Alstom

Alstom World Train Mfg.
Formerly called
 Alsthom, GEC-Alstom
Société Anonyme
Traded as Euronext: ALO
Industry Rail transportation
Founded 1928 (1928)
Headquarters Saint-Ouen, north of Paris, France.[1]
Key people
 Patrick Kron (Chairman and CEO)
Products Railway vehicles and signalling
Revenue €6.2 billion (2014)[2]
€764 million (2010/2011)[2]
Profit €462 million (2010/2011)[2]
Total assets €30 billion (March 2011)[2]
Total equity €4.2 billion (March 2011)[2]
Number of employees
 32,000 (March 2014)[2]
Website www.alstom.com

Alstom is a French multinational company operating in the worldwide rail transport markets, active in the fields of passenger transportation, signalling and locomotives, with products including the AGV, TGV, Eurostar, and Pendolino high-speed trains, in addition to suburban, regional and metro trains, and Citadis trams.

Alstom's headquarters are located in Saint-Ouen, north of Paris, France. Its CEO is Patrick Kron.

Alstom (originally as Alsthom) was formed from a merger between Compagnie Française Thomson Houston and the Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques in 1928; significant acquisitions included the Constructions Electriques de France (1932), shipbuilder Chantiers de l'Atlantique (1976), and parts of ACEC SA (Belgium, late 1980s). A merger with parts of the General Electric Company plc (UK) formed GEC-Alstom in 1989; the company became Alstom in 1998.

In 2004, Alstom was in financial crisis due to massive inherited unexpected costs (€4 billion) arising from a design flaw inherited from the acquisition of ABB Group's turbine business, in addition to losses in other areas of the business. The company required a €3.2 billion state-backed bailout in 2003 – and as a result was required to sell several divisions including shipbuilding and electrical transmission to comply with EU rules on state aid.

In 2014, Alstom and General Electric (GE) announced that a US$17 billion (€12.4 billion) bid for the company's power and grid divisions had been made and provisionally accepted. After modification of the deal following political controversy in France relating to the take over by a foreign company of a strategic player in heavy industry GE's bid was modified; to include joint ventures in power generation and electrical transmission, and the sale of its own rail signalling business to Alstom. The GE acquisition deal for the power and grid division was accepted by EU and US anticompetition authorities in mid 2015, subject to the sale of Alstom's heavy gas turbine business. The acquisition was finalised on 2 November 2015, with GE acquiring Alstom's power generation and electricity transmission business (combined as GE Power) leaving Alstom as company operating solely in the rail transport market.

History

Alsthom (1928–1989)

Alsthom was founded in 1928 from the merger of French heavy engineering interests of the Thomson-Houston Electric Company (then part of General Electric) – the Compagnie française pour l'exploitation des procédés Thomson Houston (or Compagnie Française Thomson Houston, CFTH) and Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques, with the first factory in Belfort. In 1932, Alsthom expanded into transportation by acquiring Constructions Electriques de France, Tarbes, a manufacturer of electric locomotives as well as electrical and hydraulic equipment.

In 1969, Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE) became the majority shareholder of Alsthom. In 1976, Alsthom merged with Chantiers de l'Atlantique, becoming Alsthom Atlantique. Thus, the business expanded into marine. The next year, it constructed the first 1300 MW generator set for the Paluel power station, setting a world record with an output of 1500 MW.

In 1978, Alsthom delivered its first TGV to SNCF. The TGV went on to break world rail speed records in 1981 (at 380 kilometres per hour (240 mph)) and in 1990 (at 515.3 kilometres per hour (320.2 mph)). It also set the world endurance record for high-speed train lines in 2001, travelling the 1,067.2 kilometres (663.1 mi)) from Calais to Marseille in 3 hours and 29 minutes. In 1986, Alsthom Belfort received an order from EDF for the largest gas turbine in the world (212 MW).

In 1988–89, holding company CGEE Alstom acquired ACEC Energie (hydroturbines and electrical equipment for the nuclear industry) and ACEC Automatisme (automation) from the dissolution of Belgian electrical engineering company ACEC SA. Alstom acquired 100% of ACEC's transport division, renaming it ACEC Transport.[3]

GEC Alsthom (1989–1998)

In 1989, GEC Alsthom was formed from a 50-50 merger of the power and transport activities of Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE) subsidiary Alstom and the Powers System Division of the General Electric Company plc with the intent to allow Alsthom to export outside France.[4] In 1991, Alstom's parent company CGE was renamed Alcatel Alsthom Compagnie Générale d'Electricité, or Alcatel Alsthom for short.[4]

In 1994, GEC Alsthom acquired the rail vehicle manufacturer Linke-Hofmann-Busch from Salzgitter AG. In 1995, the company acquired the remaining shares in the steam turbine manufacturer MAN Energie. In early 1998, GEC Alsthom acquired the electrical contractor Cegelec, renaming it Alstom Power Conversion.

In 1998, GEC-Alsthom bought Italian firm SASIB SpA's rail signalling subsidiary Sasib Railways,[5][6] which included the former General Railway Signal (USA).[7][8]

Alstom (1998–present)

In June 1998, GEC Alsthom was listed on the Paris Stock Exchange; GEC and Alcatel sold off part of their stakes in the capital (23.6% each). At the same time, the company name was changed to Alstom.

In 1999, Alstom's energy division merged with ABB in a 50–50 joint company known as ABB Alstom Power. Alstom also bought Canada's Télécité, a passenger information and security solutions company, and sold its heavy-duty gas turbine business to General Electric.[9][10] The next year, it bought out ABB's share in ABB Alstom Power.[11]

In 2000, Alstom sold its diesel engine businesses (Ruston, Paxman, and Mirrlees Blackstone) to MAN Group.[12] It also acquired a 51% stake in Fiat Ferroviaria, the Italian rail manufacturer and world leader in tilting technology.[13] In April 2003, Alstom sold its industrial turbine business to Siemens for €1.1 billion.[14]

By 2003, Alstom was facing a financial crisis due to poor sales and over $5 billion of debt liabilities, with the potential to force the liquidation of the company. The crisis was in part due to $4 billion in costs from a design flaw in the turbines from the 2000 ABB Group acquisition, and from the collapse of customer Renaissance Cruises, and a downturn in the marine market. Alstom's share price had dropped 90% over two years.[15][16] European competition commission law required Alstom to sell several of its subsidiaries, including its shipbuilding and electrical transmission assets, when it accepted a €3.2 billion rescue plan involving the French state.[17]

In 2004, the French state took a 21% stake in Alstom and the company received an EU-approved French government bailout worth €2.5 billion.[18] The company sold its electrical transmission and distribution ("grid") activities to Areva, the diesel locomotive manufacturer Meinfesa to Vossloh AG, and Alstom Power Rentals to APR LLC. Alstom also delivered the Queen Mary 2, the world's largest ocean liner, to Cunard during 2004.

In 2006, Alstom sold its Marine Division to the Norwegian group Aker Yards, with a commitment to retain 25% of the shares until 2010. It also sold Alstom Power Conversion, which became Converteam, in a leveraged buy-out deal funded by Barclays Private Equity France SAS.[19] In June, Bouygues group acquired the French government's 21% holding for €2 billion.[20] Later in the year, Bouygues increased its shareholding to 24%.

In 2007, TGV Est set the world speed record for rail vehicles of 574.8 kilometres per hour (357.2 mph). In March, Alstom acquired Power Systems Manufacturing LLC (Florida, USA) a manufacturer of gas turbine components from Calpine Corporation for $242 million.[21][22] In June, Alstom acquired the Spanish wind turbine manufacturer Ecotècnia, renamed as Alstom Ecotècnia (since 2010 Alstom Wind). The company also adopted a new graphic chart (logo, corporate identity) using "alstom" as its trading name, reserving "Alstom SA" for legal documents.

In 2009, Alstom acquired 25% of Russia's Transmashholding.[23] In 2010, Alstom re-acquired the electric power transmission division of Areva SA, which had previously been sold in 2004;[24][25] the re-acquisition became a new operating division named "Alstom Grid".[26] The company also opened a wind turbine assembly facility in Amarillo, Texas;[27] a turbine manufacturing facility in Chattanooga, Tennessee;[28] and a new hydropower manufacturing facility in China.[29] Investments underlined Alstom's clean power strategy, focused on providing a wide range of power generation capabilities, highly efficient technology and carbon capture and storage technology, led by (then) Alstom Power President, Philippe Joubert.[30] In 2011, Alstom and the Iraqi government signed a memorandum of understanding regarding the construction of a new high-speed rail line between Baghdad and Basra.[31]

In 2012, Alstom opened construction of factories at Sorel-Tracy, Quebec, Canada (passenger rail vehicles).[32][33] After a consortium of Alstom (Alstom Wind), EDF, and Dong Energy was awarded three major French offshore wind farm contracts, the company initiated construction of factories at Cherbourg (turbine blades in association with LM Power, also wind turbine towers) and Saint-Nazaire (Nacelles and generators).[34] Also in 2012 the company forms a joint venture with RusHydro to manufacture hydropower equipment for small and medium power hydropower plants. (up to ~100MW.)[35]

In November 2013, Alstom announced it planned to raise €1 to €2 billion through sale of some non-core assets, plus the possible sale of a stake in Alstom Transport, and cut 1300 jobs.[36][37] In 2014, Alstom sold its steam auxiliary components activities (air preheaters and gas-gas heaters for thermal power, other industrial heat transfer equipment, and grinding mills) to Triton Partners for €730 million.[38]

In November 2014, Alstom was awarded a $429.4 million contract to modernise 85 trains for the Mexico City metro system.[39]

Acquisition by General Electric

On 24 April 2014, Bloomberg L.P. reported that General Electric (GE) was in talks to acquire Alstom for $13 billion, and claimed the deal had the support of 29%-shareholder Bouygues; as a result, the company's share price rose 18% in one day. Neither GE nor Alstom confirmed the report.[40] On 27 April, Le Figaro reported that an alternative offer of a cash plus asset swap had been made by Siemens.[41] The bid was reported to involve Siemens acquiring Alstom's power business in exchange for part of its rail transport arm, plus a cash offer as good as GE's and various job guarantees.[42][43] The Siemens deal was reported as being promoted by French economic minister Arnaud Montebourg. However, the Siemens' and Alstom's companies' product overlap was greater, representing a greater jobs risk, and had potential issues with European competition regulators.[42][44] Siemens' initial offer was characterised as "defensive" and was met with skepticism from investors and analysts.[45][46]

On 29 April, Reuters reported that the board of Alstom had accepted a €10 billion bid from GE for its energy operations;[45] a letter from GE executive Jeffrey R. Immelt to President François Hollande published in Les Echos Immelt gave assurances about continued investment in Alstom's French activities, on security relating to Alstom's involvement in the French civil nuclear sector, and on job commitments made by Alstom Wind regarding its new factories, whilst making Alstom's wind activities available for sale to French investors.[47] On 30 April, Alstom confirmed an offer had been received for its power and grid divisions (representing an equity value of €12.35 billion, €11.4 billion enterprise value) and was under review with key interests including the French state.[48] On 30 April, GE confirmed an offer had been made, with a value of $16.9 billion, representing a $13.5 billion enterprise value plus $3.4 billion cash.[49] On 5 May, General Electric posted an offer to buy one fourth of the shares in Alstom's Indian power and distribution companies – Alstom T&D India and Alstom India – at 261.25 and 382.20 rupees a share (value US$278 million and $111 million respectively) subject to its bid for Alstom SA being successful.[50]

On 5 May 2014, the French government stated it did not back GE's bid, citing concerns on the potential future of Alstom's rail transport business as a smaller separate entity, suggesting that GE transfer its own rail division to Alstom; other concerns were retaining national technological independence in the civil nuclear field, and French jobs.[51] On 14 May, France issued a decree (Décret n° 2014-479 du 14 mai 2014.[note 1]), nicknamed "décret Alstom", extending to power of the state to veto the takeover of "strategic interests" into areas of energy supply, water, transport, telecoms and public health.[56][57][58] Both the French employer organisation MEDEF (through its president Pierre Gattaz (wiki:fr)) and the European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services (Michel Barnier) responded negatively to the decree.[56][57]

On 16 June, Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) submitted a competing proposal in which Siemens would acquire Alstom's gas turbine activities for €3.9 billion and MHI would form joint ventures with Alstom, acquiring 40, 20 and 20% stakes in Alstom's steam and nuclear, electrical grid, and hydroelectric businesses respectively, for €3.1 billion. The proposal included an additional offer to acquire a further 10% stake from shareholder Bouygues and the option to form a joint venture in rail transport.[59][60] On 19 June, GE revised its bid, valuing the assets at the same price, but with a lower cash transaction value. The revised bid proposed to form a 50:50 joint venture combining GE's and Alstom's renewable and electric grid business, and a 50:50 joint venture in Alstom's steam turbine and nuclear power business. GE also announced a memorandum of understanding between the two firms in the rail transport sector, where GE would sell its rail signalling business to Alstom.[61][62] On 20 June, Siemens and MHI modified their offer, with MHI increasing its stake in Alstom's steam, hydro, and grid businesses to 40% in all three (total €3.9 billion), and with Siemens increasing its offer by €400 million to €4.3 billion.[63] Subsequently, Economy minister Arnaud Montebourg stated he would block both bids, but stated the French government was now backing the GE offer, and had given GE additional specifications regarding commitments and guarantees. It also announced it intended to take two thirds of Bouygues' shareholding (20%).[64] The Alstom board met the next day and backed GE's revised bid.[65][66] On 22 June, the French state agreed terms with Bouygues, enabling the purchase of part of their shareholding in Alstom, taking a 20% stake in Alstom from Bouygues before payment, with an agreement to buy the shares at a 2–5% discount on a value of a minimum of ≈€35 per share.[note 2][67][68][69] Analysts commented Bouygues would be under pressure to make a deal with the state in order to gain positive political capital due to regulation issues the company was facing in the French telecoms sector.[70]

Initially the acquisition deal was expected to be finalised by early 2015.[67] In early 2015 the EU Competition Commission began an examination process of the deal.[71] Both European Union and United States competition regulators approved the deal by September 2015, subject to the divestiture of Alstom's large and very large gas turbine (GT26 and GT36 models) manufacturing and service business; and its GE7FA gas turbine aftermarket parts subsidiary business, Power Systems Mfg. LLC (PSM), to another company, named as Ansaldo of Italy, (see Ansaldo Energia).[72][73][74][75]

The sale of the company's Energy division to GE was finalised 2 November 2015 - the final valuation being €12.4 billion, of which €9.7 billion was transferred to Alstom, the remainder being reinvested by Alstom in GE/Alstom joint ventures, plus other corrections. Following the acquisition the remainder of the Alstom group refocused entirely on Rail transport activities, and acquired GE Signalling. The acquired businesses were to be reorganised toegehter with GE's existing power generation business (GE Power & Water) as GE Power, headquartered in Schenectady, NY, USA.[76][77][78][79]

2014 Bribery charges and fines

In late 2014 Alstom was fined $772 million by the U.S. Justice Department, and admitted guilt (under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act) in relation to bribes paid to obtain contracts in various countries.[80][81]

In mid 2014 Alstom Network UK was charged by the UK Serious Fraud Office (SFO) in relation to corruption offences alleged to have been committed when obtaining transportation contracts in India, Poland and Tunisia, covered under sections 1 of the Prevention of Corruption Act 1906 and Criminal Law Act 1977.[82] Further charges were brought in late 2014 by the SFO in relation to corrupt practices used to obtain energy contracts in Lithuania.[83] Additional charges relating to contracts for the Budapest Metro in Hungary were added in April 2015.[84]

November 2015 - present

In November 2015 Alstom was awarded a contract from the to construct an electric locomotive factory in Madhepura (Bihar), with an initial order of 800 twin section 9MW locomotives for use on the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor, value Rs 190 billion (~2.9 billion USD). The factory was to be a joint venture with the Ministry of Railways (26%) at a cost of Rs 13 billion.[85] (~ 200million USD)

By late 2015 Alstom had increased its shareholding in Transmashholding by 8% from 25 to 33% for €54 million.[86]

Company structure, products, and services

Up to November 2015 Alstom operated in three main business areas: Power generation, rail transport, and transmission.[87] Following the sale of the company's power and transmission business to GE the remainder of the business was entirely focused on rail transport.[76]

Transport

Alstom Transport develops and markets a complete range of systems, equipment and service in the railway industry.[88] The division has annual sales of €5.5 billion as of 2013.[89] It is one of the world's largest manufacturers of high-speed trains, tramways and metros, electrical and diesel trains, information systems, traction systems, power supply systems and track work.[88] The company also operates in the rail infrastructure market, designing, producing and installing infrastructure for the rail network. These includes information solutions, electrification, communication systems, track laying, station utilities, as well as workshops and depots. Maintenance, rebuilding, and renovation services are also provided by the company. Alstom Transport operates in 70 countries and employs 26,000 people.[90]

Notable products includes series production of the TGV high-speed trains with over 650 trainsets sold over 25 years, as well as the AGV (Automotrice Grande Vitesse) unveiled in February 2008 and which entered service with NTV in Italy in 2012.[91] Since a merger with General Railway Signal in 1998, Alstom has been manufacturing railway signaling equipment at a former GRS factory located in a suburb near Rochester, New York.

Since 2002, Alstom has manufactured the Pendolino tilting train, following the acquisition of Fiat Ferroviaria.

The company also produces Citadis trams; as of 2007, over 1100 Citadis trams are in use by 28 cities including Dublin, Algiers, Barcelona, Melbourne and Paris.[92]

The company between 2007-2010 produced 1,002 R160A New York City subway cars at its manufacturing plant in Hornell, New York, while the body shells were built at their Lapa plant, in São Paulo, Brazil.

Alstom has delivered 3 new metro trainsets to Baku Metro, in accordance with a contract signed in 2014. National railway ADDY has placed a €300m order for 50 Alstom KZ8A twin-section 25 kV AC electric freight locomotives. Also Sep 7, 2015 - Alstom has begun developing the components for AZ8A freight electric locomotives, intended for supply to Azerbaijan.

On 21 September 2015, it was announced in Hornell, NY by Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) that Amtrak will be awarding Alstom a contract for $2.5 billion for the next generation high-speed train sets for the Northeast Corridor. This would result in the creation of 750 jobs across upstate New York with 400 direct manufacturing jobs at Alstom.[93][94] However, Amtrak has neither confirmed nor denied the report.

Former businesses

Power generation

Alstom power activities, collectively called Alstom Power Systems, include the design, manufacturing, services and supply of products and systems for the power generation sector and industrial markets. The group covers most energy sources, including gas, coal, nuclear, hydro, wind. Power Systems provides components for power generation including: boilers, steam turbines and gas turbines, wind turbines, generators, air quality control systems and monitoring and control systems for power plants, as well as related products. It has a special focus on boilers and emissions control equipment.[88]

Power Systems also provides services such as product retrofitting for nuclear and fossil steam turbines and refurbishment of existing power plants. It performs maintenance and servicing under long-term agreements for its own turbines, as well as those manufactured by GE and Siemens. In Russia, the company services nuclear equipment under a join agreement with Atomenergomash. In Brazil, Alstom, together with Bardella, run a joint venture called Indústria Metalúrgica e Mecânica da Amazônia to build hydroelectic power plants throughout the Amazon and Latin American regions. In India, Alstom has a joint venture with Bharat Forge to manage power production from start to finish.[88]

Alstom Grid

A third business section based on power transmission was formed on 7 June 2010 with the acquisition of the transmission business of Areva SA.[95] The division manufactures equipment for the entire chain of electrical power transmission, including ultra-high voltage transmission lines (both AC and DC). Alstom Grid is headquartered at La Défense, the business district west of Paris, and has four main businesses: electrical transmission system products, power electric system, automation, and service.[96] Alstom Grid has roughly 10% of the global market share.[97]

Financial information

Alstom was listed on the London, New York and Paris Stock Exchanges when it was floated on 22 June 1998.[98] Following the financial reconstruction in 2003, the company remained listed on the Paris Stock Exchange, but was delisted from the London Stock Exchange on 17 November 2003 and the New York Stock Exchange in August 2004.[99][100]

Shareholders

According to a shareholding study carried out in May 2015 to monitor the development of its capital structure, Alstom has approximately 200,000 shareholders. In total, they have the following mixture :[101]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The decree was an amendment to the Code monétaire et financier (French), extending powers given by Decree No. 2005-1739 (30 December 2005);[52] the Décret n° 2014-479 du 14 mai 2014 relatif aux investissements étrangers.[53] was nicknamed the "décret Alstom", or the "décret Montebourg".[54] Arnaud Montebourg was quoted as stating the decree protected France's strategic interests, and was the end of laissez-faire economic policy.[55]
  2. ↑ The 20% shareholding gave the state two seats on the board. The share purchase deal was for 20 months, after which the state was entitled to a 15% share at a similar markdown on the actual market price.[67]

References

  1. ↑ Alstom – Power technologies and transport development locations, Alstom, retrieved 17 May 2014
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Consolidated financial statements Year ended 31 March 2011" (PDF). Alstom. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011.
  3. ↑ Sources:
  4. 1 2 International Directory of Company Histories (1994)
  5. ↑ "SASIB ANNOUNCES 1999 RESULTS", www.cirgroup.com, 6 March 2000
  6. ↑ "GEC Alsthom buys SASIB signaling units", Railway Age 199 (2), February 1998: 21
  7. ↑ "Alstom Signalling History", www.alstomsignalingsolutions.com, archived from the original on 9 January 2013
  8. ↑ A Centennial - History of ALSTOM Signaling Inc. (Formerly General Railway Signal Company) 1904-2004 (PDF), Alstom Signalling Inc., June 2004
  9. ↑ "ALSTOM sells its heavy duty gas turbine business to General Electric", www.alstom.com (press release), 23 March 1999
  10. ↑ "ALSTOM completes sale of its heavy duty gas turbine business to General Electric", www.alstom.com (press release), 25 June 1999
  11. ↑ "ABB to Sell Stake in ABB Alstom Power". tdworld.com. Transmission & Distribution World. 1 May 2000.
  12. ↑ "Man acquires ALSTOM's diesel engine operations", www.alstom.com (Press release), 21 February 2000
  13. ↑ "Article: Alstom Takes Over Fiat Ferroviaria". www.highbeam.com. International Railway Journal Article. 1 July 2000.
  14. ↑ "Siemens buys Alstom industrial turbines business for €1.1bn", www.power-eng.com, 28 April 2003
  15. ↑ "Can Alstom Get Back on Track? It's a financial wreck, and the rescue plan may not work". www.businessweek.com. Bloomberg. 21 July 2003.
  16. ↑ "French capitalism. Bull again France's state-backed rescue of Alstom is all too familiar". The Economist. 7 August 2003.
  17. ↑ Braud, Maurice (22 October 2010), "Alstom rescue plan agreed", www.eurofound.europa.eu (Eurofound)
  18. ↑ "EU gives Alstom bailout backing". BBC News. 7 July 2004.
  19. ↑ "Converteam Annual Report 2006". www.converteam.com. Converteam. 5 May 2007. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.
  20. ↑ Gow, David (28 April 2006), "Bouygues buys Alstom stake", The Guardian (London)
  21. ↑ Alstom to acquire USA gas turbine service provider (press release), March 2007
  22. ↑ Annual Report 2006/7 (PDF), Alstom, p. 8
  23. ↑ "Alstom and the Russian rail manufacturer Transmashholding sign a strategic partnership agreement". eng.tmholding.ru. 31 March 2009.
  24. ↑ "Alstom Acquires Areva Division for 2.3 Billion Euros (Update3)". www.businessweek.com. Bloomberg. 8 June 2010.
  25. ↑ "Alstom wants to buy former unit from Areva". www.reuters.com (Reuters). 9 March 2009.
  26. ↑ "Alstom creates a third Sector, Alstom Grid, with the acquisition of the transmission business of Areva". www.alstom.com (Press release). Alstom. 8 June 2010.
  27. ↑ "Alstom Outlines Plans for North American Wind Turbine Assembly Facility". 25 May 2010.
  28. ↑ "Alstom opens in Chattanooga, USA, a state-of-the-art turbine manufacturing facility to address the North American power generation market". 24 June 2010.
  29. ↑ "Alstom inaugurates new hydropower manufacturing facility in China; New carbon-neutral factory will reinforce Alstom's leading position in the Chinese hydro market". 4 November 2010.
  30. ↑ "Alstom powers up to fight climate change". 10 March 2010.
  31. ↑ "Iraq: France's Alstom signs high-speed rail line deal". BBC News Online. 24 June 2011. Archived from the original on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  32. ↑ Rochon, Sylvain (20 May 2012), "Il réalise son engagement électoral le plus audacieux" Un jour pas si lointain, des bogies construits à Sorel-Tracy équiperont des rames de métro partout au Canada et aux Etats-Unis " – Sylvain Simard", www.soreltracyregion.net
  33. ↑ "New Alstom manufacturing plant in Canada", www.alstom.com, 18 May 2012
  34. ↑ Sources:
  35. ↑ "Alstom and RusHydro start work on new manufacturing plant", www.waterpowermagazine.com, 15 May 2012
  36. ↑ Stothard, Michael (6 November 2013), "Alstom to cut 1,300 jobs and sell assets", www.ft.com
  37. ↑ Landauro, Init (6 November 2013), "Alstom to Sell Stake in Bullet-Train Unit – French Conglomerate Targets $1.35 Billion to $2.7 Billion in Asset sales", online.wsj.com
  38. ↑ Alstom sells its steam auxiliary components activities to Triton for around €730  million (Press release), Alstom, 4 April 2014
  39. ↑ Mexico City awards $430 million train contract to Alstom. Reuters, 17 November 2014
  40. ↑ Kirchfeld, Aaron; Campbell, Matthew; McCracken, Jeffrey (24 April 2014), General Electric Said in Talks to Buy France’s Alstom, Bloomberg
  41. ↑ Letessier, Ivan (27 April 2014), "Alstom : le gouvernement travaille à un projet franco-allemand avec Siemens", www.lefigaro.fr
  42. 1 2 Kirchfeld, Aaron; de Beaupuy, Francois; Webb, Alex (27 April 2014), "Siemens Said to Offer Alstom Asset Swap to Beat GE Bid", www.bloomberg.com
  43. ↑ Campbell, Matthew; Fouquet, Helene; de Beaupuy, Francois (28 April 2014), "GE’s Alstom Bid Gains Steam as Hollande Said Not Opposed", www.bloomberg.com
  44. ↑ Meichtry, Stacy; Gauthier-Villars, David (27 April 2014), "Siemens's New Alstom Bid Disrupts GE Deal", online.wsj.com
  45. 1 2 Protard, Matthieu; Sheahan, Maria (29 April 2014). "Alstom accepts 10 billion euro GE bid for its energy unit". www.reuters.com.
  46. ↑ Gordon, Sarah (4 June 2014). "Siemens rides to Alstom’s rescue on a horse gone lame". www.ft.com.
  47. ↑ Le Billon, Veronique (29 April 2014). "Alstom : ce que promet General Electric à Hollande". www.lesechos.fr (in French).
  48. ↑ Alstom is considering the proposed acquisition of its Energy activities by GE and the creation of a strong standalone market leader in the rail industry (Press release), Alstom, 30 April 2014
  49. ↑ GE offers $13.5 billion enterprise value to acquire Alstom Thermal, Renewables, and Grid businesses (Press release), GE, 30 April 2014
  50. ↑ Tripathy, Devidutta (5 May 2014), "GE makes $389 mln share tender offer for Alstom's India units", www.reuters.com
  51. ↑ Jolly, David (5 May 2014), "France Says It Opposes G.E.’s Bid for Alstom Unit", dealbook.nytimes.com
  52. ↑ "Décret n°2005-1739 du 30 décembre 2005 réglementant les relations financières avec l'étranger et portant application de l'article L. 151-3 du code monétaire et financier", www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French), 31 December 2005
  53. ↑ "Décret n° 2014-479 du 14 mai 2014 relatif aux investissements étrangers soumis à autorisation préalable", www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French), 16 May 2014
  54. ↑ "Au fait, c'est quoi ce décret sur les " investissements stratégiques " ?", www.lemonde.fr (in French), 16 May 2014
  55. ↑ d'Allonnes, David Revault; Pietralunga, Cedric (15 May 2014), "Montebourg : " Le décret sur les entreprises, c'est la fin du laisser-faire "", www.lemonde.fr (in French), Le choix que nous avons fait, avec le premier ministre, est un choix de patriotisme économique. Ces mesures de protection des intérêts stratégiques de la France sont une reconquête de notre puissance. C'est la fin du laisser-faire
  56. 1 2 "Décret Alstom : une "mauvaise idée" pour Gattaz, la Commission européenne attentive", www.boursier.com (in French), 15 May 2014
  57. 1 2 "France grabs for power over Alstom future with new takeover law (update 5)", www.reuters.com, 15 May 2014
  58. ↑ de Beaupuy, Francois; Fouquet, Helene; Deen, Mark (15 May 2014), "France Fortifies Anti-Takeover Law as GE, Siemens Eye Alstom", www.bloomberg.com
  59. ↑ Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Siemens provide a compelling proposal for Alstom (PDF) (Press release), Mitsubishi Heavy Industries / Siemens, 16 June 2014
  60. ↑ "Siemens and Mitsubishi launch Alstom gas bid", BBC News, 16 June 2014
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