Afqa

Afqa Apheca, Afeca, Afka
Village
Country	Lebanon
Governorate	Mount Lebanon Governorate
District	Jbeil District
Area
• Total	9.34 km2 (3.61 sq mi)
Elevation	1,200 m (3,900 ft)

Afqa

The Afqa Grotto
Shown within Lebanon
Location	71 kilometres (44 mi) northeast of Beirut
Region	Jbeil District
Coordinates	34°04′09″N 35°53′10″E / 34.069167°N 35.886111°E / 34.069167; 35.886111
History
Cultures	Roman, Ancient Greece, Phoenicia
Site notes
Condition	Ruins
Public access	Yes

Afqa (Arabic: افقا‎; also spelled Afka) is a village and municipality located in the Jbeil District of the Mount Lebanon Governorate, 71 kilometres (44 mi) northeast of Beirut in Lebanon.^[1][2] It has an average elevation of 1,200 meters above sea level and a total land area of 934 hectares.^[3]Its inhabitants are predominantly Shia Muslims.^[4]

Known in ancient times as Apheca or Afeka, the word can be interpreted as "source",^[5] is located in the mountains of Lebanon, about 20 kilometres from the ancient city of Byblos, which still stands just east of the town of Qartaba.^[6] It is the site of one of the finest waterfalls in the mountains of the Middle East,^[7] which feeds into the Adonis River (known today as Abraham River or Nahr Ibrahim in Arabic),^[8] and forms Lake Yammoune, with which it is also associated by legend.^[9]

In Greek mythology Adonis was born and died at the foot of the falls in Afqa. The ruins of the celebrated temple of Aphrodite Aphakitis— the Aphrodite particular to this site—^[10] are located there.^[8] Sir Richard Francis Burton and Sir James Frazer further attribute the temple at Afqa to the honouring of Astarte or Ishtar (Ashtaroth).^[11][12] Afqa is aligned centrally between Baalbek and Byblos, pointing to the summer solstice sunset over the Mediterranean. It is from Byblos that the a myth was told of a mystical ark that came ashore containing the bones of Osiris. The ark became stuck in a swamp until Isis found it and carried it back to Ancient Egypt.^[13]

Physical description

The waterfall at Afqa is the source for the River Adonis and is located on a 600-foot (180 m) bluff that forms an immense natural amphitheatre.^[6] The river emerges from a large limestone cave in the cliff wall which stores and channels water from the melted snow of the mountains before releasing it into springs and streams below.^[6] At Afqa, several watery threads flow from the cave to form numerous cataracts, a scene of great beauty.^[6]

A great and ancient temple is located here, where ritual prostitution was practicised until the time of Constantine.^[14] Sir James Frazer attributes its construction to the legendary forebear of King Cinyras, who was said to have founded a sanctuary for Aphrodite (i.e. Astarte).^[12] Reconstructed on grander scale in Hellenistic times, then destroyed by the Emperor Constantine the Great in the fourth century,^[15] it was partially rebuilt by the later fourth-century emperor, Julian the Apostate.^[6] The site was finally abandoned during the reign of Theodosius I.^[6] Massive hewn blocks and a fine column of Syenite granite still mark the site, on a terrace facing the source of the river.^[12] The remains of a Roman aqueduct that carried the waters of the River Adonis to the ancient inhabitants of Jebail are also located here.^[6]

Edward Robinson and Eli Smith camped at the site in 1852, merely remarking on its "shapeless ruins" and the difficulty of transport of two massive columns of Syenite granite. .^[16] Sir James Frazer describes the village at Afqa in his 1922 book, The Golden Bough as

"...the miserable village which still bears the name of Afqa at the head of the wild, romantic, wooded gorge of the Adonis. The hamlet stands among groves of noble walnut-trees on the brink of the lyn. A little way off the river rushes from a cavern at the foot of a mighty amphitheatre of towering cliffs to plunge in a series of cascades into the awful depths of the glen. The deeper it descends, the ranker and denser grows the vegetation, which, sprouting from the crannies and fissures of the rocks, spreads a green veil over the roaring or murmuring stream in the tremendous chasm below. There is something delicious, almost intoxicating, in the freshness of these tumbling waters, in the sweetness and purity of the mountain air, in the vivid green of the vegetation.^[12]

Possible early sanctuary of El

Marvin H. Pope (Yale University) identified the home of El in the Ugaritic texts of ca. 1200 BCE, described as "at the source[s] of the [two] rivers, in the midst of the fountains of the [two] deeps",^[17] with this famous source of the river Adonis and Yammoune, an intermittent lake on the other side of the mountain, which Pope asserted was closely associated with it in legend.^[18]

Mythology

The Falls of Afka, with ancient bridge (c.1860)

In classical Greek mythology, Afqa is associated with the cult of Aphrodite and Adonis.^[6] According to the myth, Cinyras, the King of Cyprus seduced his daughter Myrrha who was transformed into a tree that bears her name (see:Myrrh).^[6] After several months, the tree split open and the child Adonis emerged. He was reared by Aphrodite, who became enamored of him, causing her lover Ares to grow jealous. Ares sent a vicious boar to kill Adonis.^[6] At the pool at the foot of the falls of Afqa, Adonis bled to death from a deep wound in the groin.^[6] Aphrodite despaired at his death and out of pity for her the gods allowed Adonis to ascend from Hades for a short period each year.^[6]

Each spring at Afqa, the melting snows flood the river, bringing a reddish mud into the stream from the steep mountain slopes.^[6] The red stain can be seen feeding into the river and far out to the Mediterranean Sea.^[6] Legend held this to be the blood of Adonis, renewed each year, at the time of his death. Lucian of Samosata, a Syrian by birth, describes how a local man of Byblos debunked the legend:

"'This river, my friend and guest, passes through the Libanus: now this Libanus abounds in red earth. The violent winds which blow regularly on those days bring down into the river a quantity of earth resembling vermilion. It is this earth that turns the river to red. And thus the change in the river's colour is due, not to blood as they affirm, but to the nature of the soil.' This was the story of the man of Byblos. But even assuming that he spoke the truth, yet there certainly seems to me something supernatural in the regular coincidence of the wind and the colouring of the river."^[19]

Lucian also describes practices by the Byblians of worship which some told him centered not on Adonis, but Osiris.^[19] He writes that he mastered the secret rites of Adonis at the temple at Afqa and that the locals there asserted that the legend about Adonis was true and occurred in their country.^[19] Lucian describes the rites, annually performed, that involved the beating of breasts and wailing, and the "perform[ing] [of] their secret ritual amid signs of mourning through the whole countryside. When they have finished their mourning and wailing, they sacrifice in the first place to Adonis, as to one who has departed this life: after this they allege that he is alive again, and exhibit his effigy to the sky."^[19]

Also in the fertile valley surrounding the river, millions of scarlet anemones bloom.^[6] Known as Adonis' flowers, according to legend, they spring from his blood, spilled as he lay dying beneath the trees at Afqa, and return each year in remembrance.^[6]

In his "Terminal Essay" in the 1885 translation of The Arabian Nights, Sir Richard Burton describes the temple at Afqa as a place of pilgrimage for the Metawali sect of Shia Islam, where vows are addressed to the Sayyidat al-Kabirah or "the Great Lady".^[11] In the early 20th century, strips of white cloth were still being attached to the ancient fig that shadows the source, and Metawalis and Christians alike were bringing the sick to be cured at "the abode of Sa’īdat Afkā, i.e. a feminine spirit of the same name as the place. Her husband built this temple. He was killed by a wild beast, and she searched among the mountains until she found his mangled body. This is evidently a modified view of the ancient myth of Astarte and Adonis," Lewis Bayles Paton reported in 1919, with a photograph of the cloth-hung fig tree.^[20] W. F. Albright noted this survival of this "female saint" as the most remarkable among "very few direct reflections of paganism in the names and legends of modern welis."^[21]

2006 Lebanon War

During the 2006 Lebanon War, the Afqa bridge that connects Mount Lebanon with the Beqaa valley was one of five bridges destroyed by Israeli jets.^[22]

References

External links

• A letter from Gertrude Bell describing Afqa in 1900
• Map of Lebanon and geographical coordinates for Afqa
• Afqa on www.geographic.org
• 3D Google Map of the Afqa Grotto on gmap3d
• Afqa on Tageo.com
• Afqa on Localiban

Jbeil District, Mount Lebanon Governorate Capital: Jbeil Towns and villages Aabaydat Almat el-Chmaliyeh Almat el-Jnoubiyeh Amsheet Annaya Aqoura Adonis Afqa Ain ed-Delbeh Ain el-Ghouaybeh Ain Jrain Ain Kfaa Bazyoun Bchilleh Beer el-Hit Behdidat Bejjeh Bekhaaz Berbara Beithabbak Bichtlida Bentael Birket Hjoula Blat Boulhos Brayj Chatine Chikhane Chmout Edde Ehmej Fatreh Ferhet Fghal Fidar Ghabat Ghalboun Gharzouz Ghorfine Habil Halat Haqel Hay el-Arabeh Hbaline Hboub Hdayneh Hjoula Hosrayel Hsarat Hsoun Jaj Janneh Jbeil Jeddayel Jenjol Jlisseh Jouret el-Qattine Kafr Kfar Baal Kfar Hitta Kfar Kiddeh Kfar Masshoun Kfar Qouas Kfoun Laqlouq Lassa Lehfed Maad Majdel Marj Mastita Mayfouq Mazraat es-Siyad Mechane Mghayreh Mish Mish Mounsef Nahr Ibrahim Qahmez Qartaba Qartaboun Qorqraiya Ram Ras Osta Rihaneh Seraaita Souaneh Tartej Tourzaiya Yanouh Zibdine Landmarks Byblos Castle Laqlouq skiing resort Abraham River Jaj Cedar National Park

Archaeological sites in Lebanon Aadloun Aaiha Aammiq Aaqbe Ain Aata Ain Choaab Ain Harcha Akbiyeh Akkar plain foothills Al-Bireh Amioun Amlaq Qatih Anjar, Lebanon Antelias cave Apheca Ard Saouda Ard Tlaili Arqa Baalbek Baidar ech Chamout Batroumine Batroun Bechamoun Beirut Beit Mery Bustan Birke Byblos Canalizations of Zenobia Dahr El Ahmar Dakoue Deir El Aachayer Deir el Ahmar Deir Mar Maroun Dekwaneh Douris (Baalbek) Elaea (Lebanon) Flaoui Fadous Sud Hebbariye Hadeth south Haret ech Cheikh Hashbai Hermel plains Iaat Jabal es Saaïdé Jbaa Jdeideh Jebel Aabeby Jeita Grotto Joub Jannine Jieh Kafr Zabad Kamid al lawz Kamouh el Hermel Karak Nuh Kaukaba Kefraya Kafr Tebnit Kfar Qouq Kfarhata Khallet Michte Khirbet El-Knese Kouachra megalith field Ksar Akil Labweh Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze) Libbaya Lion Tower Majdal Anjar Mansourieh Maronite mummies Mayrouba Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir) Moukhtara Mtaileb Nabi Zair Nachcharini Nahle, Lebanon Neba'a Faour Nebi Safa Niha Bekaa Phoenician port of Beirut Plain of Zgharta Qaa Qal'at Bustra Qalaat Tannour Qaraoun Qasr el Banat Ras Baalbek I Ras Beirut Ras El Kelb Rashaya Sands of Beirut Saraain El Faouqa Shheem Sidon Sin el Fil Sarepta Stone of the Pregnant Woman Tahun ben Aissa Taire Tayibe Tell Aalaq Tell Ablah Tell Addus Tell Ahle Tell Ain Cerif Tell Ain el Meten Tell Ain Ghessali Tell Ain Nfaikh Tell Ain Saouda Tell Ain Sofar Tell Ayoub Tell Bar Elias Tell Beshara Tell Bir Dakoue Tell Deir Tell Delhamieh Tell Derzenoun Tell Dibbine Tell el-Burak Tell El Ghassil Tell El Hadeth Tell Fadous Tell Hazzine Tell Hoch Rafqa Tell Karmita Tell Khardane Tell Kirri Tell Jezireh Tell Jisr Tell Kabb Elias Tell Majdaloun Tell Masoud Tell Mekhada Tell Meouchi Tell Mureibit Tell Murtafa Tell Nahariyah Tell Neba'a Chaate Tell Neba'a Litani Tell Qasr Labwe Tell Rasm El Hadeth Tell Rayak Tell Saatiya Tell Safiyeh Tell Saoudhi Tell Serhan Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai Tell Shamsine Tell Sultan Yakoub Tell Taalabaya Tell Wardeen Tell Zenoub Tell Zeitoun Temnin el-Foka Temple of Bacchus Temple of Eshmun Tlail megaliths Toron Tripolis (region of Phoenicia) Tyre Necropolis Tyre, Lebanon Wadi Boura Wadi Koura Wadi Yaroun Yammoune Yanta Ain W Zain Zahlé