Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen

al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
Part of the Yemeni Crisis (2011–present) and
the War on Terror
Date1998 (1998)[1] – 19 March 2015
(17 years)
LocationYemen
Result

Escalation into full-scale civil war with foreign intervention

  • In December 2014, ISIL establishes a presence in Yemen, bringing it into conflict against AQAP[2]
Territorial
changes		 al-Qaeda maintains partial territorial control in the Abyan, Al Bayda', Ma'rib, Shabwah, and Lahij Governorates
Belligerents

AQAP

Ansar al-Sharia (after 2011)

Supported by:

Al-Shabaab[3]

 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[2] (from 2014)

Yemeni government

Supported by:

Commanders and leaders
Nasir al-Wuhayshi †
Qasim al-Raymi
Said Ali al-Shihri †
Khalid Batarfi
Ibrahim al-Asiri
Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi †
Anwar al-Awlaki †
Othman al-Ghamdi
Ibrahim al-Rubaysh †
Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari †		 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Self-declared "Caliph" of ISIL) Yemen Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi
Yemen Mohammed Basindawa
Yemen Muhammad Nasir Ahmad Ali
Yemen Saleh al-Ahmar
Yemen Ali Abdullah Saleh
(1998–2012)
Yemen Ali Muhammad Mujawar
(2007–2011)
Yemen Abdul Qadir Bajamal
(2001–2007)
United States Bill Clinton
(1998–2001)
United States George W. Bush
(2001–2009)
United States Barack Obama
Strength
AQAP: 1,000–3000+[7][8]
Al-Shabaab: 500[9]		  ISIL: Hundreds[2][10]  Yemen: 20,000[11]
Advisors & Special Forces:
United States US Forces: 1,500[12]
Casualties and losses
at least 25 (2010)
at least 279 (2011)
at least 48 killed (January–March 2012)
at least 318 killed (since April 2012 and 2nd Battle of Lawdar) [13]
429 killed (since May 2012)[14]
Total killed: 1,099+		 Unknown

at least 96 (2010)
at least 290 (2011)
at least 248 killed (January–March 2012)
at least 54 killed (since April 2012 and 2nd Battle of Lawdar) [13]
at least 78 killed (since May 2012)[14]
Total killed: 886+

 United States: 17 sailors killed, 39 injured during USS Cole bombing

 Saudi Arabia: 2 border guards killed[15]
39 civilians killed (2010)
85 civilians killed (2011)
3 civilians killed (January – March 2012)
at least 35 killed (since April 2012 and 2nd Battle of Lawdar)
at least 26 militiamen and 34 civilians killed since May 12 [14]
Total dead: 2,207+ (as of September 2012)[13][16][17][18][19][20][20][21][22]
AQAP often exaggerates government casualties, while not reporting their own. The death toll for members of the group is probably significantly larger than officially reported. Because of the chaotic situation in the country during the Yemeni revolution, is it probable that military casualties during 2011 were also under reported.

The al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen refers to the armed conflict between the Yemeni government with United States assistance, and al-Qaeda-affiliated cells. The strife is often categorized as a sub-conflict in the greater Global War on Terror.

Government crackdown against al-Qaeda cells began in 2001, and reached an escalation point on January 14, 2010, when Yemen declared open war on al-Qaeda.[23][24] In addition to battling al Qaeda across several provinces, Yemen is also contending with Shia insurgency in the north and militant separatists in the south. Fighting with al-Qaeda escalated during the course of the 2011 Yemeni revolution, with Jihadists seizing most of the Abyan Governorate and declaring it an Emirate at the close of March. A second wave of violence occurred throughout early 2012, with militants claiming territory across the southwest amid heavy combat with government forces.

In May 2013, attackers blew up Yemen's main oil pipeline, halting the flow of crude oil.[25]

On 18 March 2015, the conflict escalated into a full-scale civil war.

Background

Main article: Terrorism in Yemen

Yemen has come under pressure to act against al-Qaeda, since attacks on its two main allies, Saudi Arabia and the United States, by militants coming from Yemeni soil. Previous attacks linked to al-Qaeda in Yemen include the 2000 bombing of the USS Cole, the 2008 American Embassy attack, and several attacks against foreign tourists.

Yemen had already intensified operations against al-Qaeda in late 2009, when a Yemen-based wing of the group claimed to be behind the failed December 25, 2009 attempt to blow up a Detroit-bound U.S. airliner, itself a retaliation against an attack against a training camp in Abyan on December 17, killing many civilians.[26] News reports have indicated substantial American involvement in support of Yemeni operations against al Qaeda since late 2009, including training, intelligence sharing, "several dozen troops" from the Joint Special Operations Command, and limited direct involvement in counterterrorism operations.[27][28]

Timeline

Government crackdown (2009–2010)

First Battle of Lawdar

Between August 19–25, 2010, the Yemeni army launched a major offensive in the city of Lawdar controlled by Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. Several militants including local leaders of Al Qaeda were killed during the clashes. On August 25 Yemeni authorities claimed to regain control of the southern town of Lawdar, a great part of which was in the grip of suspected Al-Qaeda militants during days of clashes with the army.[41]

Further attacks in Zinjibar

On August 25, gunmen on motorcycles attacked a military patrol in Yemen's restive south on Wednesday, killing four soldiers and wounding one, a security official said. The official said an early investigation indicated the attackers were members of al-Qaida, which lately appears to have stepped up high-profile attacks in the south of this impoverished country. He did not provide details. The attack occurred in the Abyan provincial capital of Zinjibar and brought to 53 the number of soldiers killed by al-Qaida since May, the official said. He spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to talk to the media.[42]

Battle of Huta

Battle of Huta
DateSeptember 20–24, 2010
LocationHuta (Shabwa) [43]
Status Yemeni victory
Territorial
changes		 Yemen regains the town
Belligerents
 Yemen al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Strength
300
Casualties and losses
~4 killed, 9 wounded 5 killed, 5 wounded, 32 captured[44]
15,000 Yemeni civilians flee, at least 3 wounded

On 20 September a number of militants attacked and took control of the village of Hota in the southern parts of the country, prompting the Army to counter-attack.[45] This happened as the top U.S. counterterrorism advisor John O. Brennan was on a visit to Yemen and discussed cooperation in the fight against Al-Qaeda, according to the White House. Brennan met President Ali Abdullah Saleh and delivered a letter from Obama expressing U.S. support for a "unified, stable, democratic and prosperous Yemen", National Security Council spokesman Mike Hammer said in a statement. "President Saleh and Mr Brennan discussed cooperation against the continuing threat of Al-Qaeda, and Mr Brennan conveyed the United States' condolences to the Yemeni people for the loss of Yemeni security officers and citizens killed in recent Al-Qaeda attacks, " Hammer said.[46]

Al-Qaeda militants besieged in the southern Yemeni town of Hota were reportedly using residents as human shields in the second major clash between them and troops in recent weeks. According to officials "al-Qaeda elements are preventing residents from leaving Hota, to use them as human shields".[47]

The Yemeni Army destroyed five homes suspected of hiding al-Qaeda militants on September 22 as the siege of a southern village entered its second day, but officials denied reports that American-born radical cleric Anwar al-Awlaki was among those surrounded, the AP reported. Earlier the same day an unofficial website run by government opponents had reported that al-Awlaki had been surrounded. However, the chief municipal official in the area, Atiq Baouda, and the security officials denied that he was in the area under siege. The Yemeni army refused to comment on the operation. A Yemeni news website later reported that state security forces had surrounded a group of suspected al Qaeda leaders in a south Yemen village, possibly including American-born radical cleric Anwar al-Awlaki.[48] Al-Qaida militants fought off repeated attempts by government troops backed by tanks and heavy artillery to retake the besieged town. A military official said the militants were using sniper fire and land mines to keep the soldiers at bay, forcing the army to adjust its tactics. In one attempt, Yemeni troops tried to rappel from helicopters into the village but met with fierce resistance, two Hawta residents said, speaking on condition of anonymity because they feared for their security. They said four soldiers were wounded and were rushed away in ambulances. In another attempt, six soldiers were wounded by militant sniper fire as they tried to mount barricades put up by the militants on the town's outskirts, local officials said. Medical officials confirmed that nine soldiers are being treated at the provincial hospital.[49]

On 24 September the government siege of al-Hota ended after security forces took control of the town in the southern province of Shabwa.[50]

Revolution (2011–2012)

Battle of Zinjibar

On 27 May 2011, about 300 Islamic militants attacked and captured the coastal city of Zinjibar (population 20,000).[54] During the takeover of the town, the militants killed seven soldiers, including a colonel, and one civilian.[55]

In the months that followed the militants entrenched themselves within the city as the Army resorted to aerial bombardment and artillery attacks. The insurgents responded with daily bombings and suicide attacks. By the end of the year almost 800 had been killed in total, with casualties almost equal on both sides.

Situation in Yemen in October 2011.

On 4 March, militants launched an attack against an Army artillery battalion on the outskirts of Zinjibar, overrunning it and killing 187 soldiers and wounding 135. 32 al-Qaeda fighters were also killed during the fighting. The militants attacked the Army base with booby-trapped vehicles and managed to capture armored vehicles, tanks, weapons and munitions. The military reported 55 soldiers were captured while the militant group claimed up to 73 were in fact taken prisoner. The assault started with a diversionary attack on one end of the base, with the main militant force attacking the other end of the compound. Several car bombs were detonated in front of the gates, after which the attackers entered the base, capturing heavy weapons and turning them against the soldiers. Reinforcements from other nearby military bases came too late due to a sandstorm. It was also revealed that previous military claims of taking back the city were untrue, with the militants still controlling most of Zinjibar and a few surrounding towns, namely Jaar where they paraded the captured soldiers. In the days following the attack, the military conducted air-strikes against militant positions around Zinjibar which they claimed killed 42 al-Qaeda fighters.[56][57][58][59][60][61]

The Ansar al-Sharia group that took responsibility for the attack was believed to be just a re-branding of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, to make it more appealing to the devout rural population. Three days after the attack, the group let a Red Cross team into Jaar to treat 12 wounded soldiers, and demanded a prisoner exchange with the government.[61]

After the beginning of fighting around the city of Lawdar in early April 2011, violence escalated around Zinjibar as well. At least six militants and two Yemeni soldiers were killed in a shootout on 19 April.[18] A major army operation followed in the end of the same month, with hundreds of troops advancing against militant positions in Abyan province. Troops managed to reach the center of Zinjibar after several days of fighting, including an intense six-hour battle towards the end on April 25.[62] Three militants had been killed on the 23rd, and at least 46 died in the province during the next two days, including 15 near Lowdar. Government casualties were initially not released, while meanwhile leaflets and a video released by Ansar al-Sharia contained threats to kill the 85 captive Yemeni soldiers unless the government withdraws its forces.[20][21]

Many of the Islamist forces operating in Abyan province refer to themselves as Ansar al-Sharia ("Partisans of Islamic Law").

Post-Saleh (2012–present)

On 14 January 2012, hundreds of people displaced by months of fighting were allowed to return to their homes in Zinjibar after a temporary deal was reached between insurgent forces and the army units. Locals described "widespread" destruction across the city and several mine fields that the army warned them about. According to reports, the militants held the western part of the city, while the east was controlled by government forces. Thousands of people previously held protests demanding an end to the fighting that has forced them to flee their homes in the south, holding several 50 km (31 mile) marches from the port city of Aden to Zinjibar. Estimates of the number of people displaced from the government operations against the militants had risen to nearly 97,000.[63]

Situation in March 2012

Attacks continued during the next weeks, including a suicide bombing on 13 March near al-Bayda that killed four soldiers and left four other critically injured.[64] After this attack militants posted a video in which they announced the capture of yet another soldier, bringing the total number of prisoners they hold to 74. They demanded an agreement to free imprisoned insurgents in exchange for the soldiers.

On 31 March 2012 a large group of militants attacked an Army checkpoint in Lahij Governorate during the night, sparking a battle that left 20 soldiers and 4 insurgents dead. The attackers fled with heavy weapons and at least two tanks. Government forces later called in airstrikes that successfully destroyed one of the captured tanks, killing its three occupants.[65]

On 12 December 2013, security officials say more than 40 people have been killed in sectarian clashes between Sunni Islamic militants and northern rebel forces belonging to a branch of Shiites in northern Yemen. The officials say the fighting began when ultraconservative Salafis took over a Hawthi stronghold in a strategic mountainous area near the border with Saudi Arabia. The two sides battled with artillery fire, mortar shells and machine guns in the town of al-Fagga.[66]

Second Battle of Lowdar

Second Battle of Lawdar
Date9 April – 16 May 2012
LocationLawdar (Abyan Governorate)
Status Yemen army and tribesmen drive militants from city
Belligerents

 Yemen

 Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Ansar al-Sharia
Commanders and leaders
Pres. Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi
Brig. Gen. Muhammad Nasir Ahmad Ali
Saleh al-Ahmar		 Nasir al-Wuhayshi
Strength
Unknown Al-Qaeda : 500–600
Ansar al-Sharia : unknown
Casualties and losses
33 soldiers and 60 tribal fighters killed, 580 fighters wounded overall[67] 249 killed
32 civilians and tribal militia members killed[22][63][68][69]

On 9 April a large group of militants attacked an Army base near the city of Lawdar and briefly overran it during a battle where locals had to join the military to help drive them out. There were at least 94 people killed in that initial attack, including six civilians, seventy-four insurgents and fourteen soldiers. This was the third such assault in recent weeks, after two similar attacks in March left at least 130 soldiers dead and more than 70 as prisoners of al-Qaeda affiliated groups.[70][71]

Government sources raised the casualty figures yet again on 10 April, bringing the total to 124 dead in two days—including 102 militants, 14 soldiers and at least eight civilians. Local tribal sources confirmed the toll, adding that among the dead insurgents there were at least 12 Somalis and a number of Saudis. Reinforcements were being brought into the area as Air Force planes began bombing insurgent positions near Lowdar and on the main road towards Zinjibar.[71]

At least 51 deaths were recorded on 11 April, most of them al-Qaeda-linked fighters.[72] These included 42 militants, six soldiers and three local militia members. The government reportedly sent an elite anti-terrorism squad to help in defeating the militants.[73]

As of 13 April the battle was still raging around the city with clashes spreading to nearby Mudiyah, the only other town apart from Lowdar that insurgents do not control in the province.[72] Mortar shelling was reported for the second consecutive day by local citizens, with at least 17 civilians injured and the main power station reportedly on fire.[74] After the government sent an additional 200 members of an anti-terrorism unit militants pulled out of the city and back towards the nearby villages of Um Sorra and Wadhia, leaving a few snipers behind. The official death toll on 13 April stood at 37, including 31 militants, five members of a tribal civilian militia and a child that was shot by an unidentified sniper. Authorities reported the city to be relatively quiet on Saturday, with only sporadic gunfire breaking the silence.[68] On Sunday a suicide bomber killed two tribal militia members at a checkpoint in al-Hodn, just outside Lawdar. Six militants and two locals were killed in other clashes around the town, specifically in an area called al-Minyasa.[63]

After a few quiet days, fighting resumed on 18 April, with militants shelling the city and government forces ordering air strikes in retaliation. Two children were killed and at least five houses were destroyed during the mortar attacks, while six militants were confirmed dead in the airstrikes.[17][69] The previous day a suicide car bomber had attacked an army checkpoint on the outskirts of Lowdar, killing five Yemeni soldiers and injuring four more.[75] On 19 April at least seven militants were killed after clashes with an Army unit based in Lowdar.[18][76] Two days later Yemeni airplanes bombed militant positions in nearby Jebel Yasuf and al-Minyasa, killing at least 13 fighters.[19] On April 25 at least six militants were killed after their convoy was ambushed by local militia members. Fifteen insurgents were killed two days earlier after a similar incident.[77] Fighting around the city on April 30 killed 12 militants, a soldier and a tribal militia member.[22]

Meanwhile, insurgents continued their attacks across the country, as an army checkpoint near Aden was assaulted by a group of armed men in pickup trucks. In the ensuing gunbattle at least eight attackers and four Yemeni soldier were killed, while three al-Qaida fighters and one security force member were wounded. Additionally, militants kidnapped a senior intelligence officer and two soldiers in the town of Radda south of the capital Sana'a. The town was briefly lost to the terrorist groups in January, before being taken back by government forces a few weeks later.[78] By May 16, Yemen troops backed pro-government tribal militias captured the Yasouf mountain, a strategic force above the city, after heavy fighting.[79] After doing so, it was announced that the militants had fled Lawder.[80]

Sanaa bombing

On 21 May 2012, a soldier detonated a suicide bomb in a crowd of military personnel at the beginning of a rehearsal for a Unity Day parade in Sana'a.[81] The bomb killed 96 and wounded more than 200, making it the deadliest attack in Yemen's history.[82] Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula claimed responsibility and described it as "revenge" for the continued offensive by the Central Security Organization.[81]

2014

On 16 January, al-Qaeda militants killed 10 Yemeni soldiers in three simultaneous attacks on army positions in Al Bayda Governorate. Eight extremists were also killed in the assaults, which prompted further clashes with the army. Al-Qaeda assailants carried out simultaneous attacks against three military positions in Rada in Bayda, an extremist stronghold, the official said.[83]

On 24 March, al-Qaeda militants attacked a military checkpoint near Reida in the province of Hadramawt, located 135 km (85 miles) east of the provincial capital Mukalla. Twenty soldiers where killed as a result.[84]

On 29 April, suspected al-Qaeda militants killed 18 Yemeni soldiers in separate ambushes Tuesday as the army launched a ground offensive against their remaining strongholds in the south, medical and security sources said. Twelve militants were also killed when the ambush in Shabwa province sparked a firefight, tribal sources said. Ten soldiers were also wounded and 15 captured, medics and an officer said. The ground offensive, which was launched just hours before the opening of a donors' conference in London, seeks to capitalize on Al-Qaeda losses in a US-backed air offensive last week in which nearly 60 suspected militants were killed. Commanders are seeking to expel the jihadists from a series of smaller towns and hill districts in Abyan and Shabwa provinces where they retained a presence after a 2012 offensive.[85]

On 17 August, Six suspected al-Qaeda militants and three Yemeni soldiers died in clashes in the southeastern Hadramawt province, which became scene of many recent attacks on the army.[86]

On 31 August, at least 11 Yemeni soldiers have been killed and 17 others injured by suspected al-Qaeda militants in three separate attacks in the southern part of the country.[87]

On 25 November, Yemeni special forces supported by U.S. special forces rescued 8 hostages, killed 7 militants and a member of the Yemeni forces wounded in a rescue mission.[88][89]

On the 31 December, a suicide bomber detonated explosives outside a cultural center during celebrations of the Prophet Muhammed's birthday, killing 23 people.[90]

2015

On 7 January 2015, a large car bomb detonated outside a Police Academy in Sanaa, Yemen. The attack killed at least 38 and wounded over 90.[91]

In mid-January 2015, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant declared it had dozens of fighters inside Yemen since December 2014, and that they were trying to recruit more fighters, bringing them into competition against AQAP.[2]

Al Mukalla

Main article: Battle of Al Mukalla

Al-Qaeda scored a major victory on 2 April 2015, taking advantage of chaos created by a full-scale conflict in southwestern Yemen and foreign airstrikes elsewhere in the country to capture the city of Al Mukalla from government forces. Al-Qaeda militants freed some 300 inmates from a jail in the city.[92] The New York Times reported: "Al Qaeda’s strongest opponents, the Houthis and Yemen’s American-trained counterterrorism troops, have been busy fending off attacks from the Saudi military."[6]

U.S. drone and cruise missile attacks

The U.S. first said it used targeted killing in November 2002, with the cooperation and approval of the government of Yemen.[93][94] A CIA-controlled high-altitude Predator drone fired a Hellfire missile at an SUV in the Yemeni desert containing Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi, a Yemeni suspected senior al-Qaeda lieutenant believed to have been the mastermind behind the October 2000 USS Cole bombing that killed 17 Americans.[93][94][95] He was on a list of targets whose capture or death had been called for by President George W. Bush.[93] In addition to al-Harethi, five other occupants of the SUV were killed, all of whom were suspected al-Qaeda terrorists, and one of whom (Kamal Derwish) was an American.[93][96]

In May 2010, an errant U.S. drone attack targeting al Qaeda terrorists in Wadi Abida, Yemen killed five people, among them Jaber al-Shabwani, deputy governor of Maarib province who was mediating between the government and the militants. The killing so angered Shabwani's tribesmen that in the subsequent weeks, they fought heavily with government security forces, attacking a major oil pipeline in Maarib twice.[97]

According to The Times, in 2010 the United States, in cooperation with Yemeni officials, launched four cruise missiles at suspected terrorist targets in Yemen. According to the Times, Yemen asked the United States to suspend the strikes after one of the missiles killed a pro-Yemeni tribal leader, Sheikh Jaber al-Shabwani, the deputy governor of Marib province, resulting in his tribe turning against the Yemeni government. The Times also stated that U.S. special forces troops were on the ground in Yemen helping to hunt al-Qaeda operatives.[98]

On 3 June 2011, American manned jets or drones attacked and killed Abu Ali al-Harithi, a midlevel al-Qaeda operative, as well as several other militant suspects in a strike in southern Yemen. Four civilians were also reportedly killed in the strike. The strike was reportedly coordinated by American special forces and CIA operatives based in Sana.[99] According to the Associated Press, in 2011 the U.S. government began building an airbase in the middle east from which the CIA and U.S. military plans to operate drones over Yemen.[100] On September 30, 2011, Anwar al-Awlaki was targeted by a US drone strike which successfully killed him, Samir Khan and a few other militants while they were all in the same car driving to get breakfast.

Suspected U.S. drone strikes killed at least 9 militants on 16 and 18 April 2012, in some of the first such operations in months. The two strikes were in Shabwa and Abyan provinces, which were partially or mostly under the control of the insurgents.[101]

References

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  100. ↑ Associated Press, "Secret CIA drone base being built to target Yemen militants", Japan Times, 16 June 2011, p. 1.
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