Justice and Development Party (Turkey)

Justice and Development Party Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi
President	Ahmet Davutoğlu
General Secretary	Abdulhamit Gül
Founder	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Founded	August 14, 2001 (2001-08-14)
Split from	Virtue Party
Headquarters	Söğütözü Caddesi No 6 Çankaya, Ankara
Youth wing	AK Gençlik
Membership  (2014[1])	9,062,525
Ideology	Islamism (de facto) Neo-Ottomanism[2][3] Conservative democracy[4][5] Social conservatism[6][7][8] Economic liberalism[6] Big tent[9][10]
Political position	Centre-right[11] to right-wing[12]
European affiliation	Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists
International affiliation	None
Colours	Orange      Blue
Parliament:	317 / 550
Metropolitan municipalities:	18 / 30
District municipalities:	800 / 1,351
Provincial councillors:	779 / 1,251
Website
akparti.org.tr
Politics of Turkey Political parties Elections

The Justice and Development Party (Turkish: Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi), abbreviated JDP or AK in English and AKP or AK Parti in Turkish, is a social conservative political party in Turkey. It has developed from the tradition of Islamism, but has officially abandoned this ideology in favour of "conservative democracy".^[13][14] The party is the largest in Turkey, and has a majority in parliament with 316 members. Its leader, Ahmet Davutoğlu, is Prime Minister, while former party leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is President.

Founded in 2001 by members of a number of existing conservative parties, the party has won pluralities in the five most recent legislative elections, those of 2002, 2007, 2011, June 2015, and November 2015, winning 34.3%, 46.6%, 49.8%, 40.9%, and 49.5% respectively. The party held a majority of seats for 13 years, but lost it in June 2015, only to regain it in the snap election of November 2015.

Shortly after formation, the AKP portrayed itself as a pro-Western and pro-American^[15] party in the Turkish political spectrum that advocates a liberal market economy including Turkish membership in the European Union.^[16] The party has been described as a "broad right-wing coalition of Islamists, reformist Islamists, conservatives, nationalists, centre-right, and pro-business groups."^[11] The party has for a long time been supported by the Cemaat Movement of exiled Islamic cleric Fethullah Gülen, whose influence in the judiciary has helped to weaken the opposition against the AKP.^[17] Having been observer in the center-right European People's Party since 2005, it however left to join the eurosceptic Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (AECR) on 13 November 2013.

Controversies over whether the party remains committed to secular principles enshrined in the Turkish constitution despite their Islamist origins have dominated Turkish politics since 2002 and has resulted in numerous unsuccessful closure cases.^[18] Critics have accused the AKP of having a 'hidden agenda' despite their public endorsement of secularism and the party maintains informal relations and support for the Muslim Brotherhood.^{[19][20][21][22]} Both the party's domestic and foreign policy has been perceived to be Pan-Islamist or Neo-Ottoman, advocating a revival of Ottoman culture often at the expense of secular republican principles, while increasing regional presence in former Ottoman territories.^{[2][3][23][24]}

Nationwide protests broke out against the alleged authoritarianism of the AKP in 2013, with the party's heavy-handed response receiving international condemnation and stalling the party's once championed EU accession negotiations.^[25][26] Since then, the party has brought about tighter regulations on internet use, abortion and alcohol consumption, having temporarily blocked access to Twitter and YouTube in March 2014.^{[27][28][29][30][31]} Especially after the government corruption scandal involving several AKP ministers in 2013, the party has been increasingly accused of crony capitalism.^[32][33][34] The AKP favours a strong centralised leadership, having long advocated a presidential system of government and significantly reduced the number of elected local government positions in 2013.^[35]

In the presidential election of 2014, the AKP's long time leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was elected President. In the party's first extraordinary congress, former foreign minister Ahmet Davutoğlu was unanimously elected unopposed as party leader and took over as Prime Minister on 28 August 2014.

Formation

The AK Party was established by a wide range of politicians of various political parties and a number of new politicians. The core of the party was formed from the reformist faction of the Islamist Virtue Party, including people such as Abdullah Gül, Bülent Arınç, and Melih Gökçek. A second founding group consisted of members of the social conservative Motherland Party who had been close to Turgut Özal, such as Cemil Çiçek and Abdülkadir Aksu. Some members of the True Path Party, such as Hüseyin Çelik and Köksal Toptan, joined the AKP. Some members, such as Kürşad Tüzmen had nationalist or Ertuğrul Günay, had center-left backgrounds while representatives of the nascent 'Muslim left' current were largely excluded.^[36] In addition a large number of people joined a political party for the first time, such as Ali Babacan, Selma Aliye Kavaf, Egemen Bağış and Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu. All of these people joined Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to found the new party.

Ideology

Although the party is described as an Islamist party in some media, party officials reject those claims.^[37] According to former minister Hüseyin Çelik, "In the Western press, when the AK Party administration – the ruling party of the Turkish Republic – is being named, unfortunately most of the time 'Islamic,' 'Islamist,' 'mildly Islamist,' 'Islamic-oriented,' 'Islamic-based' or 'with an Islamic agenda,' and similar language is being used. These characterizations do not reflect the truth, and they sadden us." Çelik added, "The AK Party is a conservative democratic party. The AK Party's conservatism is limited to moral and social issues."^[38] Also in a separate speech made in 2005, Prime Minister Erdoğan stated, "We are not an Islamic party, and we also refuse labels such as Muslim-democrat." Erdoğan went on to say that the AK Party's agenda is limited to "conservative democracy".^[39]

The party's foreign policy has also been widely described as Neo-Ottomanist,^[40] an ideology that promotes renewed Turkish political engagement in the former territories of its predecessor state, the Ottoman Empire. However, the party's leadership has also rejected this label.^[41]

European affiliation

In 2005, the party was granted observer membership in the European People's Party (EPP). In November 2013, the party however left the EPP to join the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (AECR) instead.^[42] This move was attributed to the AKP's disappointment not to be granted full membership in the EPP, while it was admitted as a full member of the AECR.^[43] It drew criticism in both national and European discourses, as the driving force of Turkey's aspirations to become a member of the European Union decided to join a largely eurosceptic alliance, abandoning the more influential pro-European EPP, feeding suspicions that AKP wants to join a watered down, not a closely integrated EU.^[44]

History

Closure cases

The Justice and Development Party(AKP) has faced two closure cases in its history. Just 10 days before the national elections of 2002, Turkey's chief prosecutor, Sabih Kanadoğlu, asked the Turkish constitutional court to close the Justice and Development Party, which was leading in the polls at that time. The chief prosecutor charged the Justice and Development Party with abusing the law and justice. He based his case on the fact that the party's leader had been banned from political life for reading an Islamist poem, and thus the party had no standing in elections. The European Commission had previously criticised Turkey for banning the party's leader from participating in elections.^[45]

The party again faced a closure trial in 2008. At an international press conference in Spain, Erdoğan answered a question of a journalist by saying, "What if the headscarf is a symbol? Even if it were a political symbol, does that give [one the] right to ban it? Could you bring prohibitions to symbols?" These statements led to a joint proposal of the Justice and Development Party and the far-right Nationalist Movement Party for changing the constitution and the law to lift a ban on women wearing headscarves at state universities. Soon afterwards, Turkey's chief prosecutor, Abdurrahman Yalçınkaya, asked the Constitutional Court of Turkey to close down the party on charges of violating the separation of religion and state in Turkey.^[46][47][48] The closure request failed by only one vote, as only 6 of the 11 judges ruled in favour, with 7 required; however, 10 out of 11 judges agreed that the Justice and Development Party had become "a center for anti-secular activities", leading to a loss of 50% of the state funding for the party.^[49]

Elections

2002 general elections

The AK party won a sweeping victory in the 2002 elections, which saw every party previously represented in the Grand National Assembly ejected from the chamber. In the process, it won a two-thirds majority of seats, becoming the first Turkish party in 11 years to win an outright majority. Erdoğan normally would have become prime minister, but was banned from holding any political office after a 1994 incident in which he read a poem deemed pro-Islamist by judges. As a result, Gül became prime minister. It survived the crisis over the 2003 invasion of Iraq despite a massive back bench rebellion where over a hundred AK Party MPs joined those of the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) in parliament to prevent the government from allowing the United States to launch a Northern offensive in Iraq from Turkish territory. Later, Erdoğan's ban was abolished with the help of the CHP and Erdoğan became prime minister by being selected to parliament after a by-election in Siirt.

Party leader Erdoğan on a poster thanking the people for the election results.

The AK Party has undertaken structural reforms, and during its rule Turkey has seen rapid growth and an end to its three decade long period of high inflation rates. Inflation had fallen to 8.8% by 2004.

Influential business publications such as The Economist consider the AK Party's government the most successful in Turkey in decades.^[50]

2004 local elections

In the local elections of 2004, the AK Party won 42% of the votes, making inroads against the secular Republican People's Party (CHP) on the South and West Coasts, and against the Social Democratic People's Party, which is supported by some Kurds in the South-East of Turkey.

In January 2005, the AK Party was admitted as an observer member in the European People's Party (EPP). However, it left the EPP to join the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (AECR) in 2013.

2007 elections

Voter base by monthly household income. AK Party is the largest party in group 1, 2, 3 and 4, while CHP is the largest in group 5, the richest 20% of Turkey.

On April 14, 2007, an estimated 300,000 people marched in Ankara to protest the possible candidacy of Erdoğan in the 2007 presidential election, afraid that if elected as President, he would alter the secular nature of the Turkish state.^[51] Erdoğan announced on April 24, 2007 that the party had decided to nominate Abdullah Gül as the AK Party candidate in the presidential election.^[52] The protests continued over the next several weeks, with over one million reported at an April 29 rally in Istanbul,^[53][54] tens of thousands reported at separate protests on May 4 in Manisa and Çanakkale,^[55] and one million in İzmir on May 13.^[56]

Early parliamentary elections were called after the failure of the parties in parliament to agree on the next Turkish president. The opposition parties boycotted the parliamentary vote and deadlocked the election process. At the same time, Erdoğan claimed the failure to elect a president was a failure of the Turkish political system and proposed to modify the constitution.

The AK Party achieved victory in the rescheduled July 22, 2007 elections with 46.6% of the vote, translating into control of 341 of the 550 available parliamentary seats. Although the AK Party received significantly more votes in 2007 than in 2002, the number of parliamentary seats they controlled decreased due to the rules of the Turkish electoral system. However, they retained a comfortable ruling majority.^[16] "No Stopping, Push On!" was the slogan of the Justice and Development Party in the general elections of 2007.

Territorially, the elections of 2007 saw a major advance for the AK Party, with the party outpolling the pro-Kurdish Democratic Society Party in traditional Kurdish strongholds such as Van and Mardin, as well as outpolling the secular-left CHP in traditionally secular areas such as Antalya and Artvin. Overall, the AK Party secured a plurality of votes in 68 of Turkey's 81 provinces, with its strongest vote of 71% coming from Bingöl. Its weakest vote, a mere 12%, came from Tunceli, the only Turkish province where the Alevi form a majority.^[57] Abdullah Gül was elected President in late August with 339 votes in the third round – the first at which a simple majority is required – after deadlock in the first two rounds, in which a two-thirds majority is needed.

2007 constitutional referendum

A rally of the Justice and Development Party in 2007

After the opposition parties deadlocked the 2007 presidential election by boycotting the parliament, the ruling AK party proposed a constitutional reform package. The reform package was first vetoed by President Sezer. Then he applied to the Turkish constitutional court about the reform package, because the president is unable to veto amendments for the second time. The court did not find any problems in the package and 69% of the voters supported the constitutional changes.

The reforms consisted of:

• electing the president by popular vote instead of by parliament;
• reducing the presidential term from seven years to five;
• allowing the president to stand for re-election for a second term;
• holding general elections every four years instead of five;
• reducing the quorum of lawmakers needed for parliamentary decisions from 367 to 184.

2009 local elections

The Turkish local elections of 2009 took place during the financial crisis of 2007–2010. After the success of the AK Party in the 2007 general elections, the party saw a decline in the local elections of 2009. In these elections the AK Party received 39% of the vote, 3% less than in the local elections of 2004. Still, the AK Party remained the dominating party in Turkey. The second party CHP received 23% of the vote and the third party MHP received 16% of the vote. The AK Party won in Turkey's largest cities: Ankara and Istanbul.^[58]

2010 constitutional referendum

Reforming the Constitution was one of the main pledges of the AK Party during the 2007 election campaign. The main opposition party CHP was not interested in altering the Constitution on a big scale, making it impossible to form a Constitutional Commission (Anayasa Uzlaşma Komisyonu).^[59] The amendments lacked the two-thirds majority needed to instantly become law, but secured 336 votes in the 550 seat parliament – enough to put the proposals to a referendum. The reform package included a number of issues: such as the right of individuals to appeal to the highest court, the creation of the ombudsman's office, the possibility to negotiate a nationwide labour contract, positive exceptions for female citizens, the ability of civilian courts to convict members of the military, the right of civil servants to go on strike, a privacy law, and the structure of the Constitutional Court. The referendum was agreed by a majority of 58%.

2015 general election

In the general election held on 7 June, the AKP gained 40.87% of the vote and 258 seats in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, TBMM). Though it still remains the biggest party in Turkey, the AKP lost its status as the majority party and the power to form a single-party government. Until then it had held this majority without interruption for 13 years since it had come to power in 2002. Also, in this election, the AKP was pushing to gain 330 seats in the Grand National Assembly so that it could put a series of constitutional changes to a referendum, one of them was to switch Turkey from the current parliamentary government to an American-style executive presidency government. This pursuit met with a series of oppositions and criticism from the opposition parties and their supporters, fearing the measure would give more unchecked power to the current President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who has been drawing fierce criticisms both from home and abroad for his active role in the election, abandoning the traditional presidential role of maintaining a more neutral and impartial position in elections by his predecessors in the office. The result of the Kurdish issues-centred Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey), HDP, breaking through the 10% threshold to achieve 13.12% out of the total votes cast and gaining 80 seats in the Grand National Assembly in this election successfully derailed the AKP from maintaining its hold of power as the majority party and a single-party government as well as enacting a referendum necessary to change the constitution. The AKP is now forced to form a coalition government in negotiation with other parties.

Merger with People's Voice Party

In September 2012, two-year-old conservative-oriented People's Voice Party (HAS Parti) dissolved itself and joined the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) with a majority of its delegates' votes.^[60] In July 2012, following long-held speculation that former HSP leader Numan Kurtulmuş was on Prime Minister Erdoğan's mind as his possible successor as party head, Erdoğan personally proposed to Kurtulmuş the idea of merging the parties under the umbrella of the AKP.

Election results

Presidential elections

Presidential election record of the Justice and Development Party (AKP)
Election		Candidate	First round		Second round		Outcome	Map
			Votes	%	Votes	%
	10 August 2014	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	21,000,143	51.79%	N/A	N/A	Erdoğan elected

General elections

General election record of the Justice and Development Party (AKP)      0–10%         10–20%         20–30%         30–40%         40–50%         50–60%         60–70%         70–80%
Election		Leader	Vote	Seats	Result	Outcome	Map
	3 November 2002	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	10,808,229	363 / 550 ( 363)	34.28%  34.28 pp	#1st AKP majority
	22 July 2007	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	16,327,291	341 / 550 ( 22)	46.58%  12.30 pp	#1st AKP majority
	12 June 2011	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	21,399,082	327 / 550 ( 14)	49.83%  3.25 pp	#1st AKP majority
	7 June 2015	Ahmet Davutoğlu	18,867,411	258 / 550 ( 69)	40.87%  8.96 pp	#1st Hung parliament
	1 November 2015	Ahmet Davutoğlu	23,681,926	317 / 550 ( 59)	49.50% 8.63 pp	#1st AKP majority

Local elections

Local election record of the Justice and Development Party (AKP)
Election		Metropolitan		District		Municipal		Provincial
		Vote	Mayors	Vote	Mayors	Vote	Councillors	Vote	Councillors
	28 March 2004	46.07% 4,822,636	12 / 16	40.19% 9,674,306	1,750 / 3,193	40.33% 9,635,145	16,637 / 34,477	41.67% 13,447,287	2,276 / 3,208
	29 March 2009	42.19% 7,672,280	10 / 16	38.64% 12,449,187	1,442 / 2,903	38.16% 12,237,325	14,732 / 32,393	38.39% 15,353,553	1,889 / 3,281
	30 March 2014	45.54% 15,898,025	18 / 30	43.13% 17,952,504	800 / 1,351	42.87% 17,802,976	10,530 / 20,500	45.43% 4,622,484	779 / 1,251

Referendums

Footnotes

Literature

• Cizre, Ümit (ed.) (2008). "Secular and Islamic politics in Turkey: The making of the Justice and Development Party". Routledge. 
• Cizre, Ümit (2012). "A New Politics of Engagement: The Turkish Military, Society and the AKP". Democracy, Islam, and secularism in Turkey (Columbia University Press). 
• Hale, William; Özbudun, Ergun (2010). "Islamism, Democracy and Liberalism in Turkey: The Case of the AKP". Routledge. 
• Yavuz, M. Hakan (ed.) (2006). "The Emergence of a New Turkey: Islam, Democracy and the AK Parti". The University of Utah Press. 
• Yavuz, M. Hakan (2009). "Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey". Cambridge University Press. 

See also

• 2013–14 protests in Turkey
• 2013 corruption scandal in Turkey

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Justice and Development Party.

• Official website (English) (Turkish)
• AK Youth (Turkish)
• AK Party Political Academy (Turkish)
• AK Kanal (Turkish)
• AK İcraatlar (Turkish)

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