Alciphron

For the work by George Berkeley, see Alciphron (book).

Alciphron (Greek: Ἀλκίφρων) was an ancient Greek sophist, and the most eminent among the Greek epistolographers. Regarding his life or the age in which he lived we possess no direct information whatsoever.^[1]

Works

We possess under the name of Alciphron 116 fictional letters, in 3 books, the object of which is to delineate the characters of certain classes of men by introducing them as expressing their peculiar sentiments and opinions upon subjects with which they were familiar. The classes of persons which Alciphron chose for this purpose are fishermen, country people, parasites, and hetaerae or Athenian courtesans. All are made to express their sentiments in the most graceful and elegant language, even where the subjects are of a low or obscene kind. The characters are thus somewhat raised above their common standard, without any great violation of the truth of reality.

The form of these letters is exquisitely beautiful, and the language is the pure Attic dialect, such as it was spoken in the best times in familiar but refined conversation at Athens. The city from which the letters are dated is, with a few exceptions, Athens and its vicinity; and the time, wherever it is discernible, is the period after the reign of Alexander the Great. The new Attic comedy was the principal source from which the author derived his information respecting the characters and manners which he describes, and for this reason these letters contain much valuable information about the private life of the Athenians of that time.

It has been said that Alciphron was an imitator of Lucian; but besides the style, and, in a few instances, the subject matter, there is no resemblance between the two writers: the spirit in which the two treat their subjects is totally different. Both derived their materials from the same sources, and in style both aimed at the greatest perfection of the genuine Attic Greek. Classical scholar Stephan Bergler has remarked that Alciphron stands in the same relation to Menander as Lucian to Aristophanes.^[1]

Date

Some earlier critics placed him, without any plausible reason, in the 5th century BCE. The classical scholar Stephan Bergler, and others who followed him, placed Alciphron in the period between Lucian and Aristaenetus, that is, between 170 and 350 CE, while others again assign to him a date even earlier than the time of Lucian. The only circumstance that suggests anything respecting his age is the fact that among the letters of Aristaenetus there are two between Lucian and Alciphron;^[2] now as Aristaenetus is nowhere guilty of any great historical inaccuracy, we may safely infer that Alciphron was a contemporary of Lucian—an inference which is not incompatible with the opinion, whether true or false, that Alciphron imitated Lucian.^[1]

Editions

The first edition of Alciphron's letters is that of Italian printer Aldus Manutius, in his collection of the Greek Epistolographers, Venice, 1499, 4to. This edition, however, contains only those letters which, in more modern editions, form the first two books. Seventy-two new letters were added from a Vienna and a Vatican manuscript by Stephan Bergler, in his edition (Leipzig, 1715, 8vo.) with notes and a Latin translation. These seventy-two epistles form the third book in Bergler's edition. J. A. Wagner, in his edition (Leipzig, 1798, 2 vols, 8vo.), with the notes of Bergler), added two new letters entire, and fragments of five others. One long letter, which as of the 19th century had not been published entire in English, exists in several Paris manuscripts.^[1]

• Editio princeps, Aldus Manutius, (44 letters) (1499)
• Stephan Bergler (1715)
• English translation by Monro and Beloe (1791)
• E. E. Seiler (1856)
• Rudolf Hercher (1873)
• Athenian Society 1896
• Schepers (1905).
• Granholm (diss.; 2012)

References

Attribution

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Leonhard Schmitz (1870). "Alciphron". In Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alciphron". Encyclopædia Britannica 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links

• Works by or about Alciphron at Internet Archive
• Works by Alciphron at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• The Letters of Alciphron Alciphron, Literally and Completely Translated From the Greek, with Introduction and Notes, Athens: Privately Printed for the Athenian Society; 1896; pp. v-xvii.