Activating transcription factor 2

Activating transcription factor 2
PDB rendering based on 1bhi.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1BHI​, 1T2K​, 4H36​
Identifiers
Symbols	ATF2 ; CRE-BP1; CREB-2; CREB2; HB16; TREB7
External IDs	OMIM: 123811 MGI: 109349 HomoloGene: 31061 GeneCards: ATF2 Gene
EC number	2.3.1.48
Gene ontology Molecular function • RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding • RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding • transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding • transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding • RNA polymerase II activating transcription factor binding • enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding • transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific binding • chromatin binding • transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding • transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific binding • transcription coactivator activity • histone acetyltransferase activity • protein binding • cAMP response element binding protein binding • protein kinase binding • cAMP response element binding • metal ion binding • protein heterodimerization activity Cellular component • nucleus • nucleoplasm • cytoplasm • mitochondrial outer membrane • site of double-strand break Biological process • toll-like receptor signaling pathway • MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway • MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway • outflow tract morphogenesis • chromatin organization • regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • response to osmotic stress • cellular response to DNA damage stimulus • histone acetylation • intra-S DNA damage checkpoint • positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production • toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway • toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway • toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway • toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway • toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway • toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway • TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway • toll-like receptor TLR1:TLR2 signaling pathway • toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signaling pathway • innate immune response • fat cell differentiation • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity • positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity • stress-activated MAPK cascade • adipose tissue development • positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	1386	11909
Ensembl	ENSG00000115966	ENSMUSG00000027104
UniProt	P15336	P16951
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001256090	NM_001025093
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001243019	NP_001020264
Location (UCSC)	Chr 2: 175.07 – 175.17 Mb	Chr 2: 73.82 – 73.89 Mb
PubMed search

Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF2 gene.^[1]

Function

This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun and stimulates CRE-dependent transcription. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined.^[1]

The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32.^[2] The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton.^[3] ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK.^[4] ATF-2 phosphorylation in response to treatment of cells with tumor promoter phorbol ester has been demonstrated.^[5]

Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors.^[6][7] ATF-2 may mediate oncogenesis caused by mutant Ras protein^[8] and regulate maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype of some types of epithelial cells. ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its C-terminal (Serine 472 and 480 in mouse; Serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks. Mice with mutations of these two serines are sensitive to irradiation and easier to tumorigenesis under p53 knockout background.

ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its C-terminal (serine 472 and 480 in mouse; serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks.^[9]

Interactions

Activating transcription factor 2 has been shown to interact with

• C-jun,^[10][11][12]
• Casein kinase 2, alpha 1,^[13]
• CREB binding protein,^[14]
• CSNK2A2,^[13]
• JDP2,^[15]
• MAPK14,^[16][17][18]
• MAPK8,^{[16][17][18][19]}
• Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3^[20]
• NCOA6,^[21]
• RUVBL2,^[22]
• UBE2I.^[23]

See also

• Activating transcription factor

References

Further reading

PDB gallery 1bhi: STRUCTURE OF TRANSACTIVATION DOMAIN OF CRE-BP1/ATF-2, NMR, 20 STRUCTURES  1t2k: Structure Of The DNA Binding Domains Of IRF3, ATF-2 and Jun Bound To DNA