Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive

Directive 2011/61/EU
European Union directive
Text with EEA relevance
Title Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive
Made by European Parliament and Council of the European Union
Made under Art. 53
Journal reference L 174, 1.7.2011, p. 1–73
History
Date made 8 June 2011
Came into force 21 July 2011[1]
Current legislation

The Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD) is a European financial directive which was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on July 1, 2011 and came into force on July 21, 2011. The AIFMD applies to hedge fund managers, private equity fund managers, real estate fund managers, and managers of other alternative investments operating within, or marketing to investors in, the European Union (EU).[1][2]

It was designed by EU policy makers as a comprehensive plan for the oversight of alternative investment fund managers (AIFMs) operating in the EU. The plan requires all covered AIFMs to obtain authorisation from the EU and submit to government regulation. The directive was introduced following the global financial crisis, seeking to address regulatory gaps and reduce systemic risk in the alternative investment industry as well as helping the EU to meet G-20 established commitments. Prior to the directive, the alternative investment industry had not been regulated at the EU level.[3][4]

It was reported in May 2014 that only one-third of EU member states had successfully implemented the directive into law.[5] As of 2014, the countries that had transposed AIFMD into law include the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg,[6] Germany,[7] France,[8] Malta and Ireland.[9] In December 2014, the European Commission issued a formal warning to countries including Spain, Latvia and Poland for not complying with AIFMD implementation.[10]

Background

The AIFMD was prompted as part of a wider regulatory effort undertaken by G20 nations following the global market downturn of 2008.[3][4][11] Provisions of the AIFMD include increasing transparency by AIFMs[1][3][12][13] and assuring that national supervisors, the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA),[14][15] and the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB) have the information they need to monitor financial systems in the EU.[15][16] The AIFMD also is intended to protect investors.[2]

On the need for the directive, an explanatory document from the European Commission stated that AIFMs had become "very significant actors in the European financial system, managing a large quantity of assets on behalf of pension funds and other investors; accounting for a significant proportion of trading activity in financial markets; and constituting an important source of counterparty risk for other market participants" and that they had "contributed to the build-up of leverage in the financial system, the consequences of which for the stability of financial markets became apparent when leverage in the hedge fund sector was rapidly unwound during the crisis".[17]

When the directive was approved by the European Parliament, José Manuel Barroso, then President of the European Commission, said "The adoption of the directive means that hedge funds and private equity will no longer operate in a regulatory void outside the scope of supervisors. The new regime brings transparency and security to the way these funds are managed and operate, which adds to the overall stability of our financial system."[18]

Scope and implementation

The directive came into force on July 21, 2011.[1][19] On November 16, 2011, ESMA issued technical advice to the European Commission (EC) on possible implementation measures for the AIFMD.[20] On December 19, 2012, the EC added a series of new regulations to supplement the AIFMD text.[1][21] EU member states were required to write the AIFMD into national law by no later than July 22, 2013.[1][22][23][24] As of July 2014, not every EU member state had transposed the AIFMD into national law.[25] Some, but not all, member states provided for a one-year transition period, beginning July 22, 2013, before AIFMs would become subject to the AIFMD requirements.[1][19]

Requirements under the AIFMD include authorisation of an AIFM with the AIFM’s home state regulator for AIFMs that have assets under management in AIFs above the thresholds of: (1) 100 million EUR, if the AIF uses leverage; or (2) 500 million EUR, if the AIF does not use leverage.[10] The AIFMD also includes capital obligations,[10] organizational and governance requirements,[10] and the regular disclosure of information to investors.[21][26] Further, the AIFMD's reporting regulations assert that each AIF should be named using a series of codes, including its national identification code, the Bank Identifier Code (BIC) and the Legal Entity Identifier code.[21][26] The AIFMD requires AIFMs to select only brokers and counterparties that are subject to regulatory supervision, that are financially sound, and that have the necessary organizational structure to provide services to the AIFM or the AIF.[21] Finally, all AIFMs must submit quarterly, semi-annual, or annual reports to their respective member state regulator with information about the AIFM and its AIFs as well as an annual report with information such as the fund's financial statements, activities, and information about the total amount of remuneration paid by the AIFM to its staff.[21]

Under the AIFMD, special requirements apply to AIFMs using leverage. AIFMs are required to disclose the extent of the leverage employed within their funds, and prove that leverage in any fund has been limited to a reasonable amount.[27] The scope of AIFMD requirements that apply to AIFMs are different, depending on whether the AIFM is engaged in portfolio or risk management activities within the EU or markets its funds (AIFs) to EU investors. Under the AIFMD, each fund can only have one AIFM, though the AIFM can delegate certain functions to other entities.[23] EU AIFMs became subject to all of the provisions of the AIFMD once it was implemented at the EU Member State level.[28] Authorised fund managers located within the EU are permitted to market their EU funds to professional investors in any EU member state under what the AIFMD calls a passport.[28]

Reporting requirements

The reporting requirements of the AIFMD apply to all AIFMs who manage or market alternative funds within the EU.[29] To fulfill the reporting requirements, AIFMs must file an Annex IV report within 30 days of the end of the applicable reporting period, which is determined by the amount of an AIFM's assets under management. Reporting periods range from quarterly to half-yearly to annually.[26] The Annex IV report is a government regulatory document comprising 41 questions, analyzing a fund's investment portfolios, exposures, leverage ratios, liquidity and risk analysis.[30][31]

Marketing and the AIFMD passport

For the purposes of the directive, marketing is defined as any offering or placement (sale) of an AIF at the initiative of the AIFM, or on behalf of the AIFM, to investors domiciled in the EU.[10][32] Member state laws and rules determine whether a fund is engaged in marketing for purposes of the directive.[23]

EU funds managed by EU managers may be marketed across the EU under the AIFMD passport, provided the manager complies with all of the requirements of the directive.[32] EU or non-EU funds managed by non-EU managers may currently be marketed within the EU only under national private placement regimes,[23] as non-EU managers cannot obtain the marketing passport.[33] Likewise, non-EU funds managed by EU managers may only be marketed under the private placement regimes.[23] Funds marketed under national private placement regimes are subject to compliance with certain provisions of the AIFMD related to reporting, regulatory cooperation agreements, and the jurisdiction of the fund and the manager not being listed as a "non-cooperative country and territory" by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).[34] In 2015, an analyst for EurActiv.com, a European news and policy website, expressed concern that the directive puts non-EU funds at a disadvantage.[34][35] In 2015, the European Securities and Markets Authority initiated a consultation to discuss issuing new rules to allow EU AIFMs to market their non-EU AIFs under the AIFMD passport, and likewise for non-EU managers to market their funds under the AIFMD passport.[34][36][37]

Secondary regulations

The directive has so far been supplemented by three Level II Regulations:

The European Securities and Markets Authority has also issued a number of guidelines to national competent authorities including on key concepts of AIFMD[39] and remuneration.[40]

Reception

In a study conducted by Multifonds in June 2014, 72% of respondents from the EU and Canada said they expected non-EU managers to set up European operations in order to take advantage of AIFMD.[41] In a 2014 study conducted by Preqin, 71% of American fund managers said they believed the AIFMD would have a negative effect on the industry.[42][43] Fund managers from within the EU, Asia and the rest of the world excluding the United States reported in 2014[44] and 2015[45] that the AIFMD was costing them more than they had expected it to.[46] Criticism of the costs of the legislation comes partly from industry lobbyists.[35]

Transposition

Malta (27 June 2013)

On 27 June 2013 (the measures were released on 25 June 2013) Malta became the first EU Member State to complete the transposition of the requirements of the Directive into national law.[47] The Maltese legislator and the Malta Financial Services Authority transposed the requirements of the Directive by means of a series of regulations issued under the Investment Services Act (Cap. 370, Laws of Malta) and a number of new MFSA rulebooks.[48]

Luxembourg (12 July 2013)

In Luxembourg, the AIFM directive was transposed into national law on 12 July 2013.[49] According to the 2013 law an entity – in order to become an AIFM – will have to submit an application to, and obtain authorization from, the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF). The application must include information on the directors of the AIFM, its shareholders, and the alternative investment funds (AIF), which it intends to manage and demonstrate how the entity will comply with the requirements of the AIFM Law.[50]

France (27 July 2013)

The AIFM directive was transposed into France's national law on 27 July 2013.[51]

Controversies

According to a study conducted by Deloitte,[52] most of the UK-based asset managers think that the AIFM Directive could reduce the competiviteness of the EU's alternative investment funds industry because of the compliance the regulations impose on the industry. In addition, these managers from the hedge fund, private equity and real estate sectors believe that the directive will reduce the number of non-EU managers operating within the EU. The AIFMD passed after contentious negotiations, especially between UK and French authorities, and because of its third-country provisions, which attracted considerable interest and engagement from U.S. authorities.[53]

AIFMD has been pinpointed as the reason for locking the investment accounts of United States Citizens and their families living outside of the United States. [54]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD)". Financial Conduct Authority. 12 November 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  2. 1 2 Dave Waller. "The long and winding road". BusinessLife.co. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 Astrid B. Boening (2012). The EU as a Global Player. Fundación Univ. San Pablo. p. 36. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  4. 1 2 Monica Gagna (15 December 2014). "Industry grapples with regulatory changes". Financial Times Advisor. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  5. ↑ Bill Prew (23 May 2014). "AIFMD update: only a third of EU states have implemented rules". Investment Europe. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  6. ↑ Sophie Baker (28 January 2013). "Countries lag on AIFMD implementation". Financial News. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  7. ↑ Becky Pritchard (3 March 2014). "AIFMD rules put Germany on the sidelines". Financial News. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  8. ↑ "Germany, France ‘gold-plating’ AIFMD rules, says survey". FTSE Global Markets. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  9. ↑ Donnacha O'Connor (27 June 2014). "Ireland – Status of the AIFMD implemention". Hedgeweek. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Neil Robson (8 December 2014). "AIFM Directive – Latvia, Poland and Spain Warned by European Commission for Failing to Fully Implement New Investment Fund Rules". The National Law Review. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  11. ↑ G20/OECD High-Level Principles of Long Term Investing Financing by Institutional Investors (PDF) (Report). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. September 2013.
  12. ↑ "COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) supplementing Directive 2011/61/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to exemptions, general operating conditions, depositaries, leverage, transparency and supervision" (PDF). European Commission. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  13. ↑ "Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the council". European Commission. 21 April 2004. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  14. ↑ Ivy Schmerken (30 July 2014). "Hedge Funds Face Compliance Hurdles of AIFMD". Wallstreet and Tech. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  15. 1 2 Jonathan Boyd (1 October 2013). "ESMA clarifies final guidelines on reporting obligations under AIFMD". Investment Europe. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  16. ↑ Niamh Moloney (2014). EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  17. ↑ "Directive on Alternative Investment Fund Managers ('AIFMD'): Frequently Asked Questions". 11 November 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  18. ↑ "European Commission statement at the occasion of the European Parliament vote on the directive on hedge funds and private equity". 11 November 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  19. 1 2 "UCITS V — an update". The Lawyer. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  20. ↑ European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) (16 November 2011). ESMA's technical advice to the European Commission on possible implementing measures of the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 17 December 2014. line feed character in |title= at position 76 (help)
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 The European Commission (19 December 2012). Regulations (Report). Official Journal of the European Union. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  22. ↑ Jonathan Boyd (31 May 2013). "ESMA approves Guernsey AIFMD cooperation agreement". Investment Europe. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Tim Clipstone (27 June 2014). "The British Virgin Islands – AIFMD one year on". Hedgeweek. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  24. ↑ "Half of managers yet to apply for AIFMD authorisation, survey finds". COOConnect.com. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  25. ↑ AIFMDTransposition (PDF) (Report). KPMG. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 "Consultation paper: guidelines on reporting obligations under Article 3 and Article 4 of the AIFMD" (PDF). European Securities and Market Authority. 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  27. ↑ "Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive: AIFMs managing leveraged AIFs" (PDF). Financial Services Commission. 2013: 3–5. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  28. 1 2 William Younge (30 July 2013). "AIFMD's Impact on Non-EU Managers of Non-EU Alternative Investment Funds". Mondaq Business Briefing. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  29. ↑ "SEI introduces AIFMD Annex IV reporting solution". HedgeWeek. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  30. ↑ Becca Lipman. "This is Why AIFMD Annex IV Reports Demand More Attention". Wallstreet & Technology. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  31. ↑ CME Group (7 July 2014). "2014 Q2 Webinar Programme". COOConnect. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  32. 1 2 David Lawrence (8 April 2014). "AIFMD: Time to Back Up on Reverse Solicitation". FIN Alternatives. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  33. ↑ Michelle Moran (30 March 2015). "AIFMD offers passport to European markets". Financial Times Advisor. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  34. 1 2 3 "Why competition is vital to Europe’s investors". EurActiv.com. 15 January 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  35. 1 2 Saul Griffith (21 July 2014). "The AIFMD Deadline Tomorrow: Is The Industry Ready?". ValueWalk. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  36. ↑ "Uncertainty over extent to which AIFMD passport will be afforded to non-EU managers". COO Connect. 16 Feb 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  37. ↑ "Call for evidence on AIFMD passport and third country AIFMs". ESMA. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  38. ↑ "European Commission Publishes AIFMD Level 2 Implementing Regulation". ganadoadvocates.com.
  39. ↑ "ESMA publishes final guidelines on Key Concepts of AIFMD". ganadoadvocates.com.
  40. ↑ "ESMA publishes final guidelines on AIFM remuneration". ganadoadvocates.com.
  41. ↑ Fishburn Hedges (10 September 2012). "Two thirds of fund admin industry believes AIFMD will be a catalyst for the convergence of long-only and hedge funds". Media Centre. Multifonds. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  42. ↑ Ivy Schmerken (17 July 2014). "Hedge Fund Readiness for AIFMD Is Lacking as Deadline Approaches". Wall Street & Tech. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  43. ↑ Simon Jessop (21 July 2014). "Foreign hedge funds could lose as Europe tightens rules". Reuters. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  44. ↑ Vittorio Hernandez (11 August 2014). "Minority of Infrastructure and Real Estate Fund Managers Believe AIFMD Has Positive Impact". International Business Times. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  45. ↑ Nishant Kumar (16 February 2015). "European hedge funds close at record pace as higher costs, poor returns bite". Reuters. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  46. ↑ Sandra Kilhof (15 November 2014). "AIFMD compliance falls behind". World Finance: The Voice of the Market. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  47. ↑ "Malta publishes final AIFMD implementing measures: Malta is open for AIFMD business". ganadoadvocates.com.
  48. ↑ MFSA Statement on the AIFMD. Retrieved on 27 June 2013.
  49. ↑ "Laws, regulations and other texts". CSSF. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  50. ↑ "AIFMD". Luxembourg Fund Partners. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  51. ↑ "La directive AIFM est en vigueur en France". AMF.
  52. ↑ "AIFMD". Deloitte Luxembourg.
  53. ↑ Prabhakar, Rahul (1 June 2013). "Varieties of Regulation: How States Pursue and Set International Financial Standards". Oxford University GEG. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  54. ↑ https://fbariswrong.wordpress.com/2016/02/13/fatca-aifmd-securing-the-borders-against-u-s-persons-why-uspersons-residing-abroad-cannot-purchase-mutual-funds-in-u-s-a/

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