Album-oriented rock

Album-oriented rock (abbreviated AOR) is an American FM radio format focusing on album tracks by rock artists. AOR evolved from progressive rock radio in the mid-1970s, using research and formal programming to create an album rock format with greater commercial appeal.

History

Freeform and progressive

The roots of the album-oriented rock radio format began with programming concepts rooted in 1960s idealism. The freeform and progressive formats developed the repertoire and set the tone that would dominate AOR playlists for much of its heyday.

In July 1964, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted a non-duplication rule prohibiting FM radio stations from merely running a simulcast of the programming from their AM counterparts. Owners of AM/FM affiliate stations fought these new regulations vigorously, delaying enactment of the new rules until January 1, 1967.[1] When finally enacted, station owners were pressed to come up with alternative programming options.

The freeform format in commercial radio was born out of the desire to program the FM airwaves inexpensively. Programmers like Tom Donahue at KMPX in San Francisco developed stations where DJs had freedom to play long sets of music, often covering a variety of genres. Songs were not limited to hits or singles; indeed the DJs often played obscure or longer tracks by newer or more adventurous artists than heard on Top 40 stations of the day. This reflected the growth of albums as opposed to singles as rock's main artistic vehicle for expression in the 1960s and 1970s.

With a few exceptions, commercial freeform had a relatively brief life. With more and more listeners acquiring FM radios, the stakes became higher for stations to attract market share so that they could sell more advertising at a higher rate.

By 1970 many of the stations were moving to institute programming rules with a "clock" and system of "rotation". With this shift, stations' formats in the early 1970s were now billed as progressive. DJs still had much input over the music they played, and the selection was deep and eclectic, ranging from folk to hard rock with other styles such as jazz fusion occasionally thrown in.

Album-oriented rock

In 1972, Ron Jacobs, program director at KGB-FM in San Diego, began using detailed listener research and expanded playlists in shifting the top 40 station towards a progressive rock format. Meanwhile, at competing station KPRI, program director Mike Harrison was similarly applying top 40 concepts to the progressive format which he dubbed "album-oriented rock."[2][3]

In the mid-1970s, as program directors began to put more controls over what songs were played on air, progressive stations evolved into the album-oriented rock format. Stations still played longer songs and deep album tracks (rather than just singles), but program directors and consultants took on a greater role in song selection, generally limiting airplay to just a few “focus tracks” from a particular album and concentrating on artists with a more slickly produced "commercial" sound than what had been featured a few years earlier. Noted DJ "Kid Leo" Travagliante of influential station WMMS in Cleveland observed the changes in a 1975 interview: "I think the '60s are ending about now. Now we are really starting the '70s. The emphasis is shifting back to entertainment instead of being 'relevant'...In fact, I wouldn't call our station progressive radio. That's outdated. I call it radio. But I heard a good word in the trades, AOR. That's Album-Oriented Rock. That's a name for the '70s."[4]

By the late 1970s, AOR radio discarded the wide range of genres embraced earlier on to focus on a more narrowly defined rock sound. The occasional folk, jazz, and blues selections became rarer and most black artists were effectively eliminated from airplay. Whereas earlier soul, funk, and R&B artists like Stevie Wonder, War, Sly Stone and others had been championed by the format, AOR was no longer representing these styles,[5] and took a stance against disco. In 1979, Steve Dahl of WLUP in Chicago destroyed disco records on his radio show, culminating in the notorious Disco Demolition Night at Comiskey Park.

What links the freeform, progressive, and AOR formats (and, later, the classic rock format) are the continuity of rock artists and songs carried through each phase. Programmers and DJs of the freeform and progressive phases continued to cultivate a repertoire of rock music and style of delivery that were foundations of AOR and classic rock radio. Those AOR stations, which decided to stay "demographically-rooted", became classic rock stations by eschewing newer bands and styles which their older listeners might tune out. Those that did not fully evolve into classic rock generally attempted to hold on to their older listeners through careful dayparting, playing large amounts of classic rock during the 9–5 workday shift while newer, more adventurous material was "baked into the mix" at night when the listener base skewed younger.

Programming

Most radio formats are based on a select, tight rotation of hit singles. The best example is Top 40, though other formats, like country, smooth jazz, and urban all utilize the same basic principles, with the most popular songs repeating every two to six hours, depending on their rank in the rotation. Generally there is a strict order or list to be followed and the DJ does not make decisions about what selections are played.

AOR, while still based on the rotation concept, focused on the album as a whole (rather than singles). In the early 1970s many DJs had the freedom to choose which track(s) to play off a given album—as well as latitude to decide what order to play the records in.

Later in the 1970s AOR formats became tighter and song selection shifted to the program director or music director, rather than the DJ. Still, when an AOR station added an album to rotation they would often focus on numerous tracks at once, rather than playing the singles as they were individually released. As AOR stopped playing new music and died out in the late 1980s the core repertoire of AOR became that of the classic rock format.

Burkhart/Abrams

Radio consultants Kent Burkhart and Lee Abrams had a significant impact on AOR programming. Beginning in the mid-1970s they began contracting with what would become over 100 stations by the 1980s. Lee Abrams had developed a format called SuperStars, pioneering it at WQDR in Raleigh, North Carolina, and had been very successful in delivering high ratings. The SuperStars format was based on extensive research and focused on the most popular artists such as Fleetwood Mac and the Eagles and also included older material by those artists.[6] While his SuperStars format was not quite as tight as Top 40 radio, it was considerably more restricted than freeform or progressive radio. Their firm advised program directors for a substantial segment of AOR stations all over the US. This might be considered somewhat ironic, considering that the format’s origins were based on a free-form approach without playlists.

Criticism

In the early 1980s, AOR radio was criticised for the lack of black artists included in their programming. AOR programmers responded that the lack of diversity was the result of increased specialization of radio formats driven by ratings and audience demographics.[7][8] In 1983, the undeniable success of Michael Jackson's album Thriller led some AOR stations to soften their stance by adding Jackson's "Beat It", which featured Eddie Van Halen, to their playlists. At the same time other black artists also made inroads into AOR radio—Prince's "Little Red Corvette", Eddy Grant's "Electric Avenue" and "Beat It" all debuted on Billboard's Top Tracks chart the same week in April 1983.

The relative success of Michael Jackson's "Beat It" did not open the floodgates for other black artists on album-oriented rock stations. However, the door was cracked and through the remainder of the 1980s Jon Butcher, Tracy Chapman, Living Colour, Prince and Lenny Kravitz did manage to receive AOR airplay of varying magnitude.

Spin-off formats

The phenomenal success of the album-oriented rock and the highly competitive battle for ratings likely contributed to the format splintering to reflect different stylistic perspectives. The 1980s saw some stations adding glam metal bands such as Mötley Crüe and Bon Jovi, while others embraced modern rock acts such as the Fixx, INXS and U2. But by the end of the decade, AOR stations were playing fewer and fewer new artists and the rise of grunge, alternative and hip-hop accelerated the fade-out of the album-oriented rock format. By the early 1990s many AOR radio stations switched exclusively to the classic rock format or segued to other current formats with somewhat of an AOR approach:

AOR radio stations

The radio stations in the following list were successful with the AOR format. In the 1970s some were considered progressive, with programming that evolved to what became known as AOR. Many of these stations have switched from AOR to another format—in some cases classic rock or one of the other AOR spin-offs mentioned above.

Call Letters Market Frequency AOR Years Current Format
KZRR Albuquerque, New Mexico 94.1 FM 1980–present Mainstream rock
KFMG Albuquerque, New Mexico 107.9 FM 1979–91 Country as KBQI
WZZO Allentown, Pennsylvania 95.1 FM 1975–present Mainstream rock
KACC Alvin, Texas 89.7 FM 1979–present AOR
WKLS Atlanta, Georgia 96.1 FM 1974–2003 CHR as WWPW
KLBJ-FM Austin, Texas 93.7 FM 1973–present Classic rock
WAAF Boston, Massachusetts 107.3 FM 1969–89 Mainstream rock
WBCN Boston, Massachusetts 104.1 FM 1968–95 Hot adult contemporary as WBMX
WCOZ Boston, Massachusetts 94.5 FM 1975–83 Rhythmic contemporary as WJMN
WLBJ Bowling Green, Kentucky 96.7 FM 1974–80 Country as WBVR
WGRQ Buffalo, New York 96.9 FM 1975–85 Classic rock as WGRF
WROQ Charlotte, North Carolina 95.1 FM 1972–84 CHR as WNKS
WDAI Chicago, Illinois 94.7 FM 1972–78 Classic hits as WLS-FM
WLUP-FM Chicago, Illinois 97.9 FM 1977–present Classic rock
WMET Chicago, Illinois 95.5 FM 1976–86 Country as WEBG
WEBN Cincinnati, Ohio 102.7 FM 1967–present AOR
WMMS Cleveland, Ohio 100.7 FM 1968–94 Active rock
WWWM Cleveland, Ohio 105.7 FM 1975–82 Classic hits as WMJI
WLVQ Columbus, Ohio 96.3 FM 1977–present Classic rock
KZEW Dallas, Texas 97.9 FM 1973–89 Rhythmic contemporary as KBFB
WTUE Dayton, Ohio 104.7 FM 1975–present AOR
KGGO Des Moines, Iowa 94.9 FM 1978–99 Classic rock
WLLZ Detroit, Michigan 98.7 FM 1980–95 CHR as WDZH
WRIF Detroit, Michigan 101.1 FM 1971–94 Active rock
KTXQ Fort Worth, Texas 102.1 FM 1978–98 Modern rock as KDGE
KLOL Houston, Texas 101.1 FM 1970–2006 Spanish contemporary
KSRR Houston, Texas 96.5 FM 1980–86 Hot adult contemporary as KHMX
WFBQ Indianapolis, Indiana 94.7 FM 1978–2005 Classic rock
WZZQ Jackson, Mississippi 102.9 FM 1968–81 Country as WMSI-FM
KYYS Kansas City, Missouri 102.1 FM 1975–97 Adult contemporary as KCKC
KSMB Lafayette, Louisiana 94.5 FM 1973–84 CHR
KGRA Lake Charles, Louisiana 103.7 FM 1975–84 Adult contemporary as KBIU
KOMP Las Vegas, Nevada 92.3 FM 1981–present Active rock
WKQQ Lexington, Kentucky 98.1 FM 1974–98 Classic rock on 100.1 FM
WBAB Long Island, New York 102.3 FM 1976–2000s Classic rock
KLOS Los Angeles, California 95.5 FM 1969–present Classic rock
KNAC Los Angeles, California 105.5 FM 1986–95 Spanish as KBUE
KMET Los Angeles, California 94.7 FM 1968–87 Smooth AC as KTWV
KROQ Los Angeles, California 106.7 FM 1973–87 Alternative
WMC-FM Memphis, Tennessee 99.7 FM 1969–81 Hot adult contemporary
WRNO-FM New Orleans, Louisiana 99.5 FM 1968–97 Talk radio
KQRS-FM Minneapolis, Minnesota 92.5 FM 1968–present Classic rock
WXLP Moline, Illinois 96.9 FM 1978–2004 Classic rock
WDHA Morristown, New Jersey 105.5 FM 1979–present AOR
WKDF Nashville, Tennessee 103.3 FM 1970–99 Country
WRBK-FM New Bern, North Carolina 101.9 FM 1976–79 Urban contemporary as Kiss 102
WNEW-FM New York City, New York 102.7 FM 1967–95 Adult contemporary as WWFS
WPLJ New York City, New York 95.5 FM 1971–83 Hot adult contemporary
WVOK-FM Birmingham, Alabama 99.5 FM 1977–83 Classic rock as WZRR
WMMR Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 93.3 FM 1968–present AOR
KDKB Phoenix, Arizona 93.3 FM 1971–2014 Modern rock
WDVE Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 102.5 FM 1969–present AOR
KGON Portland, Oregon 92.3 FM 1974–90 Classic rock
KINK Portland, Oregon 101.9 FM 1968–present Adult album alternative
WHJY Providence, Rhode Island 94.1 FM 1981–present AOR
WQDR-FM Raleigh, North Carolina 94.7 FM 1973–84 Country
WQBK-FM Rensselaer, New York 103.9 FM 1972–present Active rock
WYFE-FM Rockford, Illinois 95.3 FM 1976–80 Country as WRTB
WQRT Salamanca, New York 98.3 FM 1988–present Classic rock as WQRS
KGB-FM San Diego, California 101.5 FM 1972–91 Classic rock
KPRI San Diego, California 106.5 FM 1968–84 Regional Mexican as KLNV
XTRA San Diego, California 91.1 FM 1978–83 Alternative
KSAN San Francisco, California 94.9 FM 1968–80 CHR as KYLD
KMEL San Francisco, California 106.1 FM 1977–84 Urban contemporary
KRQR San Francisco, California 97.3 FM 1982–95 Hot adult contemporary as KLLC
KFOG San Francisco, San Francisco 104.5 FM 1982–present Adult album alternative
KSJO San Jose, California 92.3 FM 1968–2004 Chinese
KOME San Jose, California 98.5 FM 1971–94 Classic rock as KUFX
KISW Seattle, Washington 99.9 FM 1971–2000 Active rock
KXRX Seattle, Washington 96.5 FM 1987–94 Adult hits as KJAQ
KZOK Seattle, Washington 102.5 FM 1974–86 Classic rock
KOL-FM Seattle, Washington 94.1 FM 1968–73 Country as KMPS
KEZE Spokane, Washington 105.7 FM 1973–96 CHR as KZBD
WXYG St. Cloud, Minnesota 540 AM 2011–present AOR
KWK-FM St. Louis, Missouri 106.5 FM 1979–84 Adult hits as WARH
KSHE St. Louis, Missouri 94.7 FM 1967–present Classic rock
WMAD Madison, Wisconsin 92.1 FM 1977–79 Talk radio as WXXM
KWFM Tucson, Arizona 92.9 FM 1970–83 Hot adult contemporary as KMIY
KMOD-FM Tulsa, Oklahoma 97.5 FM 1974–present AOR
KTBA Tulsa, Oklahoma 92.1 FM 1973–78 Contemporary hit radio as KTBT
WOUR Utica, New York 96.9 FM 1969–present Classic rock
KICT-FM Wichita, Kansas 95.1 FM 1975–present Mainstream rock

References

  1. ↑ Gent, George. "AM-FM Radio Stations Ready For the Great Divide Tomorrow" New York Times December 31, 1966: 39
  2. ↑ Simpson, Kim (2011). Early '70s Radio: The American Format Revolution. New York, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 120–121. ISBN 978-1-4411-2968-0.
  3. ↑ Peeples, Stephen. Rock Around the World March 1977: 21
  4. ↑ Scott, Jane. "Rock reverberations" The Plain Dealer November 28, 1975: Action Tab p. 26
  5. ↑ Goldstein, Patrick. "FM Radio: Redneck Rock?" Los Angeles Times September 21, 1980: T80
  6. ↑ King, Bill. "Burkhart Opens Doors To Suite and Format Secrets" Billboard September 23, 1978: 22
  7. ↑ Thompson, Bill. "As Formats Change, Cries of Bias Arise" Philadelphia Inquirer February 15, 1982: D1
  8. ↑ Heron, Kim and Graff, Gary. "Racism in the World of Rock/On Some Stations, Blacks Hardly Ever Make the Airwaves" Detroit Free Press January 9, 1983: 1C
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