ACS 68000

In 1982 Altos diversified its product line yet again with the introduction of the ACS68000, which was based on the Motorola 68000 processor (at 8 MHz[14]) and was intended to support up to 16 users.[5] It shipped with Unix System III initially.[14] The machine was initially offered with a 40 MB disk drive (and sticker price of $14,500), while a 80-MB disk version was offered in the first quarter of 1983 (for $16,500).[15] As business packages were generally lacking for the ACS 68000, it was mostly sold through OEMs rather than Altos' own dealer network.[16] The first version of the Oracle database which ran on Unix (version 3) was announced supporting the ACS68000 among other similar "supermicro" computers like the Tandy Model 16, and the Fortune 32:16.[17][18]

Subsequent products

Other multi-user computers:

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Altos also sold a number of accompanying terminal models, from Altos II to Altos IV. Typically, these were VT100 compatible.[1]

After it was acquired by Acer, Altos started to sell Unix servers derived from Acer products. For example, in February 1993 Altos was offering servers based on AcerPower 486e (EISA-based) systems, but bundled with Unix.[33] In December of that year, Acer unified its server line with that of Altos and created its Acer Altos brand,[34] which is still being commercialized as of December 2013,[35] although Acer also commercialized servers under the other brands it has acquired, such as Gateway, as part of its multi-brand stragegy.[36]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Sanchez, Mike (1988). "Altos Computer Systems". In Kent, Allen; Williams, James G. Encyclopedia of Microcomputers 1. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp. 66–73. ISBN 0-8247-2700-2.
  2. 1 2 3 Taiwanese May Acquire Altos Computer
  3. ↑ Paz Estrella Tolentino (2013). Multinational Corporations: Emergence and Evolution. Routledge. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-134-75905-7.
  4. ↑ Henry Wai-Chung Yeung (2003). Chinese Capitalism in a Global Era: Towards a Hybrid Capitalism. Routledge. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-134-39050-2.
  5. 1 2 Altos advertisement. Computerworld. June 1, 1987. pp. 107–108. ISSN 0010-4841.
  6. 1 2 We sell tools & languages for the OEM. The Intelligent Machines Journal. 9 May 1979. p. 7. ISSN 0199-6649.
  7. ↑ BYTE, November 1979, p.21
  8. ↑ Altos—AMEX or MP/M?. InfoWorld. 14 April 1980. pp. seven. ISSN 0199-6649.
  9. ↑ MPM II System Implementors Guide, Appendix E, p. 99
  10. 1 2 3 Mark Garezt (22 December 1980). According to Garetz... InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 11. ISSN 0199-6649.
  11. 1 2 Low-Cost ACS8000-10 Has Multiuser Capacity. Computerworld. 5 October 1981. p. 21. ISSN 0010-4841.
  12. ↑ Altos Unveils 16-Bit Micros With Unix, 1M-Byte Memory. Computerworld. 23 November 1981. pp. 49–50. ISSN 0010-4841.
  13. ↑ Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). "The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace". BYTE. p. 132. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  14. 1 2 http://wiretap.area.com/Gopher/Library/Techdoc/Bench/dhryst.txt
  15. ↑ IDG Enterprise (9 May 1983). Computerworld. IDG Enterprise. pp. 2–. ISSN 0010-4841.
  16. ↑
  17. ↑ http://cdn.oreillystatic.com/radar/r1/02-83.pdf
  18. ↑ InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. (21 February 1983). InfoWorld. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. pp. 3–. ISSN 0199-6649.
  19. ↑ Business-Oriented System Offers Multiuser Capability. Computerworld. 31 January 1983. p. 61. ISSN 0010-4841.
  20. ↑ Microsoft (2013-12-19) [1983]. "Microsoft DOS V1.1 and V2.0 /msdos/v20source/HRDDRV.ASM and SKELIO.ASM". Computer History Museum, Microsoft. Retrieved 2014-03-25. (NB. While the publishers claim this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is SCP MS-DOS 1.25 as well as TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 with an example BIOS for the Altos ACS-86C.)
  21. ↑ Review: Altos 586. InfoWorld. 7 November 1983. pp. 89–90. ISSN 0199-6649.
  22. ↑ System review: The Altos 586 with the Xenix Development System, BYTE, March 1985, pp. 247-252
  23. ↑ News Briefs: Altos responds to IBM. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. 19 November 1984. p. 27. ISSN 0199-6649.
  24. ↑ Multiuser systems offered. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. 11 November 1985. p. 49. ISSN 0199-6649.
  25. ↑ Altos extends supermicro line with multiuser system. Computerworld. 3 June 1985. p. 7. ISSN 0010-4841.
  26. ↑ Altos Goes After New Markets. InfoWorld. 10 June 1985. p. 25. ISSN 0199-6649.
  27. ↑ Altos 3068 Supermicro To Support 120 Users. InfoWorld. 23 March 1987. p. 23. ISSN 0199-6649.
  28. ↑ https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/MACHINES
  29. ↑ IDG Enterprise (June 1986). Computerworld. IDG Enterprise. pp. 4–. ISSN 0010-4841.
  30. ↑ Expandable 386 System Handles 20 to 60 Users. Altos offers multiuser series. InfoWorld. 25 May 1987. p. 15. ISSN 0199-6649.
  31. ↑ IDG Network World Inc (10 September 1990). Network World. IDG Network World Inc. pp. 31–. ISSN 0887-7661.
  32. ↑ Altos Rolls Out 68030 System With Pick OS. InfoWorld. 5 December 1988. p. 36. ISSN 0199-6649.
  33. ↑ InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. (22 February 1993). InfoWorld. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. pp. 29–. ISSN 0199-6649.
  34. ↑ ACER FINALLY UNIFIES ALTOS COMPUTER SYSTEMS LINES WITH ITS OWN, CREATING THE ACERALTOS SERIES by CBR Staff Writer| 13 December 1993, www.cbronline.com/news/acer_finally_unifies_altos_computer_systemslines_with_its_own_creating_the_aceraltos_series
  35. ↑ Acer Altos R380 F2 review
  36. ↑ Acer embiggens server and storage range

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