Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)

This article is about the insurgency in Iraq from 2011 to 2014. For the previous insurgency in Iraq, see Iraqi insurgency (2003–11). For the ongoing civil war in Iraq, see Iraqi Civil War (2014–present).
Insurgency in Iraq
(post-U.S. withdrawal)
Part of the Arab Winter, and the Persian Gulf Conflicts
Date18 December 2011 – 31 December 2013
(2 years, 1 week and 6 days)
LocationIraq (mostly central and northern, including Baghdad)
Result
  • Significant increase in violence since the U.S. withdrawal, with an increasing number of insurgent large-scale attacks and assaults
  • Resurgence of ISI,[1] later transforming to ISIL
  • Escalation of conflict beginning in 2014
Belligerents

Sunni factions:
Islamic State of Iraq
Ba'ath Party Loyalists

Shi'a factions:

Badr Brigades Soldiers of Heaven
Other militias

Supported By:

 Iran

IraqGovernment of Iraq

 Iraqi Kurdistan

Supported By:

 United States
Commanders and leaders
Abu Dua
Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri
Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
Ishmael Jubouri		 Muqtada al-Sadr
Qais al-Khazali
Akram al-Kabi
Abu Mustafa al-Sheibani
Abu Deraa
Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis

IraqIraqi Kurdistan Jalal Talabani
Iraq Nouri al-Maliki
Iraq Babaker Shawkat B. Zebari
Iraqi Kurdistan Massoud Barzani

Iraq Ahmad Abu Risha
Strength
Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order: 2,000-3,000[2] Islamic Army in Iraq: 10,400 (2007)[3] al-Qaeda: 1,000-2,000[4]
JRTN: 1,500-5,000[5]		 Special Groups: 7,000[6]
Badr Brigade: 10,000[7]		 Iraqi Security Forces
600,000 (300,000 Army and 300,000 Police)[8]
Awakening Council militias - 30,000[9]
Contractors ~7,000[10][11]
Iraqi security forces losses
1,156 policemen and 949 soldiers killed
2,286 policemen and 1,759 soldiers wounded
Insurgent losses
919+ killed, 3,504 arrested
Civilian casualties
6,746 killed and 10,511 wounded
TOTAL CASUALTIES
9,770 killed
(Government figures, December 2011 – December 2013)[12]
Civilian casualties
14,855 killed
(Iraq body count figures, December 2011 – December 2013)[13]

The Iraqi insurgency, later referred to as the Iraq Crisis, escalated[14] after the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 2011, resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as sectarian violence among Iraq's religious groups.

The insurgency was a direct continuation following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. After the U.S. military's withdrawal, the level of violence rose[15] as Sunni militant groups stepped up attacks targeting the country's majority Shia population to undermine confidence in the Shia-led government and its efforts to protect people without American backup.[16] Armed groups inside Iraq were increasingly galvanized by the Syrian Civil War, with which it merged in 2014. Many Sunni factions stood against the Syrian government, which Shia groups moved to support, and numerous members of both sects also crossed the border to fight in Syria.[17]

In 2014, the insurgency escalated dramatically following the conquest of Mosul and major areas in northern Iraq by the Sunni rebel group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), thereby merging the new conflict with the Syrian Civil War, into a new, far deadlier conflict.

Background

Main article: Iraq War

The Iraq War[nb 1] was a protracted armed conflict that began with the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, which toppled the government of Saddam Hussein. However, the war continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government.[18] The United States officially withdrew its troops from Iraq in 2011, but the insurgency and various dimensions of the civil armed conflict have continued.

The invasion began in 2003 when the United States, joined by the United Kingdom and several coalition allies, launched a "shock and awe" surprise attack without declaring war. Iraqi forces were quickly overwhelmed as U.S. forces swept throughout the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Ba'athist government; Saddam was captured, and he was executed by a military court three years later. However, the power vacuum following Saddam's fall, the mismanagement of the occupation and the sectarian policies of various militias[19] led to a lengthy insurgency against U.S., coalition forces and Iraqi government forces as well as widespread sectarian violence between Shias and Sunnis. The United States responded with a troop surge in 2007; the heavy American security presence and deals made between the occupying forces and Sunni militias reduced the level of violence. The U.S. began withdrawing its troops in the winter of 2007-2008. The winding down of U.S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama. The U.S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by 2011.[20]

The Bush administration based its rationale for war principally on the assertion that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and that Saddam's government posed an immediate threat to the United States and its coalition allies.[21][22] Some U.S. officials accused Saddam of harboring and supporting al-Qaeda,[23] while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship and bring democracy to the people of Iraq.[24][25] After the invasion, however, no substantial evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs. The rationale and misrepresentation of pre-war intelligence faced heavy criticism within the U.S. and internationally.

As a result of the war, Iraq held its multi-party elections in 2005, and Nouri al-Maliki later became Prime Minister the following year. The Maliki government enacted policies that was widely seen as having the effect of alienating the country's Sunni minority, which worsened sectarian tensions. In 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) launched a military offensive in Northern Iraq and later declared a worldwide Islamic caliphate, eliciting another military response from the United States and its allies. The Iraq War caused hundreds of thousands of civilian and military casualties (see estimates). The majority of the casualties occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007.

Timeline

2011

U.S. and Kuwaiti troops unite to close the gate between Kuwait and Iraq after the last military convoy passed through on Dec. 18, 2011, signaling the end of Operation New Dawn and the beginning of the post-U.S. phase of the insurgency

As previously planned, the last US combat troops were withdrawn from Iraq in 2011, with security responsibility in the hands of the Iraqi Armed Forces. On 15 December, martial closing ceremony was held in Baghdad putting a formal end to the U.S. mission in Iraq. This ceased direct U.S. combat involvement in the war.[26][27][28] The last 500 soldiers left Iraq under cover of darkness and under strict secrecy early on the morning of 18 December 2011, ending the U.S. military presence in Iraq after nearly nine years.[29][30][31][32][33] On 22 December 2011 at least 72 were killed and more than 170 wounded in a series of bombings across Baghdad, while nine others died in various attacks in Baqubah, Mosul and Kirkuk.

2012

A number of bombings took place in Baghdad and Nasiriyah, killing 73 and leaving 149 injured. The bombing in the southern Iraqi city was targeted at crowds of Shi'ite Muslims and killed at least 44, injuring more than 80 others. It was the first major attack in Nasiriyah since a suicide attack against an Italian army base killed 28 in November 2003, including 19 Italians. The ISIL claimed responsibility.

A suicide bomber detonated his explosives amid a crowd of Shi'ite pilgrims in Basra, killing 53 and injuring 141. This was the deadliest attack in the city since car bombs in April 2004 killed at least 74. On January 27 – A suicide bomber attacked a funeral procession in Baghdad's Zaafaraniyah district, killing 32 and injuring more than 70 others.[16][16] On February 23 – A series of attacks across 15 Iraqi cities left 83 killed and more than 250 injured. The Islamic State of Iraq claimed responsibility two days later. On March 5 – A gang of gunmen disguised in military-style uniforms and carrying forged arrest warrants killed 27 police and then hoisted the battle flag of al-Qaeda in a carefully planned early morning attack in Anbar Governorate.[34] On March 20 – A wave of attacks centered on Baghdad and Kerbala killed at least 52 and left more than 250 injured. The Islamic State of Iraq claimed responsibility.[34] On April 19 – More than 20 bombs exploded across Iraq, killing at least 36 people and wounding almost 170.[35] The ISIS claimed responsibility.[35] On June 4, A suicide bomber killed 26 people and wounded almost 200 at the offices of a Shiite foundation in Baghdad, sparking fears of sectarian strife at a time of political crisis. The attack in the center of the capital was followed later by an explosion near a Sunni religious foundation, causing no casualties.[36] On June 13, At least 93 people were killed and over 300 wounded in a series of highly coordinated attacks across Iraq. The ISIS claimed responsibility.[37]

Iraqi soldiers in Baghdad, 26 December 2011

On July 3, Explosions in Diwaniyah, Karbala, Taji and Tuz Khormato killed 40 and injured 122 others.[38] On July 22, Car bombs killed 23 and wounded 74 in Baghdad, Mahmoudiyah and Najaf.[39] On July 23, Coordinated attacks across Iraq killed 116 and left 299 injured. The ISIS claimed responsibility.[40] On July 31, Attacks across Iraq killed 24 and injured 61, most of them in twin car bombings in Baghdad.[41] On August 13, at least 128 people were killed and more than 400 wounded in coordinated attacks across Iraq, making them the deadliest attacks in the country since October 2009, when 155 were killed in twin bombings near the Justice Ministry in Baghdad.[42][43] On September 9, A wave of attacks across the country killed at least 108 and left more than 370 others injured.[44][45][46][47][48] On September 30, A string of attacks occur in at least 10 Iraqi cities, killing 37 and injuring more than 90 others, most of them civilians.[49] On October 27, a wave of attacks during the Eid al-Adha holiday across Iraq killed at least 46 and left 123 injured. Most incidents occurred in Baghdad, Taji, Mosul and Muqdadiya.[50] On October 28, a Car bombings during the last day of Eid left 15 people dead and 33 injured in Baghdad.[51] On November 6, a car bombing outside an army base in Taji killed 31 people and injured at least 50 others, most of them soldiers. The blast struck as troops were leaving the base and potential recruits were lining up for job interviews.[52][53] On November 14, Insurgents staged a number of attacks on the eve of the Islamic New Year, killing 29 and injuring at least 194 others. The deadliest incidents took place in Kirkuk and Hilla, where at least seven bombings killed 19 and left 129 wounded. Other attacks took place in Baghdad, Mosul, Kut, Fallujah and Baqubah.[54] On November 27, At least 29 people are killed and 126 wounded in eight car bombings across Iraq.[55]

Two days of consecutive attacks across northern and central Iraq on December 16 and 17 killed at least 111 and injured 299 others. A significant part of the casualties were from a series of blasts in Kirkuk, Baghdad and Tuz Khormato, where at least 34 died and 154 others were injured. Other incidents took place in Mosul, Tarmiyah, Diwaniyah, Dujail, Tikrit and Baqubah, among others. Most of the attacks appeared to target police officers and members of the Iraqi Army.[56][57][58]

Sunni protests (2012)

Further information: 2012–14 Iraqi protests

After a period of calm, renewed political tension within Iraq led to renewed protests, this time mostly centered around the country's Sunni minority. The main cause for upheaval was the ongoing standoff between Vice President Tareq al-Hashemi and Prime Minister al-Maliki, but strained relationships with the Kurdish autonomous regions added to the scene. On December 23, 2012, several thousand Iraqis marched against al-Maliki, responding to his moves against al-Hashemi and other influential Sunni leaders.[59]

2013

On 4 January, a car bombing in Musayyib killed 28 Shi'ite pilgrims and injured 60 others as they were returning from Karbala.[60][61] In mid-January, a suicide bomber killed a prominent Sunni MP and six others in Fallujah, two days after Finance Minister Rafi al-Issawi survived an assassination attempt in the same city. The parliamentarian, Ayfan Sadoun al-Essawi, was an important member of the Sons of Iraq committee in Fallujah and part of the opposition to Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki.[62] A suicide truck-bomber also attacked the headquarters of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in Kirkuk, killing 26 and leaving 204 injured. A similar attack against another Kurdish office in Tuz Khormato killed 5 and wounded 40.[63][64] Later that month, a suicide bomber blew himself up during a funeral for a politician's relative in the city of Tuz Khormato, killing 42 and leaving 75 others wounded.[65] In addition, protests by Sunni Muslims in Iraq against the government of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki turned deadly in Fallujah, as soldiers opened fire on a crowd of rock-throwing demonstrators, killing 7 and injuring more than 70 others. Three soldiers were later shot to death in retaliation for the incident, and clashes erupted in Askari, on the eastern outskirts of Fallujah. Security forces were placed on high alert as a curfew and vehicle ban were brought into effect. In a statement, Maliki urged both sides to show restraint and blamed the incident on unruly protesters. He also warned that it could lead to a "rise in tension that al-Qaida and terrorist groups are trying to take advantage of".[66][67]

In February, a suicide car-bomber detonated his vehicle near the provincial police headquarters in Kirkuk, killing at least 36 and injuring 105 others. Among the wounded was Major General Jamal Tahir, the city's chief of police, who had survived a previous attack at almost the same spot two years earlier. Three additional attackers were killed after the initial blast, as they attempted to throw grenades at security forces. Several officers who survived the attack reported that the first bomber was driving a police car and wearing a uniform. When guards at the gate stopped him to check his credentials, he detonated his explosives.[68][69]

In early March, unidentified gunmen ambushed a Syrian Army convoy escorted by Iraqi soldiers in the Battle of Akashat, killing 48 Syrians and 13 Iraqis. The assault took place near the desert border between the two nations in Iraq's Al Anbar Governorate. Authorities suspected the Free Iraqi Army, Jabhat al-Nusra, or al-Qaeda in Iraq of being behind the attack.[70] A week later, the Islamic State of Iraq claimed responsibility for the attack, stating that they had "annihilated" a "column of the Safavid army," a reference to the Shia Persian dynasty that ruled Iran from 1501 to 1736. The group also claimed that the presence of Syrian soldiers in Iraq showed "firm co-operation" between the Syrian and Iraqi governments.[71] In mid-March, a series of coordinated attacks across the capital Baghdad and several major cities in the north and central parts of the country killed at least 98 people and left 240 others injured. The wave of violence was directed mostly at Shia civilians and took place on the tenth anniversary of the beginning of the Iraq War. The Islamic State of Iraq later claimed responsibility for the attacks.[72]

In April, a tanker bomb exploded at the police headquarters in Tikrit, killing at least 42 people and injuring 67 others. Insurgents attacked an oil field near Akaz in a remote part of Al Anbar Governorate, killing 2 engineers and kidnapping a third one. Other attacks across the country left a prison warden in Mosul dead and 11 others injured, including the mayor of Tuz Khormato and at least four journalists, who were stabbed by unknown assailants in a series of attacks on media offices in the capital Baghdad.[73] Five days later, a suicide bomber killed 22 and injured 55 at a political rally for a local Sunni candidate in Baqubah.[74] On April 23, Iraqi Army units moved against an encampment set up by protesters in Hawija, west of the city of Kirkuk, sparking deadly clashes and reprisal attacks across the country.[75] According to army officers, the operation was aimed at Sunni militants from the Naqshbandi Army, who were reportedly involved in the protests. A total of 42 people were killed and 153 others injured, with most of them being protesters - only 3 soldiers were confirmed dead and 7 others wounded.[75][76] The incident sparked a number of revenge attacks, that soon spread out across much of the country. Minister of Education Mohammed Tamim resigned from his post in response to the Army's operation, and was followed later by Science and Technology Minister Abd al-Karim al-Samarrai.[75] Insurgents from the Naqshbandi Army completely captured the town of Sulaiman Bek, about 170 km north of Baghdad, after heavy fighting with security forces on April 25, only to relinquish control of it a day later, while escaping with weapons and vehicles. More than 340 were killed and 600 others injured in the four days of heaviest violence, while attacks continued after that at a pace higher than earlier in the year.[77][78][79][80]

In late May, the Iraqi government launches Operation al-Shabah (Phantom), with the stated aim of severing contact between al-Qaeda in Iraq and the Syrian al-Nusra Front by clearing militants from the border area with Syria and Jordan.[81]

Aftermath

From January 2014 onwards, the rise of ISIS (or as it is also known, ISIL), a major belligerent in the Syrian Civil War, has transformed the insurgency into a regional war that includes Syria, Iran and a large coalition of Western and Islamic forces led by the United States.

Casualties

Humanitarian aid

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The conflict is also known as the War in Iraq, the Occupation of Iraq, the Second Gulf War, Gulf War II, and Gulf War 2. The period of the war lasting from 2003 to 2010 was referred to as Operation Iraqi Freedom by the United States military.

References

  1. ↑ "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S Department of State. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  2. ↑ "Insurgent group looks to future without U.S.". Stars and Stripes. April 3, 2009.
  3. ↑ Daniel Cassman. "Islamic Army in Iraq | Mapping Militant Organizations". Stanford.edu. Retrieved 2012-09-14.
  4. ↑ Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism (July 31, 2012). "Country Reports on Terrorism 2011". U.S. Department of State.
  5. ↑ Knights, Michael (1 July 2011). "The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency". Combating Terrorism Center at West Point.
  6. ↑ "June deadliest month for U.S. troops in 2 years". USA Today. Associated Press. 30 May 2011.
  7. ↑ Beehner, Lionel (9 June 2005). "IRAQ: Militia Groups". Council on Foreign Relations.
  8. ↑ Collins, Chris (19 August 2007). "U.S. says Iranians train Iraqi insurgents". McClatchy Newspapers.
  9. ↑ "A Dark Side to Iraq 'Awakening' Groups". International Herald Tribune. www.military.com. 4 January 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  10. ↑ Miller, T. Christian (4 July 2007). "Private contractors outnumber U.S. troops in Iraq". Los Angeles Times.
  11. ↑ Roberts, Michelle (24 February 2007). "Contractor deaths add up in Iraq". Deseret Morning News.
  12. ↑ "Iraq Government Casualty Figures via AFP (Google Docs)". Docs.google.com. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
  13. ↑ "Documented civilian deaths from violence". Iraq Body Count database. Iraq Body Count. 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
  14. ↑ "The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
  15. ↑ "As bombs hit Baghdad, Iraq says about 69, 263 people killed between 2004 and 2011". Al Arabiya News.
  16. 1 2 3 "Suicide bomber kills 32 at Baghdad funeral march". Fox News. Associated Press. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  17. ↑ Salem, Paul (29 November 2012). "INSIGHT: Iraq’s Tensions Heightened by Syria Conflict". Middle East Voices (Voice of America). Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  18. ↑ "Iraq War". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  19. ↑ Beauchamp, Zack (20 June 2014). "The real roots of Iraq's Sunni-Shia conflict". Vox. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  20. ↑ Feller, Ben (27 February 2009). "Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq". Associated Press.
  21. ↑ Center for American Progress (29 January 2004) "In Their Own Words: Iraq's 'Imminent' Threat" americanprogress.org
  22. ↑ Senator Bill Nelson (28 January 2004) "New Information on Iraq's Possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction", Congressional Record
  23. ↑ "The Weekly Standard, Saddam's al Qaeda Connection".
  24. ↑ "President Discusses the Future of Iraq" The White House, 26 February 2003
  25. ↑ "Bush Sought ‘Way’ To Invade Iraq?" 60 Minutes
  26. ↑ "US flag ceremony ends Iraq operation". BBC. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  27. ↑ "US lowers flag to end Iraq war". London. Associated Press. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  28. ↑ Mak, Tim (15 December 2011). "Leon Panetta marks end of Iraq war". POLITICO. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  29. ↑ "Last U.S. troops leave Iraq, ending war". USA Today. 17 December 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  30. ↑ Cutler, David (18 December 2011). "Timeline: Invasion, surge, withdrawal; U.S. forces in Iraq". Reuters. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  31. ↑ "Last US troops withdraw from Iraq". BBC. 18 December 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  32. ↑ Green, Catherine (18 December 2011). "Final US Convoy Withdraws From Iraq". neontommy. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  33. ↑ Engel, Richard (18 December 2011). "'The war is over': Last US soldiers leave Iraq". NBC. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  34. 1 2 Piven, Ben (8 March 2012). "Iraq violence continues after US withdrawal". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  35. 1 2 "Fourteen people killed and 39 injured in bombings across Iraq". Al Arabiya. 28 April 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  36. ↑ "Iraqi leaders call for calm after bombing kills 25 people". Al Arabiya. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  37. ↑ "Iraq: wave of bomb attacks 'kill 84'". BBC. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  38. ↑ The Guardian (2012-07-03). "Iraq bombings kill dozens". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-07-03.
  39. ↑ Reuters (2012-07-22). "Car bombs kill 20 and wound 80 across Iraq". Al Arabiya. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
  40. ↑ "Late night attacks take Iraq death toll to 116: police, medics". Reuters. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  41. ↑ "Bombs kill 21, underlining Iraq chaos". Associated Press. July 31, 2012.
  42. ↑ "Bloody day of blasts in Iraq kills more than 70". Reuters. 2012-08-16. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
  43. ↑ "Wave of attacks kills dozens in Iraq". The New York Times. 2012-08-16. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
  44. ↑ Suadad al-Salhy and Raheem Salman (9 September 2012). "Explosions kill 58 in Iraq, French consulate hit". Reuters. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  45. ↑ "Insurgents Carry Out Wave of Attacks Across Iraq". The New York Times. Associated Press. 9 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  46. ↑ "Many dead in attacks on Iraqi security forces". BBC News Middle East. 9 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  47. ↑ Mohammed Tawfeeq (9 September 2012). "Attacks targeting Iraqi police, army leave dozens dead". CNN News. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  48. ↑ "Iraq VP Tariq al-Hashemi sentenced to death". BBC News Middle East. 9 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  49. ↑ "Many killed in string of Iraq attacks". Al Jazeera. 2012-09-30. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  50. ↑ "Deadly attacks hit Iraq amid Eid festival". CNN. 2012-10-27. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  51. ↑ "Iraq suffers violence on third day of Eid festival". CNN. 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  52. ↑ "Dozens killed in Iraq car bombing". Al Jazeera. 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  53. ↑ "Suicide bomber kills 31 at army base near Baghdad". Trust.org. 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  54. ↑ "Islamic New Year’s Eve Carnage: 29 Killed, 194 Wounded in Iraq". Antiwar.com. 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  55. ↑ "29 killed, 126 wounded in Iraq car bombings". CNN. 2012-11-27. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
  56. ↑ "Iraq attacks death toll reaches 48: Officials". Press News. 2012-12-17. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
  57. ↑ "Iraq Bloodbath, 92 killed, 227 wounded". Antiwar.com. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  58. ↑ Griffis, Margaret (2012-12-16). "Disputed Areas of Iraq Rocked by Bombs: 19 Killed, 80 Wounded". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 2012-12-17.
  59. ↑ Reuters (23 December 2011). "Iraq crisis stirs protests in Sunni strongholds". The Jerusalem Post.
  60. ↑ Reuters (2013-01-03). "Attacks in Iraq Kill at Least 32 Pilgrims". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
  61. ↑ Reuters (2013-01-03). "Deadly car blast shatters Iraqi town". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
  62. ↑ Reuters (2013-01-15). "Iraqi MP killed in suicide attack". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  63. ↑ Reuters (2013-01-15). "Bombers kill more than 35 across Iraq". Trust.org. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  64. ↑ Margaret Griffis (2013-01-16). "Iraq Slaughter: 55 Killed, 288 Wounded". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  65. ↑ Marwan Ibrahim (2013-01-23). "Iraq suicide bomb at Shiite mosque kills 42". Google News. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  66. ↑ "9 killed as protesters, army clash in Iraq". Tampa Bay Times. 25 January 2013.
  67. ↑ Griffis, Margaret (25 January 2013). "Iraqi Troops Fire on Protesters; 14 Killed, 72 Wounded Across Country". Antiwar.com.
  68. ↑ Yasir Ghazi (2013-02-03). "Suicide Bomber Kills Dozens in Northern Iraqi City". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  69. ↑ "Northern Iraqi oil city of Kirkuk hit by bomb attacks". BBC. 9 February 2011.
  70. ↑ Jason DItz (2013-03-04). "48 Syrian Soldiers Killed in Iraq Ambush". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 2013-03-11.
  71. ↑ "Al-Qaeda claims killing Syrian troops in Iraq". Antiwar.com. 2013-03-11. Retrieved 2013-03-11.
  72. ↑ Margaret Griffis (19 March 2013). "Iraq Invasion Anniversary Carnage: 98 Killed, over 240 Wounded". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  73. ↑ Griffis, Margaret (1 April 2013). "Tikrit Tanker Bomb Leaves Dozens Killed; Iraq Executes Four on Terrorism Charges". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  74. ↑ Griffis, Margaret (2013-04-06). "Iraq Election Rally Targeted in Attacks; 30 Killed Across Country". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  75. 1 2 3 Ibrahim, Marwan (23 April 2013). "Protest-related violence kills 53 in Iraq". Associated Press.
  76. ↑ Griffis, Margaret (23 April 2013). "Protest Clashes and Random Attacks Leave 111 Killed, 233 Wounded Across Iraq". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  77. ↑ Griffis, Margaret (24 April 2013). "Scores killed in two days of Iraq clashes". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  78. ↑ Griffis, Margaret (25 April 2013). "Third Day of Iraq Unrest Leaves 96 Dead". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  79. ↑ "Militants seize Iraqi town as security forces withdraw". Xinhua. 25 April 2013.
  80. ↑ Griffis, Margaret (26 April 2013). "Iraq Unrest Unabated: At least 38 Killed, 109 Wounded". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  81. ↑ "Iraq: Military launched mop-up operation along the Syria and Jordan border". InSerbia Independent News. 27 May 2013.
  82. ↑ "Armenia Increases Aid to Persecuted Yazidis in Iraq". 19 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  83. ↑ "Australia Delivers Humanitarian Aid to Iraqi Kurds". RIANOVOSTI. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  84. ↑ "Austria won't send weapons to Iraq". The Local. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  85. 1 2 3 "España apoya la entrega de armas a los kurdos con el consentimiento de Irak" (in Spanish). ABC.es. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  86. ↑ "Aide humanitaire, puis peut-être livraison d'armes: la Belgique va envoyer des avions en Irak" (in French). Sudinfo.be. 17 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  87. ↑ David Ljunggren. "Canada sending two cargo planes to help deliver weapons to Kurds". The Independent. Reuters. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  88. ↑ "Den humanitære krise eksploderer i Irak". Politiken. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  89. ↑ "Eesti on valmis osutama Iraagile humanitaarabi, vajadusel ka relvaabi" (in Estonian). ERR. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  90. ↑ "Haavisto: Suomi ei anna aseapua Pohjois-Irakin kurdeille" (in Finnish). 15 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  91. ↑ "French FM in Iraq to boost aid efforts - Yahoo News". News.yahoo.com. 2014-08-10. Retrieved 2014-08-19.
  92. ↑ "Germany prepares military aid for Kurds". The Financial Times. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  93. 1 2 "Europe pledges aid, equipment to help Iraq". Washington Post. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
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  95. ↑ "Italy Send Aid To Iraq".
  96. ↑ "Asselborn appelle à une intervention militaire". L'essentiel. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  97. ↑ "Nederlandse hulp dit weekeinde naar Irak". De Telegraaf (in Dutch). 15 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  98. ↑ "Norway offers humanitarian aid to Iraq". The Local. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  99. ↑ "Kurdowie mogą liczyć na pomoc z Polski". wprost. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
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  101. ↑ "Slovakia Launches Aid for Displaced Civilians in Northern Iraq". The Wall Street Journal. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  102. ↑ "Switzerland steps up humanitarian aid for victims in Iraq". Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. 15 August 2014.
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