Aare

Aare
The Aare at Bern
Drainage basin of the Aare
Basin
Main source	Canton of Bern, Switzerland
River mouth	Rhine
Size	17,779 km2 (6,865 sq mi)
Country	Switzerland, France
Physiognomy
Length	295 kilometres (183 mi)

The Aare (German pronunciation: [ˈaːrə]) or Aar is a tributary of the High Rhine and the longest river that both rises and ends entirely within Switzerland.^[1][2]

Its total length from its source to its junction with the Rhine comprises about 295^[3] km (183 miles),^[1] during which distance it descends 1,565 m (5,135 ft), draining an area of 17,779 km² (6,865 sq mi), almost entirely within Switzerland, and accounting for close to half the area of the country, including all of Central Switzerland.^[3] There are more than 40 hydroelectric plants along the course of the Aare River.^[4]

The river's name dates to at least the La Tène period, and it is attested as Nantaror "Aare valley" in the Berne zinc tablet which dates back to Roman Gaul. The name was Latinized as Arula/Arola/Araris^{[5][nb 1]}

Course

The Unteraargletscher

The Aare at Innertkirchen

Inside the Aare Gorge

The Aare rises in the great Aargletschers (Aare Glaciers) of the Bernese Alps, in the canton of Bern and west of the Grimsel Pass.^[1] The Unteraargletscher (Lower Aare-Glacier) is the main source of the water, for the source Lake Grimsel,^[2] along with the Finsteraargletscher, Oberaargletscher (Upper Aare-Glacier),^[2] and Lauteraargletscher.^[4] It runs east to the Grimsel Hospice, below the Finsteraarhorn, and then northwest through the Haslital, forming on the way the magnificent Handegg Waterfall, 46 m (151 ft), past Guttannen. Between Innertkirchen and Meiringen, the river carves through a limestone ridge in the Aare Gorge or Aareschlucht.^[1] It is here that the Aare proves itself to be more than just a river, as it attracts thousands of tourists annually to the causeways through the gorge.^[2]

A little past Meiringen, near Brienz, the river expands into Lake Brienz. Near the west end of the lake it receives its first important tributary, the Lütschine. It then runs across the swampy plain of the Bödeli between Interlaken and Unterseen before flowing into Lake Thun.^[1]

Near the west end of Lake Thun, the river receives the waters of the Kander, which has just been joined by the Simme. Lake Thun marks the head of navigation.^[4] On flowing out of the lake it passes through Thun, and then flows through the city of Bern, passing beneath eighteen bridges and around the steeply-flanked peninsula on which the Old City is located. The river soon changes its northwesterly flow for a due westerly direction, but after receiving the Saane or Sarine it turns north until it nears Aarberg. There, in one of the major Swiss engineering feats of the 19th century, the Jura water correction, the river, which had previously rendered the countryside north of Bern a swampland through frequent flooding, was diverted by the Hagneck Canal into the Lake of Bienne. From the upper end of the lake, at Nidau, the river issues through the Nidau-Büren channel, also called the Aare Canal,^[2] and then runs east to Büren. The lake absorbs huge amounts of eroded gravel and snowmelt that the river brings from the Alps, and the former swamps have become fruitful plains: they are known as the "vegetable garden of Switzerland".

From here the Aare flows northeast for a long distance, past the ambassador town Solothurn^[1] (below which the Grosse Emme flows in on the right), Aarburg (where it is joined by the Wigger), Olten, Aarau,^[1] near which is the junction with the Suhre, and Wildegg, where the Bünz falls in on the right. A short distance further, below Brugg it receives first the Reuss, and shortly afterwards the Limmat. It now turns due north, and soon becomes itself a tributary of the Rhine, which it surpasses in volume when the two rivers unite at Koblenz (Switzerland), opposite Waldshut, Germany. The Rhine, in turn, empties into the North Sea after crossing into the Netherlands.

Tributaries

At the "Wasserschloss", where the rivers Aare, Reuss and Limmat flow together

The convergence of the Aare and the Rhine at Koblenz

• Limmat
  • Reppisch
  • Sihl
    • Alp
    • Minster
  • Linth (main tributary of Lake Zürich)
    • Seez (main tributary of Lake Walen)
    • Löntsch
    • Sernf
• Reuss (see also: Reuss (river)#Tributaries)
  • Kleine Emme
  • Sarner Aa
  • Engelberger Aa
  • Schächen
  • Furkareuss
• Suhre
• Bünz
  • Aabach
• Wigger
• Murg (Murgenthal)
  • Rot (Roggwil)
  • Langete (Langenthal)
    • Ursenbach (Kleindietwil)
    • Rotbach (Huttwil)
• Emme
• Zihlkanal
  • Suze
  • Broye
  • Orbe
• Saane (Sarine)
  • Sense
• Kander
  • Simme
  • Allenbach
• Lütschine (Lake Brienz)

Reservoirs

• Lake Grimsel,^[7] 1,908 metres (6,260 ft)
• Lake Brienz,^[7] 564 metres (1,850 ft)^[8]
• Lake Thun,^[7] 558 metres (1,831 ft)^[8]
• Lake Wohlen,^[9] 481 metres (1,578 ft)
• Niederriedsee,^[9] 461 metres (1,512 ft)
• Lake Biel,^[9] 429 metres (1,407 ft)
• Klingnauer Stausee, 318 metres (1,043 ft)

Notes

Footnotes

References

• Anon (1973). Atlas Routier et Touristique (in French). Paris, France: Bordas-Tirade. 
• Bridgwater, W.; Aldrich, Beatrice, eds. (1968). "Aare". The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0670230709. 
• Cohen, Saul B., ed. (1998). "Aare". The Columbia Gazetteer of the World. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11040-5. 
• Forbiger, Albert (1848). Handbuch Der Alten Geographie 3. Leipzig, Germany: Veriag von Gustav Mayer. 
• Gresswell, R. Kay; Huxley, Anthony, eds. (1965). Standard Encyclopedia of the World's Rivers and Lakes. New York, NY: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
• Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Aare River". Encyclopædia Britannica (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 0-85229-961-3. 
• Kristol, Andres; Cattin, Florence; Meroni, Barbara; Schmid, Gabrielle, eds. (2005). "Aarau AG (Aarau)" [Encyclopedia of the Swiss municipality of LSG: Dictionnaire de toponymique scommunes Suisses DTS / Dizionario dei comuni toponomastico svizzeri DTS]. Lexikon der schweizerischen Gemeindenamen LSG: Dictionnaire toponymique de scommunes suisses DTS /Dizionario toponomastico dei comuni svizzeri DTS (in German) (1st ed.). Stuttgart, Germany: Huber Frauenfeld. ISBN 3-7193-1308-5. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aar.

• The Aare Gorge (Aareschlucht)
• Texts on Wikisource:
  • "Aar". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907. 
  • "Aar". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. 
  • "Aar". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. 

Tributaries of the Rhine Left (western) Vorderrhein Aua Russein Schmuèr Alpine Rhine Vorderrhein Tamina Rietaach Alter Rhein Freibach Lake Constance Goldach High Rhine Thur Töss Glatt Aare Sissle Ergolz Birs Birsig Upper Rhine Ill Moder Sauer Lauter Spiegelbach Queich Speyerbach Rehbach Isenach Eckbach Eisbach Pfrimm Selz Middle Rhine Nahe Moselle Nette Brohlbach Ahr Lower Rhine Erft Right (eastern) Vorderrhein Rein da Tuma Rein da Curnera Rein da Medel Rein da Sumvitg Glogn Rabiusa Hinterrhein Ragn da Ferrera Albula/Alvra Alpine Rhine Hinterrhein Plessur Landquart Mülbach Ill Frutz Lake Constance Dornbirner Ach Bregenzer Ach Leiblach Schussen Rotach Brunnisaach Lipbach Seefelder Aach Stockacher Aach Radolfzeller Aach High Rhine Biber Wutach Alb Murg Wehra Upper Rhine Wiese Elz Kinzig Rench Acher Murg Alb Pfinz Saalbach Kraichbach Leimbach Neckar Weschnitz Modau Main Middle Rhine Wisper Lahn Wied Lower Rhine Sieg Wupper Düssel Ruhr Emscher Lippe IJssel Oude IJssel/Issel Berkel Schipbeek

Coordinates: 47°36′N 8°13′E / 47.600°N 8.217°E / 47.600; 8.217