Alexander Poskrebyshev

Alexander Poskrebyshev
Александр Поскрёбышев

Alexander Poskrebyshev and two daughters, Natasha (right) and Galya (left), 1940.
Head of the Special Section of the Central Committee
In office
22 July 1930 – 15 August 1952
Preceded by Ivan Tovstukha
Succeeded by Dmitri Sukhanov
Personal details
Born 7 August 1891
Uspenskoye, Russian Empire
Died 3 January 1965
Moscow, Soviet Union
Nationality Russian
Political party Communist Party of the Soviet Union (until 1956)
Spouse(s) Stankevich Jadwiga Ippolitovna (1919-1929)
Metallikova-Poskrebysheva Bronislava Solomonovna (1934-1941)
Children Galina Egorova-Poskryobysheva (1932-2005), Natalia Po (1938-2006), Elena Poskrebysheva (1942)
Military service
Allegiance Red Army
Rank Major-General

Alexander Nikolaevich Poskrebyshev (Russian: Александр Николаевич Поскрёбышев; 7 August 1891 – 3 January 1965) was a Soviet politician and a state and Communist Party functionary. A member of the Communist Party since March 1917, he was chief of the special department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (personal chancellery of Stalin, 1928–1953).[1][2][3][4]

Early life

Poskrebyshev was born on 7 August 1891, in the village of Uspenskoe near the city of Vyatka in the Russian Empire, the son of a shoemaker.[5] His mother was Nadezhda Efimovna. He had one brother, Ivan, and two sisters, Olga and Alexandra.[1] He studied to become a medical assistant,[6] graduating in 1918.

Political career

Poskrebyshev was involved at an early stage in the activities of the Communist Party. He was elected secretary of the local division of the Bolshevik party (1917–1918) soon after joining the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) (RSDLP(b), March 1917). He was a member of the political committee of the Special Turkestan Army (1918–1919), chairman of the regional Military Revolutionary Committee and regional Council of Workers and Peasants Deputies (Zlatoust, 1919–1921) and worked for the Bolshevik party in Ufa (1921–1922).[1][5][7] He moved to Moscow in 1922 within the Central Committee of the CPSU and by 1923 he had become Director of the Administrative Bureau of the Committee.[1][7]

From 1924 on he worked with Stalin,[1][7] when he was assigned to the Kremlin.[8] He became an administrator in the Secret Section of the Central Committee shortly thereafter, which would later become the Special Section. Between 1924 and 1929 he was a Manager of the office of General Secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).[9][10]

In 1927 Poskrebyshev graduated in Law and Economics from the Department of Administration and Law of Moscow State University.[1][7]

May 1929, Poskrebyshev became a Deputy of Ivan Tovstukha - Chief of Secret Section of Central Committee of CPSU. On July 22, 1930 Poskrebyshev was promoted to the Chief of Secret Section of Central Committee of CPSU. In 1934 Secret Section was reorganized to Special Section of Central Committee of CPSU, and on March 10, 1934 Poskrebyshev became the Chief of Special Section of Central Committee of CPSU.

In 1934, Poskrebyshev was elected a candidate member of the Central Committee at the 17th Congress of the CPSU. At the next two Congresses, he was made a full member.

In 1935 Poskrebyshev became the Director of Administration of the General Secretary of Central Committee of CPSU, by replacing Ivan Tovstukha who died of tuberculosis.[11]

On the basis of Stalin's short thesis, A. N. Poskrebyshev wrote texts called "the Constitution of Soviet Union" (1936) and "Short course of CPSU history" (1938).[12]

Since 1938 he was elected as a delegate to the first, and later of the second (1946) and third (1952) Supreme Soviet of the USSR.[5]

He stayed in Moscow, working with Stalin, during the Second World War. Poskrebyshev was also involved in planning of military operations.[12] He prepared documents for the Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam conferences, and participated in the work of the last two.[1][7]

According to his daughter Natalia:[1]

«Poskrebyshev worked almost 24 hours a day during the Second World War. He came home at 5 am and returned to work at 10 am. People who knew Poskrebyshev called him the living encyclopedia. He always had the answer to anything.»

After Second World War Poskrebyshev actively participated in the rebuilding of the economy of the Soviet Union.[12]

The apex of Poskrebyshev's political career came in 1952, when he was appointed Secretary of the Presidium of the Central Committee, thereby gaining a seat in the Politburo. At the 19th Party Congress that year, Poskrebyshev was a keynote speaker, and he headed the Secretariat of the Congress.[13] However, a few months later Lavrentiy Beria accused Poskrebyshev of losing secret documents, and he was removed from the position by Stalin. Although these documents were later found, Poskrebyshev was not reinstated in this position due to Stalin's death.[1]

He was briefly reinstated after the death of Stalin, but his removal from this position at the end of 1952 essentially marked the end of Poskrebyshev's political career.[1][5][7]

Special Section

Poskrebyshev's most notable office was that of Chief of the Secret/Special Section of the Central Committee, to which he was promoted in 1930. The scope of work of the Secret/Special Section of Central Committee of Communist Party was the coordination of the work of Political Bureau (Presidium, Politburo) of Central Committee, Secretariat of Central Committee, Organizational Bureau of Central Committee and Encryption Bureau.[11]

The staff of the Secret/Special Section included Chief of Special Section, Deputy Chief of Special Section and Office manager, Deputies of members of Secretariat of Central Committee with their office administrations, Office Administrations of Political Bureau (Presidium, Politburo) of Central Committee, of Orgburo, Encryption Bureau, Archive, Registration Office. The number of staff members of Secret/Special Section grew during the time and exceeded 100 persons.

The primary work of the Secret/Special Section was management of Communist Party and Soviet Union documents including top secret documents, preparation of documents for Politburo, Secretariat of Central Committee, Orgburo, preparation of resolutions of these Communist Party Units and implementation of these resolutions. For this reason the staff members of Secret/Special Section could be suspected of conspiracy. The job duties and job functions of staff members of Secret/Special Section were also secret even from relations.[11] The leaking of any information related to job duties and/or secret documents was the reason for punishment of staff member of Secret/Special Section without civil trial.

The duties of Secret/Special Section also included the control of conditions for storing of secret documents and their use, investigation of violation management, using and storing of secret documents; in collaboration with GPU and NKVD carrying out investigation of leaking secret information, developing instruction for handling of secret documents, encryption, archiving and others duties related to handling of secret information.[11]

In 1933 the Special Section of Central Committee was assigned to work under directions of Stalin, or Kaganovich when Stalin was not available.

From 1935 Poskrebyshev also acted as the Director of Administration of the General Secretary, succeeding Ivan Tovstukha on his death.[9][14][15] In this position, all of Stalin's documents passed through his hands.[16] This was a position of considerable trust and importance. Nicolaevsky believes that Poskrebyshev was given a rubber stamp with which he could affix Stalin's signature to documents.[17]

The Special Section received information from the NKVD and supervised a pyramid of district Special Sections which reported Party information. It was fundamentally responsible for secret communications and security issues within the Party, and was therefore a position of considerable importance.[15]

The importance of Poskrebyshev increased during and following the Second World War,[13] wherein he served an important role as Stalin's organizer and as a point of contact for generals such as Georgy Zhukov.[18]

Purges

Direct evidence of involvement of Poskrebyshev in the Great Purge does not exist. The basis for speculation by Western historians/analysts and Khrushchev,[16] that Poskrebyshev played a fundamental role in the Great Purge of 1936–1938 is not clear. According to investigations of the group "Memorial" the lists of convicted were not managed by Special Sector of Central Committee.[19] Тhе "Memorial" Group says that Nikolai Yezhov personally visitеd all members of the Politburo to get their endorsement of the lists of convicted.

Nikolaevsky suggested that Poskrebyshev had been responsible for "liaison with Stalin and supervising the removal of top figures whom Stalin, for one reason or another, did not want openly arrested", and for "surveillance of the Party Secretariat";[17] It is not clear what document or reference has been used as source of this allegation, and who Stalin removed using Poskrebyshev and Special Sector of Central Committee. The prosecution of individuals was outside of scope of work duties of Special Sector of Central Committee, unless these persons were members of Special Sector. Even in the latter case, the number of members of Special Sector was limited and the fate of most of them was not known due to secrecy.

These speculations are also in contradiction with history of his second wife and her relations, as well as the evidence of his daughter Natalia.[1][7] Her mother Bronislava Poskrebysheva was arrested in 1939.[20] At this time Poskrebyshev, much like other prominent members of the Communist Party (for example, Vyacheslav Molotov and Mikhail Kalinin) was not able to help his wife. She was accused by Lavrenty Beria of counter-revolutionary liaisons with Leon Trotsky, and was executed in 1941. Such cases are unlikely to have arisen in the case of individuals who were playing a leading role in the conduct of the purges. In contrast, the leading role of Beria in the purges is more evident. Arrest of Poskrebyshev's wife might have allowed him to remove Poskrebyshev from Stalin's inner circle and replace him with an individual controlled by Beria. In this scenario the next step would have been total control of Stalin by Beria.

Poskrebyshev was not an ally of Nikolai Yezhov but some collaborative government business was to be expected due to the membership of Nikolai Yezhov in the Secretariat of the Central Committee.[21] Probably he had garnered the animosity of Beria by spearheading corruption investigations in the Georgian apparatus of the NKVD—then controlled by Beria—in 1938.[22]

The involvement of Poskrebyshev in the prosecution of Party officials was assumed by Parrish based on case of M.P. Mager. "On June 6, 1941, Poskrebyshev wrote a report to the Central Committee indicting M. P. Mager, the Chief of Staff of the Leningrad Military District, who had already been arrested once in 1938."[23] However, the role of Poskrebyshev in this case is not clear. According to records of commission of Presidium of Central Committee of Communist Party[24] Mager was arrested under resolution of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, affirmed by Semyon Timoshenko (March 1941). He was accused of military conspiracy against the Soviet Union. On May 15, 1941 he wrote a letter to Stalin with a statement of his innocence. On June 6, 1941 the letter was directed to the attention of Poskrebyshev and most probably delivered to Stalin. However, in spite of this, on July 20, 1941, the Supreme Military Court of USSR did make a decision regarding the Mager case - the death sentence (he was rehabilitated in 1955).

Noticeably, Alexander N. Poskrebyshev did help many artists and scientists of USSR to avoid being purged or executed.[7]

Eradication of cosmopolitanism

The participation of Poskrebyshev in the presidium of Court of Honor during 1947 and 1948 mentioned by Parrish[25] is not supported by other sources. The origin of the claim by Parrish is also not clear. The author does not provide any reference to official documents or referees.

In contrast, the participation of Poskrebyshev in the work of presidium of the first "Philosophic Discussion" (January, 1947) related to publication of book "History of western philosophy" written by Soviet philosopher Georgi Fedorovich Aleksandrov (called best Soviet philosopher by «Washington Post» August 20, 1948) is known fact.[26] The neutral conclusions of first "Philosophic Discussion" had been criticized by Andrei Zhdanov few months before (April, 1947),[26] soon after publication of resolution of Council of Ministers of USSR and Central Committee of VKP(b) "Concerning courts of honor at Ministries of USSR and States Departments" (March 28, 1947)[27] introduced Court of Honor in USSR. Andrei Zhdanov unsatisfied by conclusions of first "Philosophic Discussion" did organized second "Philosophic Discussion" (June 16–25, 1947) with the participation of Suslov and Kuznetsov[26][28] The name of Poskrebyshev in the presidium of second "Philosophic Discussion" is not mentioned. The conclusions of the second "Philosophic Discussion" was more radical. Georgi Fedorovich Alexandrov as Director of Bureau of Propaganda and Agitation of Central Committee of Communist Party was replaced by Suslov. Comparison of theses facts characterizes Poskrebyshev A.N as an emotionally balanced statesmen, who was not inclined to radicalism.

The name of Poskrebyshev is also mentioned in connection with works of Soviet scientists N.G. Klueva and G.I. Roskin,[29] who were known as participants of one of the first cases of Court of Honor in USSR (June 1947). In April 1946 Poskrebyshev successfully focused the attention of Stalin on technical problems in scientific research of an anti-cancer drug mentioned by Klueva and Roskin. As a result of Stalin's attention to this case, on April 22, 1946 a special laboratory for studying anti-cancer drugs was created, and it ordered new equipment though the Council of Ministers of the USSR.[29]

Initially, the letter regarding the needs of Klueva and Roskin for scientific research was sent to Andrei Zhdanov and considered by the Secretariat of Central Committee of Communist Party. Most probably, the reason for sending the letter by Klueva and Roskin to the Central Committee was their desire to overcome the bureaucracy of the Ministry of Health of the USSR. The official letter with its final resolution ("to do all what is need and report results to Central Committee") was sent to the Minister of Health, G.A. Miterev (April 3, 1946). However, for an unknown reason a similar letter was sent later to the attention of Poskrebyshev.

Military service

Poskrebyshev's work in the military consisted entirely of political work. He began as a political commissar in Turkestan, and served in the political department of the district Revolutionary Military Committee between 1918 and 1919. During the Second World War, Poskrebyshev attended most of the meetings of the Soviet High Command, and maintained liaison between Stalin and the Soviet Generals.[18] Poskrebyshev was promoted to the rank of Major-General in July 1946.

Personal life

He is said to have worked sixteen to eighteen hours a day, to be a phenomenal organizer, and to have followed Stalin wherever he went.[30][31] Nevertheless he married three times, and fathered three daughters.

Marriages

He was first married to a Polish revolutionary, Jadwiga, from 1919-1929; she later died of tuberculosis, in 1937. In 1934 he married Bronislava Poskrebysheva, with whom he was to father a daughter Natasha. She had a daughter Galya by a previous marriage. While his marriage to Bronislava Poskrebysheva was stable, she was arrested in 1939 and executed in 1941. Stalin ignored Poskrebyshev's second time pleas for her release.[32] This led to his third marriage (1942). In this marriage he fathered his third daughter, Elena.

Relationship with Stalin

Molotov, Stalin and Poskrebyshev at the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party

He enjoyed a very close relationship with Stalin—according to Harford Montgomery Hyde, "if Stalin ever trusted anyone, it was Poskrebyshev",[33] According to the evidence of Natalia Poskrebysheva (daughter) the relations between Stalin and her father were friendly outside of work. In work they were respectful and collaborative.[1][7]

The reported speculation of unknown eyewitnesses[34] concerning routine humiliation of Poskrebyshev by Stalin must be considered as simple gossip[7] probably introduced by Khruschev to manipulate political opinion. Because of this perceived submissiveness, Poskrebyshev became the butt of a series of jokes among Party officials.[20]

As part of his job as private secretary, Poskrebyshev took down Stalin's dictation[16] and organized his diary. He was also the first port of call for anyone wishing to see the Soviet leader. When Stalin was at his dachas in the Caucasus, the only visitors would be those specifically allowed by Poskrebyshev and Nikolai Vlasik, Stalin's chief bodyguard.[35]

Awards

Poskrebyshev was awarded the Order of Lenin in March 1939 for "many years of exemplary service".[36] He also contributed to the Constitution of USSR of 1936 and the History of CPSU of 1938. He received the Order of Lenin a second and third time in 1944 and 1945 for services rendered during the War.[33] The fourth Order of Lenin Poskrebyshev received, on August 6, 1951, was for his 60th birthday and in honor of his work for the Communist Party and Soviet Union.[9] As a four-time recipient of one of the highest awards by the Soviet Union,[1] Poskrebyshev's reputation as a confidant of Stalin was further reinforced.

Poskrebyshev also was awarded[1] the Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" and the Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945".

The speculations by Rappaport as to whether Poskrebyshev was awarded the Order of Lenin due to his services in the Great Purge[20] are not supported historically (see above "Great Purge").

Downfall, retirement and death

Stalin removed Poskrebyshev from his position in the Special Section and from his role as personal secretary in 1952, under pressure from Lavrenty Beria.[5][20] In 1953 he was removed from active political life and forcibly retired[5] after coming into connection with the Doctor's Plot—he had been a medical student and had also administered Stalin with medicine.[20] He was implicated as being part of a conspiracy with Viktor Abakumov.[37]

After the deaths of Stalin and Beria, Poskrebyshev was rehabilitated and given a post in the Presidium of the Central Committee,[5][20] but this was not to last. Following the 20th Congress in 1956, at which he was denounced in passing by Khrushchev,[5][38] Poskrebyshev retired permanently and lived out the remainder of his days in Moscow, dying there in 1965. He received an entry in the First and Second Great Soviet Encyclopedia, but was not included in the Third Edition.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Мой отец Александр Николаевич ПОСКРЕБЫШЕВ. 30 лет со Сталиным. Интервью с Поскрёбышевой Н.А.
  2. ↑ Rappaport, Helen (1999). Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. p. 209. ISBN 1-57607-084-0.
  3. ↑ Hochschild, Adam (2003). The Unquiet Ghost. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 108. ISBN 0-618-25747-0.
  4. ↑ Payne, Robert (1965). The rise and fall of Stalin. Simon and Schuster. p. 108.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Поскрёбышев Александр Николаевич (1891-1965). Могилы Знаменимостей (in Russian). 5 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
  6. ↑ Joint Publications Research Service report, 1989. p. 70.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Большие родители. 1 канал Российского телевидения, 2003. Интервью с Поскрёбышевой Н.А.
  8. ↑ Salisbury, Harrison E. (1967). The Soviet Union: the fifty years. Harcourt, Brace & World. p. 21.
  9. 1 2 3 Справочник по истории КПСС
  10. ↑ Birstein, Vadim (2004). The perversion of knowledge: The true story of Soviet science. Westview. p. 416. ISBN 0-8133-4280-5.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Российский Историко-Архивный Журнал - Вестник Архива
  12. 1 2 3 [Ермакова Людмила. интервью с Натальей Александровной Поскрёбышевой: Мой отец написал конституцию. Сталинскую, 2000, Москвичка, 3, стр 11]
  13. 1 2 Wieczynski, Joseph L. and Rhyne, Gerge N., eds. (1976). The modern encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet history. Academic International Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-87569-064-5.
  14. ↑ Товстуха Иван Павлович. cultinfo.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 9 July 2009.
  15. 1 2 Kershaw, Ian and Lewin, Moshe, eds. (1997). Stalinism and Nazism: dictatorships in comparison. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-521-56521-9.
  16. 1 2 3 Khrushchev, Sergei (2006). Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev. Penn State Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-271-02861-0.
  17. 1 2 Nicolaevsky, B (1953). "Stalin's Personal Secretariat". Open Society Archives. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
  18. 1 2 Salisbury, Harrison E., ed. (1969). Marshal Zhukov's greatest battles. Harper & Row. p. 131. ISBN 0-8154-1098-0.
  19. ↑ Memorial
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rappaport, p. 210.
  21. ↑ Parrish, Michael (1996). The lesser terror. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 5. ISBN 0-275-95113-8.
  22. ↑ Research Program on the USSR (1957). The Soviet Secret Police. Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. p. 56.
  23. ↑ Parrish, p. 39.
  24. ↑ records of commission of Presidium of Central Committee of Communist Party
  25. ↑ Parrish p. 215.
  26. 1 2 3 Дело академика Г.Ф.Александрова.Эпизоды 40-х годов.Г.С.Батыгин, Н.Ф.Девятко
  27. ↑ О Судах чести в министерствах СССР и центральных ведомствах
  28. ↑ Philosophic Discussion ru:Философская дискуссия 1947 года
  29. 1 2 Дедо КР
  30. ↑ Conquest, Robert (1991). Stalin, breaker of nations. Viking. p. 127. ISBN 0-670-84089-0.
  31. ↑ Payne, p. 531.
  32. ↑ Montefiore, Simon S. (2005). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Vintage Books. p. 318. ISBN 1-4000-7678-1.
  33. 1 2 Hyde, Harford M. (1971). Stalin: the history of a dictator. Hart-Davis. p. 241. ISBN 0-246-64053-7.
  34. ↑ Graham, James (1994). Vessels of rage, engines of power. Aculeus Press. pp. 188–189. ISBN 0-9630242-2-1.
  35. ↑ Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: a biography. Harvard University Press. p. 573. ISBN 0-674-01697-1.
  36. ↑ Payne, p. 530.
  37. ↑ Deriabin, Peter (1998). Inside Stalin's Kremlin. Brassey's. p. 79. ISBN 1-57488-174-4.
  38. ↑ "Speech to the 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U.". marxists.org. 24–25 February 1956. Retrieved 9 July 2009.

Notes

1.^ More accurately Romanized as Aleksandr Nikolayevich Poskryobishev.
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