Toyota A engine

A series engine family
Overview
Manufacturer Toyota

The A Series engines are a family of inline-four internal combustion engines with displacement from 1.3 L to 1.8 L produced by Toyota Motor Corporation. The series has cast iron engine blocks and aluminum cylinder heads.

The development of the series began in the late 1970s, when Toyota wanted to develop a completely new engine for the Toyota Tercel, successor of Toyota's K engine.[1] The goal was to achieve good fuel efficiency and performance as well as low emissions with a modern design.[2][3] The A-series includes the first mass-production DOHC, four-valve-per-cylinder engine, the 4A-GE, and a later version of the same motor was one of the first production five-valve-per-cylinder engines.[4]

Toyota joint venture partner Tianjin FAW Xiali still produces the 1.3 L 8A and recently resumed production of the 5A.

1A

1A
Overview
Manufacturer Toyota
Production 1978–1980
Combustion chamber
Displacement 1.5 L (1,452 cc)
Cylinder bore 77.5 mm
Piston stroke 77.0 mm
Cylinder block alloy cast-iron
Cylinder head alloy aluminum
Valvetrain SOHC
Combustion
Fuel type gasoline
Chronology
Predecessor T
Successor 3A

The 1.5 L 1A was produced between 1978 and 1980.[5] All variants were belt-driven 8-valve counter-flow SOHC engine with a single, twin-barrel downdraft carburetor.

1A-C

Applications:

1A-U

Using Toyota TTC-C catalytic converter.

Output:

Applications:

2A

2A
Overview
Manufacturer Toyota
Production 1979–1989
Combustion chamber
Displacement 1.3 L (1,295 cc)
Cylinder bore 76.0 mm
Piston stroke 71.4 mm
Cylinder block alloy cast-iron
Cylinder head alloy aluminum
Valvetrain SOHC
Combustion
Fuel type gasoline
Chronology
Predecessor 4K
Successor 2E

The 1.3 L 2A was produced from 1979 through 1989. 2A motors in 1982 onwards AL20 Tercels have a slightly different valve cover and timing belt cover than early AL11 Tercels, as well as an automatic choke, and automatically controlled hot air intake (HAI) system. It also has higher compression ratio, and reformulated combustion chambers to improve the fuel economy and emissions. All variants used belt-driven SOHC eight-valve counter-flow cylinder heads with a single downdraft carburetor.

2A, 2A-L, 2A-LC

Output:

Applications:

2A-U, 2A-LU

Using Toyota TTC-C catalytic converter.

Output:

Applications:

3A

3A
Overview
Manufacturer Toyota
Production 1979–1989
Combustion chamber
Displacement 1.5 L (1,452 cc)
Cylinder bore 77.5 mm
Piston stroke 77.0 mm
Cylinder block alloy cast-iron
Cylinder head alloy aluminum
Valvetrain SOHC
Combustion
Fuel type gasoline
Chronology
Predecessor 1A
Successor 5A
3E

The 1.5 L 3A was produced from 1979 through 1989. The 3A engine is the successor of Toyota's first A engine, the 1A. All variants were belt-driven eight-valve counter-flow SOHC engines.

3A, 3A-C

Output:

Applications:

3A-U, 3A-LU

1979 Toyota 3A-U engine.

Using Toyota TTC-C catalytic converter. On some models marked as 3A-II.

Output:

Applications:

3A-HU

High compression version with Toyota TTC-C catalytic converter.

Output:

Applications:

3A-SU

Twin carburetted swirl-intake version with Toyota TTC-C catalytic converter, introduced in August 1984 along with a facelift for the Tercel (and its sister variants) in Japan.[9] Features two variable-venturi carburetors, which Toyota wanted to test in Japan before launching them in export along E series engine, albeit in single carburetted version. Because of the swirl-intake, the sealing surface between cylinder head and valve cover is different from other SOHC A-engines, featuring vertical curves on the manifold side of the head. Thus, those parts are not interchangeable between each other. The swirl was supposed to improve burning of the air-fuel mixture, thus enabling cleaner emissions, improving fuel economy, and increasing power.

Output:

Applications:

4A

4A
Overview
Manufacturer Toyota
Production 1982–2002
Combustion chamber
Displacement 1.6 L (1,587 cc)
Cylinder bore 81.0 mm
Piston stroke 77.0 mm
Cylinder block alloy cast-iron
Cylinder head alloy aluminum
Valvetrain SOHC & DOHC
Combustion
Fuel type gasoline
Chronology
Predecessor 2T
Successor 3ZZ

The 4A was produced from 1980 through 2002. All 4A engines have a displacement of 1.6 L (1,587 cc). The cylinder bore was enlarged from the previous 3A engines at 81 mm, but the stroke remained the same as the 3A at 77 mm, giving it an over-square bore/stroke ratio which favours high engine speeds.

Numerous variations of the 4A design were produced, from basic SOHC 8-valve all the way to DOHC 20-valve versions. The power output also varied greatly between versions, from 70 hp (52 kW) at 4,800 rpm in the basic California-spec 4A-C to 168 hp (125 kW) at 6,400 rpm in the supercharged 4A-GZE.

4A, 4A-C, 4A-L, 4A-LC

Toyota 4A-C Engine in a 1987 AE85 SR5 Corolla.

The basic 4A was a SOHC inline four (I4) 8-valve carburated engine which produces 78-90 hp (58-67 kW) at 4800 rpm, torque: 85 lb·ft (115 N·m) at 2800 rpm. The power and torque output figures vary between different regions of the world. At least in European versions, combustion chambers were reformulated in early 1986, resulting 2 hp power rising (86 hp (64 kW) at 5600 rpm), along with improvement in economy and emissions.[10]

North American market engines:

European market engines: (excepting Sweden and Switzerland)

Australian/Swiss/Swedish market engines: Australia, Sweden, and Switzerland shared emissions rules for a period in the 1970s and eighties.

Applications:

4A-ELU

Fuel injection was added. This increased output to 78 hp (58 kW) at 5600 rpm and 87 lb·ft (117 N·m) at 4000 rpm in export form and 100 hp (75 kW) at 5600 rpm and 101 lb·ft (136 N·m) at 4000 rpm for Japan. This version is also equipped with Toyota TTC-C catalytic converter.

Applications:

4A-F

A narrow-valve (22.3°) DOHC 16-valve carburetor-equipped version, the 4A-F, was produced from 1987 through 1990. Output was 95 hp (71 kW) at 6,000 rpm and 135 N·m (100 lb·ft) at 3,600 rpm (compression at 9.5:1, EU spec).[12]

4A-F engine in AT171 Toyota Carina II.

Applications:

4A-FE

1st generation 4A-FE engine.
2nd generation 4A-FE engine.
4A-FE engine sticker.

The fuel injected 4A-FE is the successor of the carbureted 4A-F. It was manufactured between 1987–2001. Toyota designed this engine with fuel economy in mind. The 4A-FE is basically the same as the 4A-F (introduced in the previous generation of Corollas), the most apparent difference being the electronic fuel injection system as noted by the E. The engine was succeeded by the 3ZZ-FE, a 1.6-liter engine with VVT-i technology.

There are three generations of this engine and can be identified by the external shape of the engine. The first generation (1987–1993) featured a plate on the head which read "16 valve EFI" and fuel injectors in the head.[13]

The second generation had a higher profile cam design in the head, a cam cover with ribs throughout its length, and fuel injectors in the intake manifold runners. Mechanically, the late-model motors received MAP load sensing and redesigned pistons, intake ports, and intake manifold. The second generation engine was produced from 1992–1998 (1993–1997 in the US).[13]

The third generation (1997–2001) was released exclusively for the Asian market (Japan, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia) only. Although it is very similar to the second generation externally, it only has a slight difference in the top section of the intake manifold and throttle body. This last generation also has a higher additional output of 3.7 kW (5 bhp) compared to the second generation.

North American market engines:

European market engines:

Asian market engines:

Note: power and torque specs for North America and Europe are from the 1988–1992 Corollas.

The 4A-FE is different from the 4A-GE in terms of performance and power. Although both have the same displacement and are DOHC, they were optimized for different uses. The first obvious difference are the valves, the engine's intake and exhaust valves were placed 22.3° apart (compared to 50° in the G-Engines). The second is that it employed a "slave cam system", the camshafts being geared together and driven off one camshaft's sprocket (both camshafts' sprockets on the G-Engine are rotated by the timing belt). Some of the less directly visible differences were poorly shaped ports in the earlier versions, a slow burning combustion chamber with heavily shrouded valves, less aggressive camshaft profiles, ports of a small cross sectional area, a very restrictive intake manifold with long runners joined to a small displacement plenum and other changes. Even though the valve angle is closer to what is considered in some racing circles to be ideal for power (approximately 25 degrees), its other design differences and the intake which is tuned for a primary harmonic resonance at low RPM means that it has about 10% less power compared to the 4A-GE engine. This engine design improves fuel efficiency and torque, but compromises power. Power rating varied from 100–105 hp in the US market. Late-model engines are rumored to make slightly greater power but still received a 105 hp rating.

Applications:

4A-FHE

Same as the first generation 4A-FE, only more aggressive tune for more output. Called an EFI-S engine.

Output:

Applications:

4A-GE (16-valve)

An early 4A-GE engine with the sparkplug wires removed. The cam covers feature black-and-blue lettering and the 'T-VIS' acronym is present on the intake manifold block.
4A-GE with T-VIS
The most powerful of the 16-valve 4A-GE engines, commonly known as the "red top" (due to the red writing), which produces 128 PS (94 kW; 126 hp) at 6,600 rpm.

The cylinder head was developed by Yamaha Motor Corporation and was built at Toyota's Shimayama plant alongside the 4A and 2A engines.[15] The reliability and performance of these engines has earned them a fair number of enthusiasts and a fan base as they are a popular choice for an engine swap into other Toyota cars such as the KE70 and KP61. New performance parts are still available for sale even today because of its strong fan base. Production of the various models of this version lasted for five generations, from May 1983 through 1991 for 16-valve versions and the 20-valve 4A-GE lasting through 1998.

The first-generation 4A-GE which was introduced in 1983 replaced the 2T-G as Toyota's most popular twincam engine.[16] This engine was identifiable via silver cam covers with the lettering on the upper cover painted black and blue, as well as the presence of three reinforcement ribs on the back side of the block. It was extremely light and strong for a production engine using an all-iron block, weighing in at only 123 kg (271 lb) - over fifteen percent reduction compared to 2T-GEU. It was also 4 dB quieter.[16] While originally conceived of as a two-valve design, Toyota and Yamaha changed the 4A-GE to a four-valve after a year of evaluation.[17]

The 4A-GE produced 112 hp (84 kW) at 6,600 rpm and 131 N·m (97 lb·ft) of torque at 4,800 rpm in the American market. The use of a vane-type air flow meter (AFM), which restricted air flow slightly but produced cleaner emissions that conformed to the U.S. regulations, limited the power considerably - the Japanese model, which uses a manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor, was originally rated at 128 PS (94 kW). However, this was a gross power rating and the motor was later re-rated at 120 PS (88 kW) net.[18] Nonetheless, Japanese cars tested no faster than their American counterparts despite their higher power rating and a lower curb weight.[19]

Toyota designed the engine for performance; the valve angle was a relatively wide 50 degrees, which at the time was believed to be ideal for high power production.[17] Today, more modern high-revving engines have decreased the valve angle to 20 to 25 degrees, which is now believed to be ideal for high-revving engines with high specific power outputs. The first generation 4A-GE is nicknamed the "bigport" engine because it had intake ports of a very large cross-sectional area. While the port cross-section was suitable for a very highly modified engine at very high engine speeds, it caused a considerable drop in low-end torque due to the decreased air speeds at those rpms. To compensate for the reduced air speed, the first-generation engines included the T-VIS feature, in which dual intake runners are fitted with butterfly valves that opened at approximately 4,200 rpm. The effect is that at lower rpm (when the airspeed would normally be slow) four of the eight runners are closed, which forces the engine to draw in all its air through half the runners in the manifold. This not only raises the airspeed which causes better cylinder filling, but due to the asymmetrical airflow a swirl is created in the combustion chamber, meaning better fuel atomization. This enabled the torque curve to still be intact at lower engine speeds, allowing for better performance across the entire speed band and a broad, flat torque curve around the crossover point.[20] During rising engine speed, a slight lurch can occur at the crossover point and an experienced driver will be able to detect the shift in performance. Production of the first-generation engine model lasted through 1987.

The second-generation 4A-GE produced from 1987 to 1989 featured larger diameter bearings for the connecting-rod big ends (42 mm) and added four additional reinforcement ribs on the back of the engine block, for a total of seven. The T-VIS feature is maintained. It is visually similar to the first-generation engine (only the upper cam cover now featured red and black lettering) and the US market power output was only increased to 115 hp (86 kW). The first- and second-generation engines are very popular with racers and tuners because of their availability, ease of modification, simple design, and lightness.

The third-generation appeared in 1989 and was in production until 1991. This engine has the silver cam covers with the words only written in red, hence the nickname "red top". Toyota increased the compression ratio from 9.4:1 to 10.3:1. To correct the air-speed problems of the earlier generations, the intake ports in this cylinder head were re-designed to have a smaller cross-section, and hence it has been nicknamed the "smallport" head. This change in the intake ports negated the need for the earlier twin-runner intake manifold and it was replaced with a single-runner manifold. Additional engine modifications to extend life and reliability included under-piston cooling oil squirters, thicker connecting rods and other components. Also of note, the pistons were changed to accept a 20 mm fully floating gudgeon pin unlike the 18 mm pressed-in pins of the earlier versions. All non-U.S. market 4A-GEs continued to use a MAP sensor, while all of the U.S.-market 4A-GE engines came with a MAF sensor. This revision increased the power to 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) at 7200 rpm with a torque of 149 N·m (110 lb·ft) at 4800 rpm (128 hp and 105 lb-ft for US-market cars).

The 4A-GE engine was first introduced in the 1983 Sprinter Trueno AE86 and the Corolla Levin AE86 sports version. The AE86 marked the end of the 4A-GE as a rear wheel drive (RWD or FR) mounted engine. Alongside the RWD AE86/AE85 coupes a front wheel drive (FWD or FF) corolla was produced and all future Corollas/Sprinters were based around the FF layout. The AW11 MR2 continued use of the engine as MR layout, transversely mounted midship. The engine was retired from North American Corollas in 1991, although it continued to be available in the Geo Prizm GSi (sold through Chevrolet dealerships) from 1990 to 1992. All 4A-GE engines (including the 20-valve versions below) feature a forged crankshaft rather than a cheaper and more commonly used cast version.

Clarification: In the U.S. market, the 4A-GE engine was first used in the 1985 model year Corolla GT-S only, which is identified as an "AE88" in the VIN but uses the AE86 chassis code on the firewall as the AE88 is a "sub" version of the AE86. The 4A-GE engines for the 1985 model year are referred to as "blue top" as opposed to the later "red top" engines, because the paint color on the valve covers is different, to show the different engine revision, using different port sizes, different airflow metering, and other minor differences on the engine.

The American Spec AE86 (VIN AE88, or GT-S) carried the 4A-GE engine. In other markets, other designations were used. Much confusion exists, even among dealers, as to which models contained what equipment, especially since Toyota split the Corolla line into both RWD and FWD versions, and the GT-S designation was only well known as a Celica version at that time.

In South Africa in 1993 the 4A-GE engine was dropped and replaced with the 7A-FE even as other countries moved towards the 20 valve 4A-GE, as South African fuel was not suitable at the time for the 4A-GE 20valve.

Applications:

Specifications:

4A-GE (20-valve)

Silver Top 20-Valve 4A-GE

Fourth Generation "Silver Top"
The fourth-generation 4A-GE engine was produced from 1991 to 1995. It has silver cam covers with chrome lettering, hence the nickname "silver top". This engine yet again features a completely new cylinder head which uses five valves per cylinder instead of four. It uses Toyota's Variable Valve Timing (VVT) system on the intake cam, an increased compression ratio (10.5:1), and the intake system was replaced with a short manifold with individual throttles and velocity stacks, however the vane-type airflow meter was retained, requiring the use of a plenum. The previous 16-valve head used a sharply curved intake port, while the 20-valve engine used a very upright straight port. This engine produces 154 PS (113 kW) at 7,400 rpm with 16.5 kg·m (162 N·m) of torque at 5,200 rpm.

Applications:

Black Top 20-Valve 4A-GELU

Fifth Generation "Black Top"
The fifth-generation 4A-GE engine produced from 1995 to 1998 is the final version of the 4A-GE engine and has black cam covers. It uses Toyota Variable Valve Timing (VVT) system on the intake cam. This engine is commonly known as the "black top" due to the color of the valve cover, and yet again features an even higher compression ratio (11:1). The air flow sensor is replaced with a MAP sensor, the diameter of the four individual throttle bodies was increased from 42 mm to 45 mm, the exhaust port diameter was increased, the intake cam lift was increased from 7.9 mm to 8.2 mm and the intake ports were significantly improved in shape, contour and also the width at opening at the head was increased. Additionally, the black top had a lighter flywheel, a larger plenum, lighter connecting rods and revised rubber velocity stacks, and was also offered in 1997 with a six-speed C160 transaxle. This revision increased the power to 160 PS (120 kW) at 7,800 rpm with 16.5 kg·m (162 N·m) of torque at 5,600 rpm. The 'Blacktop' has become a favorite among enthusiasts and is used as an easy power upgrade for the early Toyota Corolla models, especially for use in the drift scene. Due to the relatively high state of tuning of the stock motor, most power/torque gains come from higher lift cams and engine management.

Applications:

4A-GZE

The 4A-GZE (produced in various forms from August 1986 through 1995) was a supercharged version of the 4A-GE. Based on the same block and cylinder head, the 4A-GZE engine was equipped with a Roots type supercharger producing 8 psi (0.6 bar) peak manifold pressure, and the compression ratio was lowered to 8:1 with the use of forged and dished pistons. Although fitted with upgraded pistons, they still had the same ports, valve timing, and head gasket as the naturally aspirated 4A-GE engine, although T-VIS was omitted. It was used in the supercharged MR2, rated at 145 PS (107 kW; 143 bhp) at 6400 rpm and 190 N·m (140 ft·lbf) at 4400. In 1990 it was updated with the "smallport" cylinder head, 8.9:1 compression, and MAP D-Jetronic load sensing and a smaller supercharger pulley producing 10 psi (0.7 bar). These updated 4A-GZE motors were rated at 165 PS (121 kW) and 210 N·m (155 ft·lbf) for the 1990/1991 AE92 Corolla and 173 PS (127 kW) for the AE101.

The 4A-GZE is also popular for turbo conversions, as many parts do not need to be modified to support the extra boost.[21]

Applications:

5A

5A
Overview
Manufacturer Toyota
Production 1987–2006
Combustion chamber
Displacement 1.5 L (1,498 cc)
Cylinder bore 78.7 mm
Piston stroke 77.0 mm
Cylinder block alloy cast-iron
Cylinder head alloy aluminum
Valvetrain DOHC
Combustion
Fuel type gasoline
Chronology
Predecessor 3A
Successor 1NZ
5A-FE

A smaller 1.5 L (1498 cc) 5A-F was produced in 1987 and the fuel injected 5A-FE was produced that year and again from 1995 through 1998. Both used a cylinder bore of 78.7 mm (3.1 in) and a stroke of 77 mm (3.0 in). Both had 4 valves per cylinder with DOHC heads and used the narrow 22.3° valve angle.

5A-F

Output for the carb version was 85 hp (63 kW) at 6000 rpm and 90 lb·ft (122 N·m) at 3600 rpm.

Applications:

5A-FE

Toyota joint venture partner Tianjin FAW Xiali now produces the 5A-FE (dubbed 5A+) for its Vela and Weizhi (C1) subcompact sedans.

Output for the 1987 FI version was 104 hp (78 kW) at 6000 rpm and 97 lb·ft (131 N·m) at 4800 rpm. The later one produced 100 hp (75 kW) at 5600 rpm and 102 lb·ft (138 N·m) at 4400 rpm. The version now produced by Xiali produces 100 hp (75 kW) at 6000 rpm and 96 lb·ft (130 N·m) at 4400 rpm.

Applications:

5A-FHE

Same as the first generation 5A-FE, only more aggressive tune for more output. Called an EFI-S engine.

This engine produces up to 120HP due to slightly larger throttle than the standard 5A-FE and modestly competes better with AE101 Sprinter, Levins.

The next major modification was the high-performance 5A-FHE, with the fuel injected version, the 5A-FHE, being the most powerful. The cylinder head was developed by Yamaha Motor Corporation. The reliability and performance of these engines has earned them a fair number of enthusiasts and a fan base as they are a popular choice for an engine swap into other Toyota cars. New performance parts are still available for sale even today because of its strong fan base. Production of the various models of this version lasted for five generations, from 1991 through 1999 for 16-valve versions and the 5-valve 5A-FHE lasted through 1998.

Applications:

6A

6A
Overview
Manufacturer Toyota
Production 1988–1992
Combustion chamber
Displacement 1.4 L (1397 cc)
Cylinder bore 76.0 mm
Piston stroke 77.0 mm
Cylinder block alloy cast-iron
Cylinder head alloy aluminum
Valvetrain DOHC
Combustion
Fuel type gasoline

The 1.4 L 6A-FC was the only 1.4 variant, produced from 1989 through 1992. Output was 82 hp (61 kW) and 87 lb·ft (117 N·m). This was a 4-valve DOHC engine.

6A-FC

Applications:

7A

7A
Overview
Manufacturer Toyota
Production 1990–2002
Combustion chamber
Displacement 1.8 L (1762 cc)
Cylinder bore 81.0 mm
Piston stroke 85.5 mm
Cylinder block alloy cast-iron
Cylinder head alloy aluminum
Valvetrain DOHC
Combustion
Fuel type gasoline
Chronology
Predecessor 3T
Successor 1ZZ
Toyota 7A-FE Engine.

The largest production A-series engine was the 1.8 L (1762 cc) 7A-FE. Produced from 1993 to 2002, it was a 4-valve DOHC narrow-valve-angle economy engine stroked out from the 4A, also using the 4A-FE's slave-cam concept. Cylinder bore was 81 mm (3.19 in) and stroke was 85.5 mm (3.37 in).

An early Canadian version produced 115 hp (86 kW) at 5600 rpm and 110 lb·ft (149 N·m) at 2800 rpm. The common (1993 to 1995 North American) version is rated at 110 hp (82 kW) at 5600 rpm and 115 lb·ft (156 N·m) at 2800 rpm. The engine output was changed for the 1996 to 1997 (North American) version mainly due to a different antipollution system and different intake which made it rate at 105 hp (78 kW) at 5200 rpm and 117 lb·ft (159 N·m) torque at 2800 rpm

In the United States, the 7A-FE's most common application was in the 1993–1997 Corolla (7th generation). The engine was also used in some 1994–1999 Celicas (6th generation) at the base ST trim level, as well as the Toyota Corolla's clone, the Geo Prizm.

The Indonesian and Russian version of the 7A-FE has the strongest naturally aspirated output, 120 hp (89 kW) at 6000 rpm and 16 kgf·m (157 N·m) at 4400 rpm, with 9.5 compression ratio. It appears in the 8th generation Corolla (AE112).

In the Australian market, the AE112 Corolla Sportivo had a turbocharged 7A-FE, sometimes referred to as a 7A-FTE. Output was 115 kW at 5,600 rpm, 237Nm at 3600 rpm. Only 110 Corolla Sportivos were built.

It is a non-interference type engine.

Toyota never made a wide-valve angle "7A-GE" based on the 7A, but many enthusiasts have created one using a combination of 7A-FE parts (block, crank, rods) and 4A-GE parts (head, pistons). Likewise, an unofficial supercharged "7A-GZE" has also been built from 7A-FE parts (block, crank, rods) and 4A-GZE parts (head, pistons).

7A-FE

Applications:

8A

8A
Overview
Manufacturer Toyota
Production 1990–20??
Combustion chamber
Displacement 1.3 L (1342 cc)
Cylinder bore 78.7 mm
Piston stroke 69.0 mm
Cylinder block alloy cast-iron
Cylinder head alloy aluminum
Valvetrain DOHC
Combustion
Fuel type gasoline
Chronology
Predecessor 3T
Successor 1ZZ

A 1.3 L 8A is now produced by Tianjin FAW Xiali for its Daihatsu and Toyota-based subcompacts. It uses the same cylinder bore of 78.7 mm (3.1 in) as the 5A with a reduced stroke of 69.0 mm and a four valves per cylinder DOHC head. Compression ratio is 9.3:1.

Output is 86 hp (64 kW) at 6,000 rpm and 81 lb·ft (110 N·m) at 5200 rpm.

8A-FE

Applications:

Production

The 1.3 L and 1.5 L A engines are built in Tianjin FAW Toyota Engine Co., Ltd. Plant No. 1.[22]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Finnish "Tekniikan Maailma" Magazine, 17/82
  2. ↑ Finnish "Ajovalo" web page http://www.ajovalo.net/Historia/toyota_tercel.htm
  3. ↑ Finnish "Ajovalo" web page http://www.ajovalo.net/Historia/toyota_corolla83.htm
  4. ↑ "MR2 History". Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  5. 1 2 Car Graphic: Car Archives Vol. 11, '80s Japanese Cars (in Japanese). Tokyo: Nigensha. 2007. p. 8. ISBN 978-4-544-91018-6.
  6. ↑ Lösch, Annamaria, ed. (1979). World Cars 1979. Pelham, NY: The Automobile Club of Italy/Herald Books. pp. 380–381. ISBN 0-910714-11-8.
  7. 1 2 3 Tekniikan Maailma magazine (in Finnish) (#12). 1982. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ↑ Tekniikan Maailma magazine (in Finnish) (#1). 1983. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. 1 2 Car Graphic Car Archive '80s, p. 10
  10. ↑ Tekniikan Maailma magazine (in Finnish) (#10). 1986. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ Tekniikan Maailma magazine (in Finnish) (#7). 1984. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ↑ Tekniikan Maailma magazine (in Finnish) (#7). 1988. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. 1 2 "Toyota 4A-F and 7A-FE engines". Toyoland.com. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  14. ↑ Tekniikan Maailma magazine (in Finnish) (#11). 1990. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ↑ Toyota Twin Cam, p. 22
  16. 1 2 All About the Toyota Twin Cam, 2nd ed., Tokyo, Japan: Toyota Motor Company, 1984, p. 14
  17. 1 2 Toyota Twin Cam, p. 15
  18. ↑ "Classic Cars Page". Autozine.org. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  19. ↑ Road & Track Magazine, November 1984
  20. ↑ Toyota Twin Cam, p. 11
  21. ↑ 4AG Tech Notes.
  22. ↑ "Tianjin FAW Toyota Engine's Plant No. 2 to Mark Engine Production Start". .toyota.co.jp. 2007-04-20. Retrieved 2011-11-08.

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