Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow
| Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm Freiherr von Lützow | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born |
May 18, 1782 Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | December 6, 1834 (aged 52) |
| Allegiance | Prussian |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Unit | Prussian Army, Lützow Free Corps |
| Commands held | Lützow Free Corps |
Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm Freiherr von Lützow (May 18, 1782 – December 6, 1834) was a Prussian lieutenant general notable for his organization and command of the Lützow Freikorps of volunteers during the Napoleonic Wars.[1] He came from the House of Mecklenburg, his father was a Prussian Major General Johann Adolph von Lützow (1748–1819), and his mother, Wilhelmine (née von Zastrow) (1754 to 1815).
Early life
Lützow was born in Berlin. He first entered the Prussian Army in 1795, and eleven years later as a lieutenant took part in the disastrous battle of Auerstadt. He then achieved distinction in the siege of Kolberg, as the leader of a squadron of Schill's volunteers.
In 1808, as a major he retired from the Prussian army, indignant at the humiliating treaty of Tilsit. He took part in the heroic venture of his old chief Schill in 1809; wounded at Dodendorf and left behind, he thereby escaped the fate of his comrades, many of whom were either killed at the Battle of Stralsund (1809) or executed at Napoleon's command in the aftermath. In Schöneiche he was hidden by the owner of the village in a little hunters' hut at the village border and there Lützow was able to recover from his wounds. Today the newer building made of stone is called "Lützow Haus" ("Lützow House") in commemoration of this episode.
Lützow Free Corps
In 1811, he was restored to the Prussian army as major, and at the outbreak of the German War of Liberation received permission from Scharnhorst to organize a free corps consisting of infantry, cavalry and Tirolese marksmen, for attacking flanks or in guerilla fighting in the French rear and rallying the smaller governments into the ranks of the allies. From their uniform, they were known as the "Black Troopers" or "Black Riflemen".
The valor of the Black Troop is commemorated in Theodor Körner's poem "Lützows wilde, verwegene Jagd" (Lützow's wild, daring hunt). As Lützow's adjutant, he met his death in battle. Among other notable members of the corps were Friedrich Fröbel and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. This incident was portrayed in the 1927 film Lützow's Wild Hunt directed by Richard Oswald.
This corps played a marked part in the campaign of 1813. But Lützow was unable to coerce the minor states, and the wanderings of the corps had little military influence. At Kitzen (near Leipzig) the whole corps, warned too late of the armistice of Poischwitz, was caught on the French side of the line of demarcation, and, as a fighting force, annihilated. Lützow himself, wounded, cut his way out with the survivors, and immediately began reorganizing and recruiting.
In the second part of the campaign the corps he served in more regular warfare under Wallmoden. Lützow and his men distinguished themselves at Gadebusch (where Körner fell) and Göhrde (where Lützow himself, for the second time, received a severe wound at the head of the cavalry). Sent next against Denmark, and later employed at the siege of Jülich, Lützow in 1814 fell into the hands of the French.
Late career
After the peace of 1814 the corps was dissolved, the infantry becoming the 25th Regiment, the cavalry the 6th Uhlans. At Ligny he led the 6th Uhlans to the charge, but they were broken by the French cavalry, and he finally remained in the hands of the enemy, escaping, however, on the day of Waterloo. Made colonel in this year, his subsequent promotions were: major-general 1822, and lieutenant-general (on retirement) 1830.
One of the last acts of his life for which Lützow is remembered is his challenge (which was ignored) to Blücher, who had been ridden down in the rout of the 6th Ulans at Ligny, and had made, in his official report, comments thereon, which their colonel considered disparaging.
Legacy
Several German warships including SMS Lützow of World War I, and the heavy cruiser Lützow (ex-Deutschland) of World War II, were named after him.
The 37th SS Volunteer Cavalry Division Lützow was also named after him.
Democratic Germany's national colors Black Red Gold originate from the iconic Lützower's black uniforms, which showed red insignia and golden buttons.
Notes
- ↑ Regarding personal names: Freiherr was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as Baron. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (Graf Helmuth James von Moltke). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (von, zu, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (Helmuth James Graf von Moltke). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin.
References
-
Gilman, D. C.; Thurston, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Lützow, Adolf, Baron". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. - Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Lützow, Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm, Baron of". Encyclopedia Americana.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lützow, Adolf, Freiherr von". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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