AKAP9
A-kinase anchor protein 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AKAP9 gene.[1][2][3]
Function
The A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) are a group of structurally diverse proteins which have the common function of binding to the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) and confining the holoenzyme to discrete locations within the cell. This gene encodes a member of the AKAP family. Alternate splicing of this gene results in many isoforms that localize to the centrosome and the Golgi apparatus, and interact with numerous signaling proteins from multiple signal transduction pathways. These signaling proteins include type II protein kinase A, serine/threonine kinase protein kinase N, protein phosphatase 1, protein phosphatase 2a, protein kinase C-epsilon and phosphodiesterase 4D3.[3]
Model organisms
| Characteristic | Phenotype |
|---|---|
| Homozygote viability | Abnormal |
| Recessive lethal study | Normal |
| Fertility | Normal |
| Body weight | Abnormal[4] |
| Anxiety | Normal |
| Neurological assessment | Normal |
| Grip strength | Normal |
| Hot plate | Normal |
| Dysmorphology | Normal |
| Indirect calorimetry | Abnormal[5] |
| Glucose tolerance test | Abnormal[6] |
| Auditory brainstem response | Normal |
| DEXA | Abnormal[7] |
| Radiography | Abnormal[8] |
| Body temperature | Normal |
| Eye morphology | Normal |
| Clinical chemistry | Abnormal[9] |
| Haematology | Normal |
| Peripheral blood lymphocytes | Abnormal |
| Micronucleus test | Normal |
| Heart weight | Normal |
| Skin Histopathology | Normal |
| Brain histopathology | Normal |
| Eye Histopathology | Normal |
| Salmonella infection | Normal[10] |
| Citrobacter infection | Normal[11][12] |
| All tests and analysis from[13] |
Model organisms have been used in the study of AKAP9 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Akap9tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi[14][15] was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.[16][17][18]
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.[13][19] Twenty six tests were carried out on mutant mice and eight significant abnormalities were observed.[13] Fewer than expected homozygous mutant mice survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on both homozygous and heterozygous mutant adult mice. Animals of both sex displayed decreased body fat and body weight, hematopoietic abnormalities and an atypical plasma chemistry panel. Female homozygotes also displayed abnormal tooth morphology while males heterozygous animals displayed an abnormal pelvic girdle bone morphology.[13]
Interactions
AKAP9 has been shown to interact with:
References
- ↑ Lin JW, Wyszynski M, Madhavan R, Sealock R, Kim JU, Sheng M (Apr 1998). "Yotiao, a novel protein of neuromuscular junction and brain that interacts with specific splice variants of NMDA receptor subunit NR1". J Neurosci 18 (6): 2017–27. PMID 9482789.
- ↑ Westphal RS, Tavalin SJ, Lin JW, Alto NM, Fraser ID, Langeberg LK, Sheng M, Scott JD (Jul 1999). "Regulation of NMDA receptors by an associated phosphatase-kinase signaling complex". Science 285 (5424): 93–6. doi:10.1126/science.285.5424.93. PMID 10390370.
- 1 2 "Entrez Gene: AKAP9 A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein (yotiao) 9".
- ↑ "Body weight data for Akap9". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ↑ "Indirect calorimetry data for Akap9". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ↑ "Glucose tolerance test data for Akap9". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ↑ "DEXA data for Akap9". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ↑ "Radiography data for Akap9". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ↑ "Clinical chemistry data for Akap9". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ↑ "Salmonella infection data for Akap9". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ↑ "Citrobacter infection data for Akap9". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ↑ Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- 1 2 3 4 Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x.
- ↑ "International Knockout Mouse Consortium".
- ↑ "Mouse Genome Informatics".
- ↑ Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A (2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature 474 (7351): 337–342. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
- ↑ Dolgin E (2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
- ↑ Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (2007). "A Mouse for All Reasons". Cell 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247.
- ↑ van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW (2011). "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism.". Genome Biol 12 (6): 224. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224. PMC 3218837. PMID 21722353.
- 1 2 Takahashi M, Yamagiwa A, Nishimura T, Mukai H, Ono Y (Sep 2002). "Centrosomal proteins CG-NAP and kendrin provide microtubule nucleation sites by anchoring gamma-tubulin ring complex". Mol. Biol. Cell 13 (9): 3235–45. doi:10.1091/mbc.E02-02-0112. PMC 124155. PMID 12221128.
- 1 2 Larocca MC, Shanks RA, Tian L, Nelson DL, Stewart DM, Goldenring JR (Jun 2004). "AKAP350 interaction with cdc42 interacting protein 4 at the Golgi apparatus". Mol. Biol. Cell 15 (6): 2771–81. doi:10.1091/mbc.E03-10-0757. PMC 420101. PMID 15047863.
- ↑ Marx SO, Kurokawa J, Reiken S, Motoike H, D'Armiento J, Marks AR, Kass RS (Jan 2002). "Requirement of a macromolecular signaling complex for beta adrenergic receptor modulation of the KCNQ1-KCNE1 potassium channel". Science 295 (5554): 496–9. doi:10.1126/science.1066843. PMID 11799244.
- 1 2 Takahashi M, Shibata H, Shimakawa M, Miyamoto M, Mukai H, Ono Y (Jun 1999). "Characterization of a novel giant scaffolding protein, CG-NAP, that anchors multiple signaling enzymes to centrosome and the golgi apparatus". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (24): 17267–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.24.17267. PMID 10358086.
- ↑ Alto NM, Soderling SH, Hoshi N, Langeberg LK, Fayos R, Jennings PA, Scott JD (Apr 2003). "Bioinformatic design of A-kinase anchoring protein-in silico: a potent and selective peptide antagonist of type II protein kinase A anchoring". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (8): 4445–50. doi:10.1073/pnas.0330734100. PMC 153575. PMID 12672969.
Further reading
- Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Suyama M, Kikuno R, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O (1999). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XI. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Res. 5 (5): 277–86. doi:10.1093/dnares/5.5.277. PMID 9872452.
- Schmidt PH, Dransfield DT, Claudio JO, Hawley RG, Trotter KW, Milgram SL, Goldenring JR (1999). "AKAP350, a multiply spliced protein kinase A-anchoring protein associated with centrosomes". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (5): 3055–66. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.5.3055. PMID 9915845.
- Witczak O, Skålhegg BS, Keryer G, Bornens M, Taskén K, Jahnsen T, Orstavik S (1999). "Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding an A-kinase anchoring protein located in the centrosome, AKAP450". EMBO J. 18 (7): 1858–68. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.7.1858. PMC 1171271. PMID 10202149.
- Takahashi M, Shibata H, Shimakawa M, Miyamoto M, Mukai H, Ono Y (1999). "Characterization of a novel giant scaffolding protein, CG-NAP, that anchors multiple signaling enzymes to centrosome and the golgi apparatus". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (24): 17267–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.24.17267. PMID 10358086.
- Husi H, Ward MA, Choudhary JS, Blackstock WP, Grant SG (2000). "Proteomic analysis of NMDA receptor-adhesion protein signaling complexes". Nat. Neurosci. 3 (7): 661–9. doi:10.1038/76615. PMID 10862698.
- Takahashi M, Mukai H, Oishi K, Isagawa T, Ono Y (2000). "Association of immature hypophosphorylated protein kinase cepsilon with an anchoring protein CG-NAP". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (44): 34592–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005285200. PMID 10945988.
- Marx SO, Kurokawa J, Reiken S, Motoike H, D'Armiento J, Marks AR, Kass RS (2002). "Requirement of a macromolecular signaling complex for beta adrenergic receptor modulation of the KCNQ1-KCNE1 potassium channel". Science 295 (5554): 496–9. doi:10.1126/science.1066843. PMID 11799244.
- Steadman BT, Schmidt PH, Shanks RA, Lapierre LA, Goldenring JR (2002). "Transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 4 interacts with centrosomal AKAP350 and the mitotic spindle apparatus". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (33): 30165–76. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201914200. PMID 12015314.
- Bray JD, Chennathukuzhi VM, Hecht NB (2002). "Identification and characterization of cDNAs encoding four novel proteins that interact with translin associated factor-X". Genomics 79 (6): 799–808. doi:10.1006/geno.2002.6779. PMID 12036294.
- Shanks RA, Larocca MC, Berryman M, Edwards JC, Urushidani T, Navarre J, Goldenring JR (2002). "AKAP350 at the Golgi apparatus. II. Association of AKAP350 with a novel chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) family member". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (43): 40973–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112277200. PMID 12163479.
- Takahashi M, Yamagiwa A, Nishimura T, Mukai H, Ono Y (2003). "Centrosomal Proteins CG-NAP and Kendrin Provide Microtubule Nucleation Sites by Anchoring γ-Tubulin Ring Complex". Mol. Biol. Cell 13 (9): 3235–45. doi:10.1091/mbc.E02-02-0112. PMC 124155. PMID 12221128.
- Sillibourne JE, Milne DM, Takahashi M, Ono Y, Meek DW (2002). "Centrosomal anchoring of the protein kinase CK1delta mediated by attachment to the large, coiled-coil scaffolding protein CG-NAP/AKAP450". J. Mol. Biol. 322 (4): 785–97. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00857-4. PMID 12270714.
- Tu H, Tang TS, Wang Z, Bezprozvanny I (2004). "Association of type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor with AKAP9 (Yotiao) and protein kinase A". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (18): 19375–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.M313476200. PMID 14982933.
External links
- AKAP9 human gene location in the UCSC Genome Browser.
- AKAP9 human gene details in the UCSC Genome Browser.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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