Aerographite

Internal structure of a 'closed-graphitic-shell' aerographite (SEM image).

Aerographite is a synthetic foam consisting of a porous interconnected network of tubular carbon. With a density of 180 g/m³ it is one of the lightest structural materials ever created. It was developed jointly by a team of researchers at the University of Kiel and the Technical University of Hamburg in Germany, and was first reported in a scientific journal in June 2012.

Structure and properties

Aerographite is a black freestanding material that can be produced in various shapes occupying a volume of up to several cubic centimeters. It consists of a seamless interconnected network of carbon tubes that have micron-scale diameters and a wall thickness of about 15 nm. Because of the relatively lower curvature and larger wall thickness, these walls differ from the graphene-like shells of carbon nanotubes and resemble vitreous carbon in their properties. These walls are often discontinuous and contain wrinkled areas that improve the elastic properties of aerographite. The carbon bonding in aerographite has an sp² character, as confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements. Upon external compression, the conductivity increases, along with material density, from ~0.2 S/m at 0.18 mg/cm³ to 0.8 S/m at 0.2 mg/cm³. The conductivity is higher for a denser material, 37 S/m at 50 mg/cm³.^[1]

Owing to its interconnected tubular network structure, aerographite resists tensile forces much better than other carbon foams as well as silica aerogels. It sustains extensive elastic deformations and has a very low Poisson's ratio. A complete shape recovery of a 3-mm-tall sample after it was compressed down to 0.1 mm is possible. Its ultimate tensile strength (UTS) depends on material density and is about 160 kPa at 8.5 mg/cm³ and 1 kPa at 0.18 mg/cm³; in comparison, the strongest silica aerogels have a UTS of 16 kPa at 100 mg/cm³. The Young's modulus is ca. 15 kPa at 0.2 mg/cm³ in tension, but is much lower in compression, increasing from 1 kPa at 0.2 mg/cm³ to 7 kPa at 15 mg/cm³.^[1] The density given by the authors is based a mass measurement and the determination of the outer volume of the synthetic foams as usually performed also for other structures.

Aerographite is superhydrophobic, thus its centimeter-sized samples repel water; they are also rather sensitive to electrostatic effects and spontaneously jump to charged objects.^[1]

Synthesis

Similar ZnO multipod-shaped templates, having various diameters and network density and topology, are used for deposition of aerographite.

Aerographite is produced by chemical vapor deposition, using a ZnO template. The template consists of micron-thick rods, often in the shape of multipods, that can be synthesized by mixing comparable amounts of Zn and polyvinyl butyral powders and heating the mixture at 900 °C. The aerographite synthesis is carried out at ~760 °C, under an argon gas flow, to which toluene vapors are injected as a carbon source. A thin (~15 nm), discontinuous layer of carbon is deposited on ZnO which is then etched away by adding hydrogen gas to the reaction chamber. Thus the remaining carbon network closely follows the morphology of the original ZnO template. In particular, the nodes of the aerographite network originate from the joints of the ZnO multipods.^[1]

Potential applications

Aerographite electrodes have been tested in an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC, also known as supercapacitor) and endured the mechanical shocks related to loading-unloading cycles and crystallization of the electrolyte (that occurs upon evaporation of the solvent). Their specific energy of 1.25 Wh/kg is comparable to that of carbon nanotube electrodes (~2.3 Wh/kg).^[1]

See also

• Metallic microlattice

References