Police aviation in the United Kingdom

Law enforcement
in the United Kingdom
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Eurocopter EC 135 T2 providing law enforcement and medical assistance in the Bristol area.
A demonstration by Dyfed-Powys Police Air Support Unit helicopter in 2008.

Police aviation in United Kingdom provides the British police with an aerial support unit to assist them in pursuit, surveillance and tracking. The most common air support aircraft is the Eurocopter EC 135T, which is equipped with daytime and night vision video equipment, instrument flight rules systems and radio equipment to track suspects and liaise with officers on the ground.

While most aerial units operate helicopters, some forces also use of aeroplanes such as the Britten-Norman Defender. An aeroplane allows higher and quieter surveillance, making it less likely that suspects will become aware they are being watched. A light aircraft also allows for longer flying time and lower running costs.

Police aviation in England and Wales was once a force-by-force organisation, however from April 2012 it became centralised as a National Police Air Service.[1]

History

In 1921, the British airship R33 was able to help the police in traffic control around the Epsom and Ascot horse-racing events.[2]

The large mural depicting the 1936 Battle of Cable Street public order incident on the side of St. George's Town Hall in the East End of London depicts the police autogyro overhead[3] that was present on the day.[4][5]

Operation

With scramble times of just four minutes for helicopters, or with standing patrols using fixed-wing aircraft, aerial units are faster than ground units and can often be first on the scene to reported incidents.

Aerial units are often tasked to assist in vehicle pursuits. Air support allows ground units to disengage and follow from a discreet distance, hopefully making the pursuit less dangerous while still allowing ground units to be able to close in quickly as directed to apprehend suspects. Aerial surveillance also allows the police to anticipate the direction of the pursuit, and position ground units ahead of the suspect to block roads or deploy spike strips. Aerial units can also be used to efficiently locate missing persons.

Police helicopters can be crewed by three people; a civilian pilot, a police observer and rear police crew member. The pilot and observer sit up-front with eye contact with the ground. The observer is responsible for controlling the camera systems, and recording images for evidence in court. The rear police officer will assist in map-reading and strategic planning, allowing the pilot to concentrate on flying and the observer on camera control and visual reporting.

During an incident, ground and aerial units are able to communicate directly with each other, using the call sign of the unit.

Surveillance

Most police helicopters are fitted with a sphere shaped housing or pod usually under the nose of the aircraft the purpose of which is to support and stabilize two cameras using a gyroscope stabilization system. The two cameras are a standard “day camera” (a colour camera equipped with a powerful zoom lens) and a thermal imaging camera, which enables heat to be detected and is usually utilized during hours of darkness or in the search for persons in hiding. The cameras are normally connected to controls located in the cabin of the aircraft that allow the air observer to directly control them. They are also linked to a recording system and downlink system.

Force helicopters are usually equipped with a powerful “Nightsun” search light that is capable of illuminating a large area.[6]

The Metropolitan Police Service has reportedly been secretly using Cessna aircraft for a number of years that have been fitted with surveillance equipment capable of intercepting mobile phone calls and listening-in on conversations.[7]

Drones

In 2010, The Guardian reported police forces and government agencies across the UK are exploring the potential of unmanned drones for covert aerial surveillance, security, or emergency operations. They said at least four forces – Merseyside, Essex, Staffordshire and British Transport police – have bought or used microdrones. Microdrones can be fitted with video cameras, thermal imaging devices, radiation detectors, mobile-phone jammers and air sampling devices. Hovering at heights of around 60 metres, they are said by manufacturers to be virtually invisible from the ground. The costs of operating the drones are considerably less than operating helicopters.[8]

Navigation

A member of the crew, usually a police constable, occupies the rear seat of the helicopter. The primary purpose of this crew member is to relay critical information to police units that are on the ground. In the case of traffic pursuits, this crew member will provide a running commentary of the exact location of the suspect's car, utilising either paper maps or a computerised mapping and navigation system.

Communication

Police helicopters are usually fitted with radios capable of transmitting and receiving communications on their force's and other force's Airwave TETRA radio system. More recently, police helicopters have been fitted with a device that allows live video images to be transmitted directly to the force command centre by way of a downlink system.[6] Commonly fitted to the underside of the helicopter is a public address system, known as “Skyshout”.[6]

When speaking to air traffic control police helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft use the callsign "Police" followed by a two digit number representing the police force. These numbers were originally based on a list of police forces in England & Wales in alphabetical order, followed by Northern Ireland, followed by Scotland. So "Police 01" was Avon & Somerset Police. Some police air units now cover more than one force; their number relates to one of the forces. For example, "Police 01" is now used by the "Western Counties" unit which includes the Avon & Somerset force area. If the unit has more than one aircraft a third digit will be added to identify each aircraft.

Incidents

List of police aviation units

The following is a list of police aviation units in the UK and the forces or areas to which they are assigned.

Aviation Unit Forces served Police radio call-sign Air traffic call-sign Aircraft
National Police Air Service[30] Police forces in England and Wales NPAS 33, Air 1, India 99, Oscar Sierra 99, Hotel 900, Oscar 99, Quebec 99, X-Ray 99, Quebec Hotel 88, Delta 66, X-Ray Alpha 97, X-Ray Alpha 99, X-Ray 99, X-Ray 55, Quebec Hotel 99, India 99, India 66, Oscar 99, Oscar November 99, X-Ray Mike 11, India 99, India 98, India 97, Oscar India 99, Oscar Hotel 88, November Whiskey 01, Whisky Oscar 99, Sierra Yankee 99, Alpha 99, Alpha Oscar 1, Whisky Hotel 99 Police 40, Police 28, Police 09, Police 01, Police 42, Police 10, Police 06, Police 03, Police 04, Police 381, Police 382, Police 12, Police 22, Police 13, Police 151, Police 152, Police 19, Police 21, Police 24, Police 251, Police 252, Police 253, Police 08, Police 29, Police 32, Police 33, Police 35, Police 41, Police 43 EC 135,[31][32][33][34][35][36] MD-902,[37][38] Britten-Norman Defender[39] AW109E, EC 145, AS355
Police Service of Northern Ireland Air Support Unit Police Service of Northern Ireland Police 41, Police 42, Police 43, Scout 1, Scout 2 Police 441, Police 442, Police 443 EC 135,[40] EC145,[41] EC145,[42] Britten-Norman Defender's[43] [44]
Police Scotland Air Support Unit Police Scotland SP70 Police 51 EC 135[note 1][45]
  1. Police Scotland helicopter G-SPAO was lost in the 2013 Glasgow helicopter crash

See also

References

  1. "New plans for a national police air service". Association of Chief Police Officers. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  2. R33 - G F A A G 1916–1921 : Early Life
  3. "The Battle of Cable Street mural, Shadwell - London Mural Preservation Society". Retrieved 2012-04-19.
  4. "The working life of Museum of London: How the East Was Won". Retrieved 2012-04-19.
  5. ""British fascism and the measures taken against it by the British State, p4" by David Botsford" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-04-19.
  6. 1 2 3 "About the helicopter". Western County Air Operations Unit. 2004.
  7. "Met Police spends millions of pounds on secret aircraft". Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  8. "Unmanned drones may be used in police surveillance". The Guardian. 24 September 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  9. Hampshire Council
  10. Flight International 30 August 1986, p.54.
  11. "Police helicopter crashes after clipping city flats. Copter 'was waving about and then it disappeared'". Glasgow Herald. 25 January 1990.
  12. "Police widow to sue chief constable over helicopter crash". Glasgow Herald. 30 June 1990.
  13. "Eurocopter AS355N Ecureuil II, G-EMAU, 9 Oct 1998 at approximately 2305 hours", Bulletins, Air Accidents Investigation Branch, April 1999, retrieved 1 December 2013
  14. "Rotor failure caused helicopter crash". BBC News (BBC). 25 April 2000. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  15. "Aerospatiale (Eurocopter) AS355F2, G-SAEW", Bulletins, Air Accidents Investigation Branch, January 2001, retrieved 1 December 2013
  16. "Crashed helicopter under scrutiny". BBC News. 27 December 2001.
  17. "Agusta A190E, G-DPPH, 25 December 2001", Bulletins, Air Accidents Investigation Branch, February 2003, retrieved 1 December 2013
  18. "Police helicopter crash 'miracle'". BBC News (BBC). 18 February 2002. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  19. "Eurocopter EC135T1, G-SPAU", Bulletins, Air Accidents Investigation Branch, August 2003, retrieved 30 November 2013
  20. "Vandals attack police helicopter". BBC News. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  21. "Arson attack on police helicopter". BBC News (BBC). 8 June 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  22. "west midlands police ready to take off with new chopper". Birmingham Mail. July 2010.
  23. "Police pursue helicopter vandals". BBC News. 10 October 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  24. "LAW ENFORCEMENT". Police Aviation News (163): 9. November 2009.
  25. Siddle, John (18 May 2010). "Merseyside Police helicopter attack foiled for second time". Liverpool Echo (Trinity Mirror). Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  26. "Two helicopter crash scenes under investigation". BBC News. 29 October 2010.
  27. "AS355F2 Twin Squirrel, G-SEWP, 06-11", Bulletins, Air Accidents Investigation Branch, June 2011, retrieved 1 December 2013
  28. "BN2T Islander, G-BSWR, 02-12", Bulletins, Air Accidents Investigation Branch, February 2012, retrieved 8 April 2012
  29. "Glasgow helicopter crash: Eight dead at Clutha pub". BBC News (BBC). 30 November 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  30. http://www.acpo.presscentre.com/Press-Releases/National-Police-Air-Service-is-launched-1a8.aspx
  31. "Air Operations". West Midlands Police. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  32. "Photos: Eurocopter EC-135T-1 Aircraft Pictures". Airliners.net. 2004-08-07. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  33. "photo". Airliners.net. 2005-02-27. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  34. "Photos: Eurocopter EC-135T-2 Aircraft Pictures". Airliners.net. 2006-05-28. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  35. "Welcom". Western Counties Air Operations Unit. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
  36. "Photos: Eurocopter EC-135T-1 Aircraft Pictures". Airliners.net. 2006-11-12. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  37. "About the helicopter". Wiltshire Air Ambulance. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
  38. "Photos: MD Helicopters MD-902 Explorer Aircraft Pictures". Airliners.net. 2008-09-27. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  39. "UK Emergency Aviation - UK & Ireland Police Helicopter Operations A-M". Retrieved 2012-05-16.
  40. "Photos: Eurocopter EC-135T-2 Aircraft Pictures". Airliners.net. 2006-09-04. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  41. "Police Service of Northern Ireland new helicopter". Police Service of Northern Ireland. 2010-03-07. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
  42. "GINFO Search Results". CAA. 2015-08-05. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
  43. "UK Emergency Aviation - UK & Ireland Police Helicopter Operations N-Z". Retrieved 2012-05-16.
  44. "GINFO Search Results". Retrieved 2015-08-05.
  45. "'Photos: Eurocopter EC-135T-2 Aircraft Pictures". Airliners.net. 2007-09-11. Retrieved 2009-06-09.

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