5th Special Forces Group (United States)

5th Special Forces Group

5th Special Forces Group beret flash
Active 21 September 1961 – present
Country  United States
Branch  United States Army
Type Special Operations Forces
Garrison/HQ Fort Campbell
Nickname(s) The Quiet Professionals
Motto Strength and Honor
Engagements Vietnam War
Gulf War
Somalia
Operation Enduring Freedom
Iraq War
War in Afghanistan
Commanders
Current
commander		 Col. S.E. Brower

The 5th Special Forces Group (5th SFG(A)) is one of the most decorated active duty United States Army Special Forces group in the U.S. armed forces. The 5th SFG(A) saw extensive action in the Vietnam War and played a pivotal role in the early months of Operation Enduring Freedom.

As of 2016, the 5th SFG is primarily responsible for operations within the CENTCOM area of responsibility as part of the Special Operations Command, Central (SOCCENT). The 5th SFG specializes in operations in the Middle East, Persian Gulf, Central Asia and the Horn of Africa (HOA). The 5th SFGA and two of its battalions spend roughly six months out of every twelve deployed to Iraq as Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force – Arabian Peninsula.

Unit lineage

The 5th SFG(A) traces its lineage to the 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment, 1st Special Service Force, a combined Canadian-American organization which was constituted on 5 July 1942. It was activated four days later on 9 July at Fort William Henry Harrison, Montana. During World War II, the 1st Special Service Force was disbanded on 5 December 1944 in Villeneuve-Loubet, France.

5th Group was constituted on 15 April 1960, concurrently consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 5th Ranger Infantry Battalion (activated 1 September 1943). The consolidated unit was redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 5th Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces. Organic elements were constituted on 8 September 1961. 5th Group was reactivated 21 September 1961 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.[1]

On 1 October 2005, the unit was redesignated as the 5th Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces Regiment.[1]

Vietnam War

Special Forces Group organization in the Vietnam Era

Fearing the growing threat of the Viet Cong insurgency to the Vietnamese government, President John F. Kennedy began activating special forces units in anticipation of their insurgency combat expertise in 1961. The 5th Special Forces Group was among those units activated in 1961, and while attending training at the Special Warfare Center, Kennedy visited the units and personally approved the distinctive Special Force's Green Beret.[2] The 5th SFG was first deployed as a battlefield advisory group for the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). By February 1965, it was deployed as a mainstay battle force[3] once the war was in full swing.[4] They used unconventional and conventional warfare, and were some of the last soldiers the United States pulled out of Vietnam.

The Group's personnel in Vietnam adopted a variant flash with an added diagonal yellow stripe with three narrow red over-stripes (inspired by the flag of South Vietnam) from 1964 to 1970. The reason was that the group had a black flash bordered in white, like a funerary armband - making it look like the US had given up on their allies. From 1970 to 1985 it was adopted by the entire Group; the yellow and red stripes were officially supposed to indicate the 5th Group's creation from personnel drawn from the 1st and 3rd Groups. It reverted to the plain black flash on 16 January 1985, but re-adopted the Vietnam-era flash on 12 October 1995.

In June 1969 the killing of a suspected double agent Thai Khac Chuyen, and the attempt to cover it up, led to the arrest in July of seven officers and one non-commissioned officer of the 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne) including the new commander, Colonel Robert B. Rheault in what became known as the “Green Beret Affair”.[5] Mr. Chuyen was working with the 5th on Project GAMMA when he underwent some ten days of rigorous interrogation and solitary confinement before being shot and dumped into the sea.[6] National newspapers and television picked up the story which became another lightning rod for anti-war feeling. Finally in September 1969 Secretary of the Army Stanley Resor announced that all charges would be dropped since the CIA, which may have had some involvement, refused to make its personnel available as witnesses.[7][8][9]

In April 1970, 5th SFG began reducing its number of personnel in Vietnam. Later in November and December, further reductions in personnel and extraction of companies ensued, ending in a complete withdrawal of the group by March.[10] On 5 March 1971, 5th SFG returned to Fort Bragg.[4] During their time in Vietnam, members of the unit earned 16 Medals of Honor, making it the most prominently decorated unit for its size in that conflict. Members of the unit continued to conduct intelligence operations in Southeast Asia until the collapse of the South Vietnamese government on 29 April 1975.

The Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG) was a joint unconventional warfare task force created by the Joint Chiefs of Staff as a subsidiary command of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV). The unit would eventually consist primarily of personnel from the United States Army Special Forces. Others assigned to MACV-SOG came from the United States Navy SEALs, the United States Air Force, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Special Activities Division, and elements of the United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance units. The Studies and Observations Group was in fact controlled and missioned by the Special Assistant for Counterinsurgency and Special Activities (SACSA) and his staff at the Pentagon. After 1967 the HQ 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne), provided administrative support to MACV-SOG Special Forces soldiers in Vietnam.

Relocation

The 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne) remained at Fort Bragg until 10 June 1988, when the Group colors were cased at a ceremony marking its departure from Fort Bragg. The colors were officially uncased by Maj. Gen. Teddy G. Allen, Commander of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) and Fort Campbell, Kentucky Col (now MG ret.) Harley C. Davis, Commander of the 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne), and Command Sgt. Maj. Joseph Dennison on 16 June 1988 at its new home at Fort Campbell, KY.

Late Cold War

In 1989, through ‘Operation Salam’, demining training camps for Afghans were established at Risalpur and Quetta in Pakistan under UN auspices. From 1989–1995 a total of 17,055 mine clearance personnel were trained at these camps. Part of Operation Salam’s agenda was also to impart mine awareness to Afghan refugees to identify mines and undertake due precautions.

The UNSSM for service with the United Nations Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan (UNOCHA) was awarded to 5th Group soldiers who participated in this operation.

Operations Desert Shield & Desert Storm

The 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne) added to its combat history during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. In August 1990 the Group was called upon to conduct operations in Southwest Asia in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. During this crisis the Army's First Special Operations Task Force, (ARSOTF), consisting of elements of the 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne) comprising 106 special operations teams performing a wide variety of missions that spanned the scope of operations: support to coalition warfare; conducting foreign internal defense missions with the Saudi Arabian Army, performing special reconnaissance, border surveillance, direct action, combat search and rescue missions; and advising and assisting a pan-Arab equivalent force larger than six U.S. divisions, as well as conducting civil-military operations training and liaison with the Kuwaitis. The border surveillance mission assigned the 5th Special Forces was key to providing actionable intelligence to the US and Pan-Arab Forces. New military relationships were forged between the US and the Arab dictatorships.[4]

General Norman Schwarzkopf described the Special Forces as "the eyes and ears" of the conventional forces and the "glue that held the coalition together."[11]

During the period of 2 August 1990 – 30 November 1995, selected unnamed members were awarded the Southwest Asia Service Medal, Saudi Arabia Kuwait Liberation Medal, Kuwaiti Kuwait Liberation Medal, National Defense Service Medal and the Valorous Unit Award reference General Orders 14.

Operations Restore Hope and United Shield

|On 3 December 1992, U.N. Security Resolution 794 authorized the U.S. led intervention "to use all necessary means to establish a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations in Somalia as soon as possible."[4] Select members of the unit were awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal and the United Nations Medal.

Operation Enduring Freedom

After the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government acted quickly. The following day, President Bush called the attacks more than just "acts of terror" but "acts of war" and resolved to pursue and conquer an "enemy" that would no longer be safe in "its harbors".[12] By 13 September 2001, the 5th Special Forces Group was ordered to stand up a forward headquarters to conduct operations in Afghanistan.[13] The unit got its orders in mid-October. Their mission was wide-open: to assist General Abdul Rashid Dostum in conducting unconventional warfare operational area to make the area unsafe for terrorists and Taliban activities.[13]

Operational Detachment Alpha (ODA) 555 and 595, both 12-man teams, plus Air Force combat controllers, were the second and third groups of Task Force Dagger to enter Afghanistan. They followed seven members of the CIA's Special Activities Division and Counter Terrorist Center (CTC), led by Gary Schroen who formed the Northern Afghanistan Liaison Team.[14][15] The CIA team had infiltrated Afghanistan on 26 September into the Panjshir Valley, north of Kabul, just 15 days after the September 11th attacks.[16] They brought three cardboard boxes filled with $3 million in $100 bills to buy support.[17] Jawbreaker linked up with Northern Alliance commanders and prepared the way for the introduction of Army Special Forces into the region.[18][19]

Infiltration

In the first operation of its kind, ODA 555 and 595 were flown from a former Soviet airbase, now named the Karshi-Khanabad Air Base (nicknamed K2 by the Special Forces), in Uzbekistan[16] more than 300 kilometers (190 mi) across the 16,000 feet (4,900 m) Hindu Kush mountains. They flew in two SOAR ("Nightstalkers") MH-47E Chinook helicopters. The pilots refueled the helicopters at very low altitude under black out conditions, flying using night-vision goggles as they had trained to do multiple times.[20] After refueling, they flew into a sand storm and heavy fog which created near-zero visibility conditions, and their MH-60L Black Hawks armed escort were forced to turn back.[13][17]

Special Operations teams ODA 555 and 595 were inserted into Afghanistan at night in zero-visibility conditions aboard two MH-47 Chinook helicopters.

One Chinook dropped ODA 595 onto a farmer's field at 0200 on October 19, 2001,[21] in the Dari-a-Souf Valley, about 80 km (50 mi) south of Mazar-i-Sharif. The teams arrived only 39 days after the Al-Qaeda attack on the World Trade Center for what they thought would be a year-long stay.[18] The team was extremely isolated. They were hundreds of miles from any allied forces and any possible extraction was hours away. On arrival, they linked up with the Northern Alliance led by General Dostrum and American CIA advisers, code-named Jawbreaker.[16] Several of the CIA team members previously served in U.S. military special operations, but were in the country as civilian operators.

Members of ODA 595, part of Task Force Dagger, and Afghani forces ride into northern Afghanistan in October 2001 on horseback.

Fighting on horseback

Once they arrived in-country, they were given horses to ride, the only suitable transportation for the difficult mountainous terrain of Northern Afghanistan. Only ODA 595 commander Capt. Mike Nutsch had any significant experience on horseback, but all readily accepted.[22][23] Capt. Will Summers, Special Forces team leader, said "It was as if The Jetsons had met The Flintstones."[23] They were the first U.S. soldiers to ride horses into battle since January 16, 1942, when the U.S. Army’s 26th Cavalry Regiment charged an advanced guard of the 14th Japanese Army as it advanced from Manila.[24][25][26] The Afghan horses were all stallions and tended to fight each other, even with the soldiers on their backs. They rode trails a foot wide alongside a 1,000 feet (300 m) cliff, sometimes at night. During the next few weeks they rode from 10 to 30 kilometres (6.2 to 18.6 mi) per day.[13]

A stallion ridden by Summers one day was especially strong and spirited. During one especially harrowing ride off of a high mountain pass, zig-zagging down multiple switch-backs, his horse took his own lead and leaped straight down the mountainside.[20]

And my horse turned and faced straight down the hill... And he crouched down like a cat, and just sprung off the side of the mountain. And, I think about three to five horse lengths later, his front feet hit. And, this guy just took off like lightening down the side of a cliff. The only thing that went through my mind was this 1980s movie, The Man from Snowy River. And so, I was like, "Okay, the guy from Snowy River, he put his head on the back of the horse, and he put his feet up around his neck."

And so, my feet came up, my head goes back. And I have like horsetail on the back of my head. And this guy just tears down the side of this mountain where at the bottom of it is like a gully about six to 12 feet deep, and about four feet wide... And he successfully jumped over that...

And I guess about 20 minutes later, the General [Dostrum] and some of his entourage had finally caught up. And he had stopped, and looked at me kind of strange again, but a little different this time. And, he said something to me. And he started off again on his horse. And he turned around, and he said something again. And I knew that he was pretty serious about what he was saying. And, then we walked off. And, his translator said, "The General just paid you a great compliment." And I was like, "Wow, that's great. What did he say?" And, he said, "Truly, you are the finest horseman he has ever seen." ...And then he had stopped and said, "In addition to this, I was the most daring and brave man he had ever known."[20]

Summers became known as "the bravest horseman in all of Afghanistan."[20]

Captain Nutsch soon requested replacements for the traditional small, hard, wooden saddles used by the Afghanistan soldiers. He specified a supply of lightweight saddles, either McClellan or Australian-style, suitable for the smaller Afghan horses. A supply of saddles was air-dropped in mid-November.[21] The last U.S. Army unit to receive horseback training was the 28th Cavalry in 1943.[27] A picture of the soldiers on horseback was shown by Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld during a news conference on 15 November 2001. When sculptor Douwe Blumberg saw that image, he felt impressed that he had to do something and created what became the only public sculpture to commemorate special forces, America's Response Monument.[28]

On October 21, the Northern Alliance led by General Dostrum prepared to attack the fortified village of Bishqab. Dostrum's forces were equipped with AK47s, light machine guns, and Rocket Propelled Grenade launchers (RPGs). The Northern Alliance totaled about 1,500 cavalry and 1,500 light infantry. They were assisted by the 12-member U.S. Special Forces team and American air power. Bishqab was defended by several T-54/55 tanks, a number of BMPs (armored personnel carriers) armed with cannons and machine guns, and several ZSU-23 anti-aircraft artillery, along with mortars, machine guns, RPGs, and mines. The armor and heavy weapons were usually manned by the foreign Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters, who fought hard and did not surrender readily.[13] To reach the enemy, Dostrum's forces needed to cross a 1 mile (1.6 km)-wide open plain cut by seven ridges, each between 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 m) high, and spaced about 600 feet (180 m) apart, that left the advancing forces completely exposed to enemy fire. To the U.S. Special Forces, it looked like the Charge of the Light Brigade, Battle of Fredericksburg, and Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg, all at the same time.[22] Supported by American air power and precision-guided munitions, they successfully attacked the Taliban, many of whom threw away their weapons and ran,[19] or made a secret pact with Dotrum's forces to join his forces as soon as the attack began.[13]

The next day, the Northern Alliance prepared to attack Cobaki. The U.S. Special Ops teams used SOFLAM Laser Target Designators to identify targets for air strikes on the enemy armor and artillery. The Northern Alliance followed this with a horse cavalry charge. When it looked like Dostum’s cavalry charge would fail, several members of ODA 595 rode into action and helped win the battle.[22] Within the first two weeks, ODA 596 was joined by two more special forces soldiers, bringing their number to 14. They split the team into four three-man teams and spread out over 60 kilometres (37 mi) of mountainous terrain, in some cases 12 to 18 hours apart from each other by horseback. Each team of NCOs advised senior Northern Alliance commanders and called in air strikes and resupply for their forces.[13]

On 2 November, a third Special Forces team, ODA 534, was inserted by SOAR to assist Northern Alliance General Mohammad Atta. ODA 534 later linked up with the CIA team Jawbreaker, ODA 595 and 534, and General Dostrum outside Mazar-e-Sharif.[29]

Capture of Mazar-e-Sharif

One of the Task Force Dagger's primary strategic objectives was to capture Mazar-e-Sharif and an airfield so the U.S. could use it to bring in supplies and more troops. On about 6 November, the Northern Alliance broke through the Taliban defense in the valley of Darah Sof District, 200 kilometres (120 mi) from Mazar-e-Sharif.[13] The three teams reunited near Mazar-e-Sharif and participated in its capture. They guided hundreds of GPS-guided 2,000-pound JDAM precision-guided munitions dropped by USAF B-1B Lancer and B-52 Stratofortress heavy bombers onto Taliban and Al-Qaeda positions near Mazar-e Sharif.[13]

Additional teams

By 18 November 2001, 10 ODAs from 5th Special Forces Group were operating in Afghanistan.[30]

  • ODA 534 was split between the Darya and Balkh Valleys supporting General Atta Mohammad.[30]
  • ODA 553 was inserted on 2 November. The ten-man team in Bamyan supported General Karim Khalili and his militia in the northern regions of Afghanistan. Together the men worked to flush Taliban forces from the region with a number of cities quickly falling to Kahili’s tribal forces.[29][30]
  • ODA 555 was supporting General Shariff In the Panjshir Valley.[30] It linked up with General Fahim Akhtar Khan in the Bagram/Kabul area of the Panjshir Valley, near the fortifications surrounding Bagram Air Base. Air Force Combat Controller Sgt. Calvin Markham used a SOFLAM Laser Target Designators to identify targets for air strikes on the enemy armor and artillery. He set up a series of strikes on the fields of targets around the airbase, guiding wave after wave of precision-guided munitions onto tanks, armored personnel carriers, guns, and fortifications around Bagram.[31]
ODA 555 worked closely with Northern Alliance forces under warlord Fahim Khan. They called in air strikes that dropped up to 15,000lb BLU-28 ‘Daisy Cutter’ bombs on Taliban troop positions with devastating effect along the Shomali Plain.[29] ODA 555 accompanied Khan's militia and fought alongside them in numerous engagements. They sometimes called in air strikes danger close to stop Taliban attacks. They were with the Northern Alliance militia when they captured Mazar-e Sharif on 9 and 10 November, and with the assistance of ODA 595 and Jawbreaker, accompanied the militia when they captured Kabul on 13 and 14 November.[29]
  • ODA 574 deployed from K2 just outside of Tarin Kowt on 14 November, along with Pashtun militia leader, Hamid Karzai. As Karazai’s forces pushed south towards Kandahar, an error by an attached USAF TACP resulted in a 2,000lb GPS-guided JDAM hitting the ODA’s position, killing and wounding several Special Forces and Afghan militiamen. Assisted by the remaining ODA 586 soldiers, with reinforcements from ODA 750 and ODA 523, Karzai was able to negotiate the surrender of Taliban forces around Kandahar and go on to become the first Afghan president.[29][30]
  • ODA 583 deployed late on 21 November to the Shin Narai Valley supporting Gul Agha Sherzai near the Shin Narai Valley.[30] During their infiltration, one of the helicopters experienced a mechanical failure and made an emergency landing. Another helicopter was dispatched but dropped the team in the wrong location. The 583 finally joined the CIA team and Sherzai and pushed towards Kandahar. The 583 set up observation posts overlooking Kandahar International Airport and over the next few days, called in ongoing air strikes on the Taliban positions. On 7 December, ODA 583 helped Sherzai’s forces capture the airport and very soon the city of Kandahar.[29]
  • ODA 585 inserted by helo on 23 October into Kunduz to support General Burilla Kahn.[30] Despite initial missed air strikes that left Burillah unimpressed, 585’s senior enlisted member Master Sergeant Bolduc called in another wave of F-18 strikes that in four passes obliterated several Taliban command bunkers and collapsed several sections of the enemy’s trench lines. The display of coordinated airpower by 585 earned General Burillah’s respect and proved their value to the Afghans. ODA 586 Eventually joined 585 and General Burillah’s men for the final assault on the provincial city of Konduz, seizing it on 11 November.[29]
  • ODA 586 was in Farkhar supporting General Daoud Khan in the Takhar province, who took the capital city of Taloqan on 11 November. Khan’s troops, supported by airstrikes called in by 586, eventually took the city and provincial capital of Konduz on 26 November.[29][30]
  • ODA 595 was helping General Dostrum outside Mazar-e-Sharif.[30] ODA 595 were instrumental in helping the Northern Alliance to capture several thousand foreign and Afghan Taliban and bringing hundreds more local Afghans over to the Northern Alliance side. Over two months they destroyed several hundred enemy vehicles, liberated about 50 towns and six northern provinces comprising hundred square kilometers.[13]

Mission success

Major Mark E. Mitchell is decorated for his combat actions during the battle by General Bryan D. Brown, chief of the U.S. Special Operations Command

The well-placed ordinance dropped on the Taliban by the air power controlled by Task Force Dagger forced the Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces to continually pull back. The rapidity with which the enemy resistance crumbled eliminated the U.S. military’s plans to deploy significant conventional ground forces.[29]

The Taliban and Al Qaeda forces were defeated within two months. It could have happened more quickly, but the Bush administration was fearful that without a provisional government to take over Kabul, the Northern Alliance would commit atrocities as they had when they had previously occupied the capital.[17]

The ground forces who eventually entered Afghanistan were left to pursue high value targets, including Osama bin Laden, among the Al-Qaeda near the Pakastani border. The high level command of Task Force Dagger remained in the country until the unit was finally redeployed to the United States in April 2002.[29]

Major Mark E. Mitchell of the 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne) was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for gallantry in November 2001 at Qala-i-Jangi Fortress, Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan.[32]

Operations Iraqi Freedom and New Dawn

Main article: Iraq War

During Operation Iraqi Freedom 5th SFG(A) assisted in the capture of Saddam Hussein and was deployed throughout Iraq as part of Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force – Arabian Peninsula (CJSOTF-AP). 5th Group teamed up with various National Guard support groups from many different states: Virginia, Texas, Louisiana, New York, Minnesota, Wisconsin and others.

Subordinate units

Order of Battle (ORBAT) of the 5th SFG before the addition of a fourth battalion.
Order of Battle (ORBAT) of the 5th SFG after the addition of a fourth battalion(since Aug. 2008)

Unit campaign credit

World War II

Vietnam

Southwest Asia

Iraq and Afghanistan

Decorations

Vietnam war honors

5th Special Forces Patrol by Robert T. Coleman, U.S. Army Vietnam Combat Artists TeamVI (CAT VI 1968).

During ten years of service in Vietnam, sixteen Special Forces soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest award for conspicuous gallantry and exceptional heroism under fire.

dagger Awarded posthumously

In total, members of the Special Forces earned the following number of awards:

* 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne) Mike Team B55 conducted seek and destroy missions during January – February 1969 in the Rung Sat Special Zone (RSSZ), an area about 20 miles south-southeast of Saigon and under operational command of the US and Vietnamese Navies.

Unit honors

The 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne), 1st Special Forces, earned the following unit awards in the Vietnam War:

United States Army Special Forces campaign participation credits number fourteen (see Campaign Participation Credit below) for the Vietnam War and range from 15 March 1962 to 31 December 1970.[34]

1st Battalion additionally entitled to:

2d Battalion additionally entitled to:

3d Battalion additionally entitled to:

Southwest Asia

Selected members of the unit are eligible to wear the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal for participating in the following activities between December 95 – 18 March 2003 in SW Asia:

Commanders

In popular culture

References

  1. 1 2 3 The United States Army Center of Military History, Force Structure and Unit History Branch, 5th Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces Regiment Lineage and Honors Information
  2. ↑ Kelly, 5–6
  3. ↑ "WORK-IN-PROGRESS, Special Forces In Indochina". Sherman, Stephen. Radix Press 2006
  4. 1 2 3 4 John Pike. "5th Special Forces Group (Airborne), 1st Special Forces Regiment".
  5. ↑ Kelly, Francis John (1989) [1973]. History of Special Forces in Vietnam, 1961–1971. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, Department of the Army. p. 148.
  6. ↑ "Daytona Beach Morning Journal".
  7. ↑ Stein, Jeff. A Murder in Wartime: The Untold Spy Story That Changed the Course of the Vietnam War—1992. ISBN 0-312-92919-6.
  8. ↑ Stein, Jeff. "Oh, What a Lovely War".
  9. ↑ Seals, Bob. "The "Green Beret Affair": A Brief Introduction".
  10. ↑ "Appendix A: Chronology Of U.S. Army Special Forces 15 April 1970 – 1 March 1971". U.S. Army Special Forces 1961–1971. Vietnam Studies. United States Army Center of Military History. 1989 [1973]. CMH Pub 90-23.
  11. ↑ United States Army Special Forces Command Airborne
  12. ↑ "Full text of President Bush's public remarks during a Cabinet meeting Wednesday, Sept. 12, 2001" PBS Newshour 12 September 2001
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "On The Ground - What Are The Special Forces? - Campaign Against Terror". Frontline - PBS.
  14. ↑ Units Credited With Assault Landings
  15. ↑ Moore, J. Daniel. "First In: An Insider’s Account of How the CIA Spearheaded the War on Terror in Afghanistan". Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 "Jawbreaker - CIA Special Activities Division". American Special Ops. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  17. 1 2 3 "Special forces and horses". Armed Forces Journal. November 1, 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  18. 1 2 "Task Force Dagger – Operation Enduring Freedom". Retrieved 13 January 2012. page 127ff
  19. 1 2 Zimmerman, Dwight Jon (16 September 2011). "21st Century Horse Soldiers – Special Operations Forces and Operation Enduring Freedom". Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 4 "Interview: Special Forces ODA 595". Frontline: PBS. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  21. 1 2 Briscoe, Charles H.; Kiper, Richard L.; Schroder, James A.; Sepp, Kalev I. (2003). Weapon of Choice: U.S. Army Special Operations Forces in Afghanistan. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat studies institute Press. ISBN 978-0-16-072958-4.
  22. 1 2 3 Zimmerman, Dwight Jon (September 16, 2011). "Operation Enduring Freedom: The First 49 Days". Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  23. 1 2 Bissell, Brandon (18 November 2011). "'Horse Soldier' statue dedicated near Ground Zero". Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  24. ↑ Elaine Woo (March 17, 2013). "WWII cavalry officer in the Philippines". Los Angeles Times.
  25. ↑ Phil Davison (April 3, 2013). "Lieutenant-Colonel Edwin Ramsey: Soldier who led the last cavalry charge by the US army". The Independent.
  26. ↑ Stilwell, Blake. "Special Forces Who Avenged 9/11 on Horseback". Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  27. ↑ "The 28th Cavalry: The U.S. Army’s Last Horse Cavalry Regiment". Lawton, OK: 9th and 10th (Horse) Cavalry Association. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
  28. ↑ Quade, Alex (October 6, 2011). "Monument honors U.S. 'horse soldiers' who invaded Afghanistan". CNN. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "5th Special Forces Group “Task Force Dagger” Commemorative Challenge Coin Versions 1 – 5". The Commander's Challenge. December 1, 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Joint Special Operations Task Force - North (JSOTF-N) (Afghanistan) "Task Force Dagger"". Global Security. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  31. ↑ Gresham, John D. (September 14, 2011). ""Triple Nickel" at Bagram – Special Operations Forces and Operation Enduring Freedom". Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  32. ↑ Army Public Affairs (February 2, 2007). "Afghanistan SF leader gets first DSC since Vietnam". United States Department of the Army.
  33. ↑ "Command Sgt. Maj. Bennie Adkins". United States Army. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  34. ↑ "Appendix B: U.S. Army Special Forces Honors". U.S. Army Special Forces 1961–1971. Vietnam Studies. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. 1989 [1973]. CMH Publication 90-23.

Additional reading

External links

January and February 1966 - 1st Infantry Division, 101st Airborne Brigade, 1st Air Cavalry Division, and establishment of new special forces "A" Camp At Xom Cat, South Viewtnam:

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