Alexander's theorem

In mathematics Alexander's theorem states that every knot or link can be represented as a closed braid. The theorem is named after James Waddell Alexander II, who published its proof in 1923.

Braids were first considered as a tool of knot theory by Alexander. His theorem gives a positive answer to

is it always possible to transform a given knot into a closed braid?

However, the correspondence between knots and braids is clearly not one-to-one: a knot may have many braid representations. For example, conjugate braids yield equivalent knots. This leads to a second fundamental question:

which closed braids represent the same knot type?

That question is addressed in Markov's theorem, which gives ‘moves’ relating any two closed braids that represent the same knot.

References

• Alexander, James (1923). "A lemma on a system of knotted curves". Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 9: 93–95. 
• Sossinsky, A. B. (2002). Knots: Mathematics with a Twist. Harvard University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780674009448.